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C o llie S t C a r p a r k - F r e m a n tle W A

E c o n o m ic a l C a r p a r k s
— A G u id e to F ir e S a fe ty

W r itte n b y :
I. D . B e n n e tts V ic to r ia U n iv e r s ity o f T e c h n o lo g y
K . W . P o h U m o w L a i & A s s o c ia te s
I. R . T h o m a s V ic to r ia U n iv e r s ity o f T e c h n o lo g y

P u b lis h e d b y :
O n e S t e e l - M a r k e t M ills
In g a l S tre e t
N e w c a s tle
N S W 2 3 0 0 , A u s tr a lia .

A p r il 2 0 0 5
E c o n o m ic a l C a r p a r k s
— A G u id e t o F ir e S a fe t y

b y
I. D . B e n n e tts , I. R . T h o m a s
V ic to r ia U n iv e r s ity o f T e c h n o lo g y

K . W . P o h
U m o w L a i & A s s o c ia te s

p u b lis h e d b y
O n e S te e l
M a r k e t M ills

A p r il 2 0 0 5
 In t r o d u c t io n 1
S te e l C a rp a rk s 2
T h is P u b lic a tio n 4

t s B C A
W h
W h
a t
a t
D e e m e d -t o -S a t is fy P r o v is io n s
is a C
is O p
a rp a rk ?
e n -D e c k ?
5

7
6

W h e n a re S p r in k le r s R e q u ir e d ? 8
S p r in k le r s R e q u ir e m e n ts 9

W h a t S itu a tio n s A llo w U s e o f B a r e S te e l? 1 0

S ta n d -a lo n e c a rp a r k b u ild in g s 1 0
n
C a rp a rk s a d jo in in g o th e r p a rts 1 2
C a rp a rk s a b o v e o th e r p a rts 1 4
C a rp a rk s b e lo w o th e r p a rts 1 6

F ir e -E n g in e e r in g A p p r o a c h 1 9
t e

A lte r n a tiv e S o lu tio n s fo r O p e n -D e c k o r S p r in k le r e d C a r p a r k s 2 0

C a r p a r k s a d jo in in g o th e r p a r ts 2 0
C a r p a r k s b e lo w o th e r p a r ts 2 1

E x p e r im e n t a l B a s is 2 3
E x p e r im e n ta l P ro g r a m 2 4
O p e n -d e c k c a rp a rk 2 4
C lo s e d c a r p a r k 2 5
n

P a r tia lly o p e n c a rp a rk 2 6
C a r p a r k in m u ltic la s s if ie d b u ild in g 2 7

R e s e a rc h O u tc o m e 2 8
c o

R e fe re n c e s 2 9
A c k n o w le d g m e n t 2 9

A p p e n d ix A : E S A /M o f S te e l S e c tio n s 3 0

A b b r e v ia tio n s u s e d :
E S A /M = T h e r a tio o f e x p o s e d s u r fa c e a r e a to m a s s p e r u n it le n g t h
( s e e A p p e n d ix A fo r E S A /M o f s te e l s e c tio n s ) .

F R L = F ir e - r e s is t a n c e le v e l— th e g r a d in g p e r io d s in m in u te s d e t e r m in e d in a c c o r d a n c e
w ith B C A S p e c ific a tio n A 2 .3 fo r th e fo llo w in g c r ite r ia -
(a ) s tru c tu ra l a d e q u a c y ; a n d
(b ) in te g r ity ; a n d
(c ) in s u la tio n ,
a n d e x p r e s s e d in th a t o r d e r.
N o te : A d a s h m e a n s th a t th e r e is n o r e q u ir e m e n t fo r th a t c r ite r ia . F o r e x a m p le ,
- /- /- m e a n s th e r e is n o r e q u ir e m e n t fo r a n F R L .

F S F = F ir e - s o u r c e fe a tu re — m e a n s -
(a ) th e fa r b o u n d a r y o f a r o a d a d jo in in g th e a llo tm e n t; o r
(b ) a s id e o r r e a r b o u n d a r y o f th e a llo tm e n t; o r
(c ) a n d e x te r n a l w a ll o f a n o th e r b u ild in g o n t h e a llo tm e n t w h ic h is n o t a
C la s s 1 0 b u ild in g .

D e fin itio n : B a re s te e l — s t e e l m e m b e r s w h ic h h a v e n o fir e - p r o te c t iv e c o a tin g .

In tr o d u ctio n

1
 In t r o d u c t io n

S te e l C a rp a rk s
S in c e 1 9 8 5 , o v e r 1 0 0 m u lti- le v e l c a r p a r k s h a v e b e e n
c o n s tr u c te d u s in g s tr u c tu r a l s te e l in b o th A u s tr a lia a n d
N e w Z e a la n d . S te e l c o lu m n s h a v e b e e n u s e d in
c o n ju n c t io n w it h s te e l b e a m s a n d r e in fo r c e d , c o m p o s ite
o r p r e c a s t flo o r s . A s u r v e y o f s te e l c a r p a r k s h a s r e c e n tly
b e e n c o n d u c te d a n d th e r e s u lts c a n b e fo u n d in th e
O n e S te e l p u b lic a t io n E c o n o m ic a l C a r p a r k s — A D e s ig n
G u id e [1 ]. S o m e e x a m p le s o f th e s e c a r p a r k s a r e s h o w n
o n th e o p p o s ite p a g e .

S te e l c o n s tr u c tio n o ffe r s m a n y a d v a n ta g e s in c lu d in g c o s t
c o m p e titiv e n e s s w it h o th e r fo r m s o f c o n s t r u c t io n , g r e a t e r u s a b le s p a c e , in c r e a s e d fle x ib ilit y ( t h e e a s e w it h
w h ic h th e b u ild in g c a n b e m o d ifie d ) , g r e a te r s p e e d o f c o n s tr u c tio n , a n d r e d u c e d fo u n d a tio n c o s ts .

M ill S t C a r p a r k A d e la id e

In te r io r o f C o llie S t C a r p a r k , W A
T h e tre n d to w a rd s s te e l c o n s tr u c tio n w a s in itia te d b y
c h a n g e s to th e b u ild in g r e g u la tio n s in th e B u ild in g
C o d e o f A u s tr a lia (B C A ) [2 ,3 ] w h ic h p e rm it t h e u s e o f b a r e s te e l in m a n y s itu a tio n s . T h e s e c h a n g e s r e s u lte d
fro m re s e a rc h c o n d u c te d o v e rs e a s a n d b y O n e S te e l ( th e n k n o w n a s B H P ) [4 to 7 ] w h ic h g a v e a b e tte r
u n d e rs ta n d in g o f th e e ffe c t o f p o te n tia l f ir e s c e n a r io s a s s o c ia te d w ith c a r p a r k b u ild in g s .

O n e o f th e s ig n if ic a n t c h a n g e s r e la te s to c a r p a r k s c o n s tr u c t e d b e lo w b u ild in g s o f o th e r c la s s e s ( e g . r e ta il,
o f fic e o r r e s id e n tia l) fo r m in g m u ltic la s s ifie d b u ild in g s . In s u c h s it u a t io n s , p r io r to th e B u ild in g C o d e o f
A u s tr a lia 1 9 9 6 ( B C A 9 6 ) [3 ], th e f ir e - r e s is ta n c e r e q u ir e m e n t s fo r th e le v e ls o f c a r p a r k w e r e d ic t a te d b y th e
r e q u ir e m e n ts fo r th e p a r t a b o v e th e c a r p a r k b e c a u s e o f th e s u p p o r t o f a n o th e r p a r t p r o v is io n s o f th e
r e g u la tio n s ( B C A S p e c if ic a tio n C 1 .1 , C la u s e 2 .2 ) . T h is c h a n g e d in 1 9 9 6 , b u t th e a m e n d m e n ts to B C A 9 6 a n d
c o r r e s p o n d in g d e e m e d - to - s a tis fy p r o v is io n s d o n o t a p p e a r to b e w e ll u n d e r s to o d . F u r th e r m o r e , s o m e
a lte r n a tiv e s o lu tio n s to th e e x is tin g d e e m e d - to - s a tis fy p r o v is io n s c a n b e ju s tif ie d f r o m a fir e - e n g in e e r in g
p e r s p e c tiv e , r e s u ltin g in e v e n g r e a te r e c o n o m ie s .

2
 C o llie S t B r is b a n e A ir p o r t T e r m in a l
F r e m a n tle , W A Q L D T N T C a rp a rk
M a s k o t, N S W

b u ilt: 2 0 0 4
b u ilt: 2 0 0 3
n o . o f le v e ls : 3 e x t b u ilt: 2 0 0 0
n o . o f le v e ls : 5
n o . o f c a r s p a c e s : 1 8 0 0 n o . o f le v e ls : 3
n o . o f c a r s p a c e s : 4 4 8
flo o r s y s te m : c o m p o s ite n o . o f c a r s p a c e s : 2 0 0
flo o r s y s te m : c o m p o s ite
flo o r s y s te m : c o m p o s ite

C ity W e s t C a r p a r k
C iv ic , A C T

N T
Q L D
b u ilt: 1 9 9 1
n o . o f le v e ls : 5
W A n o . o f c a r s p a c e s : 1 1 0 0
flo o r s y s te m : c o m p o s ite
S A
G r e a t K in g S tr e e t C a r p a r k
N S W D u n e d in , N e w Z e a la n d
A C T
V IC

T A S

N E W Z E A L A N D 

b u ilt: 1 9 9 4
n o . o f le v e ls : 4
n o . o f c a r s p a c e s : 3 6 0
flo o r s y s te m : c o m p o s ite 

R o y a l A d e la id e H o s p ita l C a r p a r k A r g y le S t C a r p a r k E x te n s io n H o ld e n L td H e a d q u a r te r s C a r p a r k
A d e la id e , S A H o b a rt, T A S P o r t M e lb o u r n e , V IC

b u ilt: 2 0 0 2 b u ilt: 1 9 9 4 b u ilt: 2 0 0 4

n o . o f le v e ls : 9 n o . o f le v e ls : 2 n o . o f le v e ls : 6
n o . o f c a r s p a c e s : 1 4 4 0 n o . o f c a r s p a c e s : 2 0 0 n o . o f c a r s p a c e s : 9 7 4
flo o r s y s te m : c o m p o s ite flo o r s y s te m : c o m p o s ite flo o r s y s te m : c o m p o s ite

3
 In t r o d u c t io n

T h is P u b lic a tio n
T h e p u r p o s e o f th is p u b lic a tio n is to :

· illu s tra te th e c u rre n t d e e m e d -to -s a tis f y p ro v is io n s fo r s ta n d - a lo n e c a rp a rk s

· illu s tra te th e c u rre n t d e e m e d -to -s a tis f y p ro v is io n s fo r c a rp a rk s w ith in m u ltic la s s ifie d b u ild in g s
· d e s c r ib e a lt e r n a tiv e s o lu tio n s fo r c a rp a rk s b a s e d o n fir e -e n g in e e r in g c o n s id e r a tio n s
· e x p la in th e e x p e r im e n ta l b a s is a n d p h ilo s o p h y b e h in d th e B C A c a r p a rk p r o v is io n s .

B C A D e e m e d -t o -S a t is fy P r o v is io n s

P W h a t S itu a tio n s A llo w r o o f a n d f lo o r s la b : s te e l b e a m — d is ta n c e t o F S F < 1 . 5 m a n d

F R L -/-/- in c o n tin u o u s c o n ta c t w it h a c o n c r e t e flo o r s la b :
E S A /M £ 3 0 m 2/to n n e
s te e l b e a m — d is ta n c e t o F S F ³ 1 . 5 m :
S T R U C T U R A L
S T E E L U s e o f B a r e S te e l? F R L -/-/-
r is e in s t o r e y s £ 2

s te e l c o lu m n — d is ta n c e t o F S F < 1 . 5 m :
S ta n d -a lo n e c a r p a r k b u ild in g s E S A /M £ 2 6 m 2/to n n e
s te e l c o lu m n — d is ta n c e t o F S F ³ 1 . 5 m :
F R L -/-/-
F ir e -E n g in e e r in g A p p r o a c h

O P E N -D E C K o r
S P R I N K L E R E D A lt e r n a t iv e S o lu tio n s fo r O p e n - D e c k C a r p a r k s b e lo w o th e r p a rts
o r S p r in k le r e d C a r p a r k s
I n a n o p e n - d e c k o r s p r in k le r e d c a r p a r k w h ic h d o e s n o t v e r t ic a lly s u p p o r t a
T h e
w it h
m o v
s e v e r it y o f fir e w
in t h e c a r p a r k le
e s u p w a rd s , n o t
it h in t h e c a r p a r k le
v e ls , n o t th o s e a s
d o w n w a rd s ; a n d
v e ls is a
s o c ia te d
th e h o tte
fu n c tio n o f th
w ith t h e le v
s t p a rt o f a
e fir e lo a d , v e
e ls a b o v e t h e
f ir e is a b o v e
n tila tio
c a rp a
th e f ir
n ,
rk
e ,
a n
. T
n o
d f ir e
h is is
t b e lo
s a

w
b
fe ty
e c a
it .
s y s
u s e
T h u
te m s
h e a t
s th e
n o n - c a r p a r k p a r t , t h e B C A a llo w s b a r e s te e l b e a m s a n d c o lu m n s to b e u s e d c a rp a r k le v e ls s h o u ld b e d e s ig n e d f o r t h e s itu a t io n s lik e ly to b e e x p e r ie n c e d w it h in th e c a rp a r k , a n d th e n o n -
p r o v id e d t h e m e m b e r s c o m p ly w ith lim it in g v a lu e s o f e x p o s e d E S A / M ( B C A c a rp a r k le v e ls f o r t h e s it u a t io n s lik e ly to b e e n c o u n te r e d w ith in th o s e le v e ls .
S p e c i f i c a t i o n C 1 . 1 , T a b l e s 3 . 9 , 4 . 2 , 5 . 2 ) . N o l i m T i t h oe n a t l h t e e r n r a i s t i e v e i n s o s t l ou rt i e o y n s s i s p r e s e n t e d in th is s e c tio n a re b a s e d o n f ir e -e n g in e e r in g a s s e s s m e n ts o f th e
i m p o s e d . N e i t h e r a r e t h e r e a n y f l o o r a r e a a n d v o l u s m i t e u a l i t m i o i n t a s t i a o n n d s od ni f f e t h r e f r s o i m z e t h o e f d e e m e d -to -s a t ify p r o v is io n s o f th e B C A . T h e s o lu t io n s a r e c o n s id e r e d t o s a tis f y
t h e f ir e c o m p a r tm e n t s ( B C A C la u s e C 2 . 1 ) . t h e p e r f o r m a n c e r e q u ir e m e n t s C P 1 , C P 2 , C P 4 , C P 7 a n d C P 8 . T h e s o lu tio n s r e la te o n ly to c a r p a r k s w h ic h
a d jo in a n o n - c a r p a r k p a r t o f a b u ild in g , o r th o s e w h icE h xa r e p l o e c a r t ei d m b e e l o nw p t aa r t s l o B f a an o s t h e i r s c la s s if ic a tio n .

ro o f (n o t u s e d

E x p e r im e n ta l P ro g ra m
fo r c a r p a r k in g ) :
C a r p a r k s a d jo in in g o th e r p a r ts
C L O S E D C A R P A R K
F R L -/-/-

F r o m 1 9 8 5 t o 1 9 8 9 , B H P R e s e a r c h c o n d u c t e d th r e e s e p a r a te s e r ie s o f fir e t e s t s o n c a r p a r k s tr u c t u r e s . T h e c o m p o s ite s p r in k le r b a re s te e l
f ir s t s e r ie s c o n s id e r e d t h e b e h a v io u r o f fir e in o p e n - d e c k c a r p a r k s [4 ], th e s e c o n d s e r ie s lo o k e d a t t h e flo o r s la b s y s te m b e a m
s itu a tio n in c lo s e d c a r p a r k s [ 5 ] , a n d th e th ir d s e r ie s lo o k e d a t f ir e in p a r t ia lly - o p e n c a r p a r k s [ 6 ] a n d t h o s e in s u la te d
f o r m in g p a r t o f a m u lt ic la s s ifie d b u ild in g [ 7 ]. s te e l p a n e l b a re s te e l
c o lu m n

c o n c r e te w a ll

O P E N -D E C K C A R P A R K p a n e l te s t
v e h ic le
n o lim it o n r is e in s to r e y s

K W P 1 2 /9 8

n o n -c a r p a rk p a rt
c o m p o s ite d e a d
lo a d b a re s te e l
flo o r s la b b e a m
(s p r in k le r e d ) s id e w a lls A s e r ie s o f n in e t e s ts w e re c o n d u c te d in a c lo s e d c a rp a rk . T h e te s ts w e r e c o n d u c t e d u s in g th e s a m e t e s t
h a lf o p e n s tru c tu re a s fo r th e o p e n -d e c k te s ts b u t t h e s id e w a lls w e re c lo s e d a n d a s p r in k le r s y s t e m fitt e d . A g a in , b a r e
b a re s te e l s te e l m e m b e rs w e r e u s e d . T h e m a jo r it y o f te s t s w e r e c o n d u c te d w it h fiv e c a r s w ith in th e t e s t s tr u c t u r e w ith a
c o lu m n s p a c in g o f 4 0 0 -5 0 0 m m b e tw e e n v e h ic le s . In e a c h te s t, th e f ir e w a s in it ia t e d in a la r g e s e d a n w it h e ith e r a
p la s t ic o r s te e l fu e l ta n k . T e s ts w e re c o n d u c te d w ith a n d w ith o u t s p r in k le rs .
c o n c r e te w a ll te s t
p a n e l v e h ic le T h e te s ts d e m o n s tra te d th a t w it h o u t a fu n c t io n in g s p r in k le r s y s t e m , th e f ir e w ill s p r e a d t o o th e r v e h ic le s w it h
v e ry la r g e q u a n t itie s o f d e n s e t o x ic s m o k e b e in g g e n e ra te d . N o t o n ly w ill th is e x p o s e o c c u p a n ts to life -
th re a te n in g s m o k e b u t v is ib ility w ill b e r a p id ly r e d u c e d . In c o n tra s t, th e te s ts w h e re th e s p r in k le r s o p e ra te d
a u to m a t ic a lly r e s u lt e d in s u p p r e s s io n o f th e fir e , n o s p r e a d t o a d ja c e n t v e h ic le s , a g r e a t ly re d u c e d v o lu m e o f
K W P 1 2 /9 8

n o fir e w a ll s m o k e , a n d a s ig n if ic a n t r e d u c t io n in th e to x ic it y o f th e s m o k e . It w a s o n t h e b a s is o f th e s e fin d in g s th a t th e
r e q u ir e d B C A p r o v is io n fo r c lo s e d c a rp a rk s to b e p ro te c te d w ith s p r in k le r s if m o re th a n 4 0 c a rs w e re a c c o m m o d a te d
T h is te s t p r o g r a m fo llo w e d a n u m b e r o f o v e r s e a s t e s t p r o g r a m s b u t u s e d v e h ic le s a n d b u ild in g c o n s tr u c t io n w a s in c o r p o r a te d .
A n e x a m p le o f s u c h a s itu a t io n is w h e r e a n o p e m n o - d r e e c t y k p o i c r a l s o p f r i nt h k e l e A r e u d s t r c a a l i r a p n a r e k n v i s i r o d n i r m e c e t n l y t . a T d h j e a c t e ns t p t o r o g a r a m i n v o lv e d tw o fir e t e s ts in a n o p e n - d e c k c a r p a r k
s h o p p in g c e n tre b u ild in g a n d w h e r e d ir e c t a c c e s s b c e o t n w s e t e r u n c t he ed t o w f o u n i s p r eo qt e u c i r t e d . s T t e h e l . s M e v u e l t r i i p t y l e o c f a a r s f i r w e e i n r e a u p s a e r d t i n e a c h t e s t w it h th e fir e b e in g in it ia t e d in v e h ic le s
o f a b u ild in g is d e p e n d e n t o n t h e f ir e lo a d , v e n t i l a t i o w n i t c h o b n o d t i th i o s n t s e e a l n a d n td h ep l a f i rs e t i - c s a p f e e t t r y o l s t y a s n t ek s m . s A i n n L t h P a G t p t a n r t k . T w h a u s s a l s o i n c o r p o r a te d in o n e o f t h e v e h ic le s in w h ic h t h e
th e n o n -c a rp a rk p a r t o f th e b u ild in g s h o u ld b e d e s i f g i r n e e d w a f o s r i t n h i e t i a f t i r e e d . l o C a d a , r s v e w n e t i r l ae t i c o l n o , s a e nl y d s f p i r a e c - s e a d f e a t y n d s y w s t i e n m d o s w s w e r e le f t d o w n . T h e flo o r a b o v e t h e c a r s w a s I t w a s a ls o fo u n d th a t w it h a f u n c t io n in g s p r in k le r
in th a t p a rt, a n d th e c a r p a r k p a r t s h o u ld b e d e s i g n l o e a d d i e n d a t o m s a i m n n u e l a r t e a p t ph r e o p r ie a s t e n f c o e r a o f c a a r f pu al l r c k a . r T p h a e r k o l e n v l y e l w a a b y o v e . S p r e a d o f fir e b e t w e e n t h e v e h ic le s to o k s o m e s y s te m , th e te m p e ra tu re o f th e s te e l b e a m s a n d
1 0 th a t th e c a rp a rk p a r t o f t h e b u ild in g w ill e x p e r i e n c e t hi m e e s e w v i t e h r i t e y v o e f n f t i u r e a l l a y s st h o r c e i e a t ec a d r ws i b t h e i t n h g e i n n o v n o - l cv ae rd p . a T r k h e p a t e r t s , t i s s t r u c t u r e s u p p o r te d th e lo a d s th r o u g h o u t b o th te s ts c o lu m n s w a s lo w ( le s s t h a n 1 0 0 ° C ) a n d th e r e fo r e it
if th e f ir e in th e n o n - c a r p a r k p a r t v e n te d its e l f i n t o a t h n e d c t a h r e p a m r k e . a T s h u e r e i nd c o t e r p m o p r ae tr i a o t n u r o e f s s p s r h i n o k w l e r d s i t n h t a o t t h a e s n i og n -i f i c a n t fa c t o r o f s a f e ty c o u ld b e a s s o c ia t e d w ith w a s c o n c lu d e d t h a t in a s p r in k le r e d c lo s e d c a rp a rk ,
c a rp a rk p a rt o f th e b u ild in g w ill g r e a tly m in im i s e t h e u l i n k p e r l o i h t o e o c t d e d o f s s t e u ce h l c a o n n s o t c r cu u c rt i r o e n n c u e n . d e r f i r e c o n d i t i o n s . L a r g e q u a n t itie s o f d e n s e s m o k e w e r e g e n e r a t e d b u t t h is n o p r o te c t iv e c o a t in g is r e q u ir e d fo r th e s tru c tu ra l
v e n te d th r o u g h th e o p e n s id e s . s te e lw o r k .
I t is th e r e f o r e a r g u e d t h a t a f ir e w a ll s e p a r a tin g t h e c a r p a r k p a r t f r o m th e o t h e r p a r t is n o t r e q u ir e d in
s itu a tio n s w h e r e t h e n o n - c a r p a r k p a r t o f t h e b u ild in g is s p r in k le r e d .

T h is is n o t to s a y th a t s o m e b a r r ie r b e t w e e n t h e tw o is n o t r e q u ir e d f o r s m o k e s e p a r a tio n p u r p o s e s . T h e n e e d
f o r s u c h a b a r r ie r , a n d it s c o n s t r u c t io n , n e e d s t o b e a s s e s s e d c a r e fu lly fo r e a c h s itu a t io n . H o w e v e r , it is n o t
n e c e s s a r y to s e p a r a te th e tw o p a r ts w ith a f ir e w a ll. v ie w in s id e te s t s t r u c tu r e
te s t s tru c tu re s h o w in g t e s t v e h ic le a lig h t

2 0

v ie w s h o w in g s m o k e
p r o d u c e d d u r in g t e s t
te s t s tru c tu re

v ie w s h o w in g v ie w in s id e te s t s t r u c tu r e
te s t v e h ic le a lig h t s h o w in g v e h ic le s b e f o r e te s t v ie w o u ts id e te s t s t r u c t u r e s h o w in g
th ic k s m o k e p r o d u c e d d u r in g te s t

2 4 2 5

T h is p u b lic a tio n h a s b e e n p r e p a r e d to a s s is t a r c h ite c t s , b u ild e r s , d e v e lo p e r s a n d e n g in e e r s w ith th e ir

u n d e r s ta n d in g o f c u r r e n t d e e m e d - to - s a tis fy p r o v is io n s a n d to p r e s e n t s o m e a lte r n a tiv e fir e - e n g in e e r in g
s o lu tio n s fo r b u ild in g s in c o r p o r a tin g c a r p a r k s . P r a c tic a l g u id a n c e o n o th e r c a r p a r k d e s ig n is s u e s c a n b e
fo u n d in [1 ].

4
B C A D e e m e d -
to - S a tis fy
P r o v is io n s

5
 B C A D e e m e d -t o -S a t is fy P r o v is io n s

W h a t is a C a r p a r k ?
T h e B C A ( C la u s e A 1 .1 ) d e fin e s a c a r p a r k a s a b u ild in g t h a t is u s e d fo r th e
p a r k in g o f m o t o r v e h ic le s b u t is n e it h e r a p r iv a t e g a r a g e n o r u s e d f o r th e
s e r v ic in g o f v e h ic le s , o th e r th a n w a s h in g , c le a n in g o r p o lis h in g .

If th e a d v a n ta g e s o ffe r e d fo r o p e n - d e c k a n d s p r in k le r e d c a r p a r k s a r e to b e
re a lis e d , th e c a r p a r k m u s t b e p r im a r ily fo r th e p a r k in g o f c a r s b u t m a y
in c lu d e a n a d m in is tr a tio n a r e a a s s o c ia te d w ith th e fu n c t io n in g o f th e
c a rp a rk .

c a rp a rk

a d m in is tr a tio n a r e a in c lu d e d

I f t h e c a r p a r k is s p r in k le r e d a n d p r o v id e s c a r p a r k in g f o r s e p a r a t e s o le - o c c u p a n c y u n it s ( S O U 's ) in a C la s s 2
o r 3 b u ild in g , th e n 1 0 % o f e a c h c a r p a r k in g a r e a c a n b e u s e d fo r p u r p o s e s a n c illa r y to th e s o le - o c c u p a n c y
u n it s ( B C A S p e c ific a t io n C 1 . 1 , C la u s e s 3 . 9 , 4 .2 , 5 .2 ) .

C la s s 2 o r 3
S O U S O U c a rp a rk
b u ild in g

s p r in k le r e d

K W P 1 2 /9 8

a r e a f o r a n c illa r y p u r p o s e s
— in c lu d e d if < 1 0 % o f flo o r a r e a

W ith th e e x c e p tio n o f th o s e s h o w n a b o v e , a c a r p a r k m u s t n o t in c lu d e a n y a r e a o f a n o th e r c la s s ific a tio n , o r

o t h e r p a r t o f a C la s s 7 b u ild in g n o t u s e d fo r c a r p a r k in g ; a n d a b u ild in g o r p a r t o f a b u ild in g s p e c ific a lly
in t e n d e d fo r th e p a r k in g o f tr u c k s , b u s e s , v a n s a n d th e lik e .

6
W h a t is O p e n - D e c k ?
T h e B C A d e fin e s a n o p e n - d e c k c a r p a r k a s a c a r p a r k w h ic h is c r o s s v e n tila te d in a t le a s t 2 a p p r o x im a t e ly
o p p o s it e s id e s . T h e s id e s th a t p r o v id e v e n tila tio n m u s t b e a t le a s t 1 / 6 o f th e a r e a o f a n y o t h e r s id e a n d th e
o p e n in g m u s t b e a t le a s t 1 /2 o f th e w a ll a r e a ( s e e B C A C la u s e A 1 . 1 ) .

o p e n in g a r e a
³ 0 .5 w a ll a r e a
c ro s s
v e n tila tio n

U n d e r g r o u n d c a r p a r k s a r e u s u a lly c lo s e d c a r p a r k s . H o w e v e r , a n u n d e r g r o u n d c a r p a r k c a n b e c o n s tr u c te d a s
o p e n - d e c k in a n e x c a v a te d g r o u n d s itu a tio n , a s s h o w n b e lo w . T h e e x c a v a tio n d e ta il s u r r o u n d in g th e c a r p a r k
to p r o v id e th e n e c e s s a r y c r o s s v e n tila tio n m a y n e e d to b e d is c u s s e d w ith th e r e le v a n t a p p r o v a l a u th o r ity .

c ro s s
v e n tila tio n

K W P 1 2 /9 8

7
 B C A D e e m e d -t o -S a t is fy P r o v is io n s

W h e n a r e S p r in k le r s R e q u ir e d ?

O P E N -D E C K
W h e n a n o p e n -d e c k c a rp a rk is
c o n s tru c te d w ith in a m u ltic la s s ifie d
b u ild in g , th e B C A re q u ir e s th e b u ild in g to
b e s p r in k le r e d if its e ffe c tiv e h e ig h t is
m o re th a n 2 5 m (B C A T a b le E 1 .5 ) .
n o n -c a rp a rk

e ffe c tiv e h e ig h t > 2 5 m

p a rt

o p e n -d e c k
c a rp a rk

C L O S E D
T h e B C A r e q u ir e s a c lo s e d c a r p a r k to b e s p r in k le r e d if its e ffe c tiv e h e ig h t is m o re th a n 2 5 m ; o r if it
a c c o m m o d a te s m o r e t h a n 4 0 v e h ic le s ( B C A T a b le E 1 .5 ) .

a c c o m m o d a te s > 4 0 v e h ic le s

c lo s e d
c a rp a rk

K W P 1 2 /9 8

8
S p r in k le r R e q u ir e m e n ts
T h e s p r in k le r s m u s t b e in s ta lle d in a c c o rd a n c e w ith A S 2 1 1 8 .1 — 1 9 9 9 [4 ]. In b u ild in g s o f T y p e A c o n s tr u c t io n ,
th e B C A r e q u ir e s th e s p r in k le r s y s te m to b e d e s ig n e d s u c h th a t th e n o n - c a r p a r k p a r t o f th e b u ild in g c a n b e
is o la te d s e p a r a te ly to th e c a rp a r k p a rt o f th e b u ild in g (B C A S p e c if ic a tio n E 1 .5 , C la u s e 1 1 ) . T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l
w a y s o f a c h ie v in g th is a n d th e s e a re s h o w n s c h e m a tic a lly b e lo w .

A lte r n a tiv e 1 s p r in k le r
s to p v a lv e s

2
s u b s id ia r y
v a lv e s

s p r in k le r
A lte r n a tiv e
s to p v a lv e

is o la tio n

3
v a lv e

A lte r n a tiv e s p r in k le r
s to p v a lv e

K W P 1 2 /9 8

9
 B C A D e e m e d -t o -S a t is fy P r o v is io n s

P W h a t S itu a tio n s A llo w

S T R U C T U R A L
S T E E L U s e o f B a r e S te e l?
S ta n d -a lo n e c a r p a r k b u ild in g s

O P E N -D E C K o r
S P R IN K L E R E D r o o f a n d flo o r s la b :
F R L -/-/-

In a n o p e n - d e c k o r s p r in k le r e d c a rp a rk w h ic h d o e s n o t v e r tic a lly s u p p o rt a
n o n -c a rp a rk p a rt, th e B C A a llo w s b a re s te e l b e a m s a n d c o lu m n s to b e u s e d
p r o v id e d th e m e m b e r s c o m p ly w it h lim itin g v a lu e s o f E S A /M (B C A
S p e c ific a t io n C 1 . 1 , T a b le s 3 .9 , 4 .2 , 5 .2 ). N o lim it o n th e r is e in s to re y s is
im p o s e d . N e ith e r a r e th e r e a n y flo o r a re a a n d v o lu m e lim ita tio n s o n th e s iz e o f

r is e in s to r e y s £ 3
th e fir e c o m p a r tm e n ts ( B C A C la u s e C 2 .1 ).

ro o f (n o t u s e d
fo r c a r p a r k in g ) :
F R L -/-/-

c o lu m n — s u p p o r tin g o n ly th e r o o f
(n o t u s e d fo r c a r p a r k in g )
& d is ta n c e to F S F ³ 3 m :
F R L -/-/-
d is ta n c e to F S F < 3 m :
E S A /M £ 2 6 m 2/to n n e

flo o r s la b :
n o lim it o n r is e in s t o r e y s

F R L 6 0 /6 0 /6 0

s te e l b e a m — in c o n tin u o u s
c o n ta c t w ith a c o n c r e te
flo o r s la b :
E S A /M £ 3 0 m 2/to n n e

s te e l c o lu m n :
E S A /M £ 2 6 m 2
/to n n e

T y p e A C o n s t r u c t io n
K W P 1 2 /9 8
( B C A S p e c if ic a tio n C 1 .1 , T a b le 3 .9 )

1 0
 r o o f a n d flo o r s la b : s te e l b e a m — d is ta n c e to F S F < 1 .5 m a n d
F R L -/-/- in c o n tin u o u s c o n ta c t w ith a c o n c r e te flo o r s la b :
E S A /M £ 3 0 m 2 /to n n e
s te e l b e a m — d is ta n c e to F S F ³ 1 .5 m :
F R L -/-/-
r is e in s to r e y s £ 2

s te e l c o lu m n — d is ta n c e to F S F < 1 .5 m :
E S A /M £ 2 6 m 2/to n n e
s te e l c o lu m n — d is ta n c e to F S F ³ 1 .5 m :
F R L -/-/-

T y p e C C o n s t r u c t io n
( B C A S p e c ific a tio n C 1 .1 , T a b le 5 .2 )

c o lu m n — s u p p o r tin g o n ly th e r o o f
(n o t u s e d fo r c a r p a r k in g )
& d is ta n c e to F S F ³ 3 m :
F R L -/-/-
d is ta n c e to F S F < 3 m :
E S A /M £ 2 6 m 2/to n n e
s te e l b e a m — d is ta n c e to F S F < 3 m a n d
in c o n tin u o u s c o n ta c t w ith
a c o n c re te flo o r s la b :
E S A /M £ 3 0 m 2 /to n n e
s te e l b e a m — d is ta n c e to F S F ³ 3 m :
F R L -/-/-
s te e l c o lu m n :
E S A /M £ 2 6 m 2
/to n n e

T y p e B C o n s t r u c t io n
( B C A S p e c if ic a tio n C 1 .1 , T a b le 4 .2 )
C L O S E D a n d
U N S P R IN K L E R E D
(4 0 o r le s s c a r s )
In a c lo s e d a n d u n s p r in k le r e d c a rp a rk th e B C A a llo w s b a re s te e l b e a m s a n d c o lu m n s to b e
u s e d o n ly in T y p e C c o n s tr u c tio n (B C A S p e c ific a tio n C 1 .1 , T a b le 5 ) . T h e r e fo r e , b a r e s te e l c a n
b e u s e d fo r a b u ild in g w ith a m a x im u m r is e in s to re y s o f tw o . A ls o , th e to t a l flo o r a r e a a n d v o lu m e
a r e lim ite d to 2 0 0 0 m 2 a n d 1 2 0 0 0 m 3, re s p e c tiv e ly ( B C A C la u s e C 2 .2 , T a b le C 2 .2 ) .

in te r n a l c o lu m n : r o o f a n d flo o r s la b : b e a m :
F R L -/-/- F R L -/-/- F R L -/-/-

e x te rn a l c o lu m n a n d b e a m
in c o r p o r a te d in to e x te r n a l w a ll
— d is ta n c e to F S F < 1 .5 m :
r is e in s to r e y s £ 2

F R L 9 0 /-/-
— 1 .5 m < d is ta n c e to F S F < 3 m :
F R L 6 0 /-/-
— d is ta n c e to F S F ³ 3 m :
F R L -/- /-

K W P 1 2 /9 8

In T y p e B c o n s tr u c tio n , b a r e s te e l b e a m s a n d in te r n a l c o lu m n s s u p p o r tin g t h e r o o f a r e p e r m it te d . In th e c a s e
o f T y p e A c o n s tr u c tio n h a v in g a r is e in s to r e y o f le s s th a n 4 , b a r e s te e l c o lu m n s s u p p o r tin g th e r o o f a r e
a llo w e d .

1 1
 B C A D e e m e d -t o -S a t is fy P r o v is io n s

P W h a t S itu a tio n s A llo w

S T R U C T U R A L
S T E E L U s e o f B a r e S te e l?
C a r p a r k s a d jo in in g o th e r p a r ts

A c a r p a r k o ft e n h o r iz o n ta lly a d jo in s a n o n - c a r p a r k p a r t .

If a c a r p a r k is s e p a r a te d fr o m th e r e m a in d e r o f th e b u ild in g b y a fir e w a ll, th e c a r p a r k c a n b e c o n s id e r e d a s a

s e p a r a te b u ild in g ( B C A C la u s e 2 .7 ( b ) ) a n d th e r e q u ir e m e n ts d e s c r ib e d in th e p r e v io u s s e c tio n fo r s t a n d -
a lo n e c a r p a r k s a p p ly .

H o w e v e r , if th e c a r p a r k is n o t s e p a ra te d fr o m th e r e m a in d e r o f th e b u ild in g b y a fir e w a ll, th e B C A r e q u ir e s

e a c h b u ild in g e le m e n t in th a t s to re y to h a v e th e h ig h e r F R L p r e s c r ib e d fo r t h a t e le m e n t fo r th e c la s s ific a tio n s
c o n c e r n e d ( B C A C la u s e C 2 .8 (a )). In s u c h s itu a tio n s , b a r e s te e l c a n g e n e r a lly b e u s e d if th e a d jo in in g p a r t
c a n b e c o n s tru c te d a s T y p e C c o n s tru c tio n .

O P E N -D E C K o r
S P R IN K L E R E D n o n -c a rp a rk p a rt

(T y p e A c o n s tr u c tio n )
If th e c a rp a r k is o p e n -d e c k o r s p r in k le r e d , th e c a r p a r k m a y b e s e p a r a te d fr o m
th e re m a in d e r o f th e b u ild in g b y a fir e w a ll in a c c o r d a n c e to B C A S p e c ific a tio n
C 1 .1 T a b le 3 .9 , 4 .2 o r 5 .2 (B C A C la u s e C 2 .8 ( c ) ) t o e n a b le th e c a r p a r k to b e
tre a te d a s a s ta n d -a lo n e c a r p a rk .

fir e w a ll:
F R L 6 0 /6 0 /6 0 fr o m c a r p a r k s id e
F R L a s r e q u ir e d b y B C A S p e c . C 1 .1 ,
T a b le 3 fr o m n o n - c a r p a r k s id e

³ 6 m o r ro o f o f c a rp a rk to h a v e F R L a s
r e q u ir e d fo r fir e w a ll fr o m n o n - c a r p a r k s id e
n o lim it o n r is e in s to r e y s *

n o n -c a rp a rk p a rt

T y p e A
C o n s t r u c t io n
( B C A S p e c . C 1 .1 , T a b le 3 .9 )

K W P 1 2 /9 8

r e q u ir e m e n ts s a m e a s th o s e fo r a s ta n d - a lo n e c a r p a r k

1 2
 flo o r s la b , b e a m , in te r n a l c o lu m n :
F R L -/-/-

n o n -c a rp a rk p a rt

s to re y s £ 2
r is e in
n o n -c a rp a rk p a rt
( T ( y T p y pe e C C c c o o n n s s t t r u c t t i i o o n n ) )

n o n -c a rp a rk p a rt
(T y p e A
c o n s tr u c tio n )
fir e w a ll:
F R L 6 0 /6 0 /6 0 fro m
F R L 9 0 /9 0 /9 0 fro m
³ 6 m o r ro o f o f c a rp a rk
to h a v e F R L 9 0 /9 0 /9 0
fir e w a ll ( to ta l flo o r a r e a o f c o m b in e d p a r ts
n o t r e q u ir e d £ lim its g iv e n in B C A C la u s e C 2 .2 )
c a r p a r k s id e
n o n - c a r p a r k s id e
T y p e C
C o n s t r u c t io n

s to re y s £ 2
r is e in
( B C A S p e c . C 1 .1 , T a b le 5 .2 )

r e q u ir e m e n ts s a m e a s th o s e
fir e w a ll: fo r a s ta n d - a lo n e c a r p a r k
F R L 6 0 /6 0 /6 0 fr o m c a r p a r k s id e
F R L a s r e q u ir e d b y B C A S p e c . C 1 .1 ,
T a b le 4 fr o m n o n - c a r p a r k s id e

³ 6 m o r ro o f o f c a rp a rk to h a v e F R L a s
r e q u ir e d o f fir e w a ll fr o m n o n - c a r p a r k s id e

T y p e B
r is e in s to r e y s £ 3

C o n s t r u c t io n
( B C A S p e c . C 1 .1 , T a b le 4 .2 ) C L O S E D a n d
U N S P R IN K L E R E D
r e q u ir e m e n ts s a m e a s th o s e (4 0 o r le s s c a r s )
fo r a s ta n d - a lo n e c a r p a r k
flo o r s la b , b e a m , in te r n a l c o lu m n :
F R L -/-/-
s to re y s £ 2

n o n -c a rp a rk p a rt
r is e in

(T y p e C c o n s tr u c tio n )

fir e w a ll
n o n -c a rp a rk p a rt n o t r e q u ir e d ( to ta l flo o r a r e a o f c o m b in e d p a r ts
³ 6 m o r ro o f o f c a rp a rk £ lim its g iv e n in B C A C la u s e C 2 .2 )
to h a v e F R L 9 0 /9 0 /9 0

T y p e C
s to re y s £ 2
r is e in

C o n s t r u c t io n
( B C A S p e c . C 1 .1 , T a b le 5 )
K W P 1 2 /9 8

fir e w a ll: r e q u ir e m e n ts s a m e a s th o s e
F R L 9 0 /9 0 /9 0 fo r a s ta n d - a lo n e c a r p a r k

1 3
 B C A D e e m e d -t o -S a t is fy P r o v is io n s

P W h a t S itu a tio n s A llo w

S T R U C T U R A L
S T E E L U s e o f B a r e S te e l?
C a rp a rk s a b o v e o th e r p a rts

O P E N -D E C K o r
S P R IN K L E R E D
T h e r e q u ir e m e n ts fo r a n o p e n -d e c k o r s p r in k le r e d c a rp a r k w h ic h is s it u a te d a b o v e a
n o n -c a rp a rk p a rt, a r e s im ila r to th o s e fo r a s ta n d - a lo n e c a rp a rk (B C A S p e c ific a tio n
C 1 .1 , T a b le s 3 .9 , 4 .2 , 5 .2 ). A g a in , n o lim it o n th e r is e in s to re y s is im p o s e d . N e ith e r

r is e in s to r e y s £ 3
a r e th e r e a n y flo o r a re a a n d v o lu m e lim it a tio n s o n th e s iz e o f th e fir e c o m p a rtm e n ts
( B C A C la u s e C 2 .1 ).

r e q u ir e m e n ts s a m e a s th o s e
fo r a s ta n d - a lo n e c a r p a r k

T y p e A C o n s t r u c t io n
( B C A S p e c if ic a tio n C 1 .1 , T a b le 3 .9 )
n o lim it o n r is e in s to r e y s *

n o n -c a rp a rk
p a rt

K W P 1 2 /9 8

* If e ffe c tiv e h e ig h t ³ 2 5 m , th e B C A r e q u ir e s th e
b u ild in g to b e s p r in k le r e d ( s e e p a g e 8 ) .
1 4
 r e q u ir e m e n ts s a m e a s th o s e
fo r a s ta n d - a lo n e c a r p a r k

T y p e C C o n s t r u c t io n
r is e in s to r e y s £ 2

( B C A S p e c ific a t io n C 1 . 1 , T a b le 5 .2 )

n o n -c a rp a rk
p a rt

r e q u ir e m e n ts s a m e a s th o s e
fo r a s ta n d - a lo n e c a r p a r k

T y p e B C o n s t r u c t io n
( B C A S p e c if ic a tio n C 1 .1 , T a b le 4 .2 )

n o n -c a rp a rk
p a rt

C L O S E D a n d
U N S P R IN K L E R E D
(4 0 o r le s s c a r s )
In a c lo s e d , u n s p r in k le r e d c a rp a rk , th e B C A a llo w s b a r e s te e l b e a m s a n d c o lu m n s to b e u s e d
o n ly in T y p e C c o n s tr u c tio n (B C A S p e c if ic a tio n C 1 .1 , T a b le s 5 ) . T h e r e fo r e , b a r e s te e l c a n b e u s e d
fo r a b u ild in g w ith a m a x im u m r is e in s to re y s o f tw o . A ls o , th e to ta l flo o r a r e a a n d v o lu m e a r e lim ite d to
2 0 0 0 m 2 a n d 1 2 0 0 0 m 3 , r e s p e c tiv e ly ( B C A C la u s e C 2 .2 , T a b le C 2 .2 ).

r e q u ir e m e n ts s a m e a s th o s e
fo r a s ta n d - a lo n e c a r p a r k

T y p e C C o n s t r u c t io n
r is e in s to r e y s £ 2

( B C A S p e c ific a tio n C 1 .1 , T a b le 5 )

n o n -c a rp a rk
p a rt

K W P 1 2 /9 8

1 5
 B C A D e e m e d -t o -S a t is fy P r o v is io n s

P W h a t S itu a tio n s A llo w

S T R U C T U R A L
S T E E L U s e o f B a r e S te e l?
C a r p a r k s b e lo w o th e r p a rts

O P E N -D E C K o r S P R IN K L E R E D
If th e c a r p a r k is c o n s tru c te d u n d e r a n o n -c a rp a rk p a rt, th e B C A a llo w s b a re s te e l b e a m s a n d c o lu m n s in th e
c a rp a r k o n ly w h e n th e b u ild in g is r e q u ir e d to b e o f T y p e s B o r C c o n s tr u c t io n (B C A S p e c if ic a tio n C 1 .1 ,
T a b le s 4 .2 a n d 5 .2 ) . T h is in c lu d e s b u ild in g s u p to a r is e in s to re y s o f 2 , w h e n th e to p m o s t le v e l o f th e b u ild in g
is a C la s s 2 , 3 , o r 9 p a rt (e g . a p a rtm e n t, h o te l, p u b lic b u ild in g s ) . In th e c a s e w h e re th e to p m o s t le v e l is a
C la s s 5 , 6 , 7 o r 8 p a r t ( e g . o ffic e , s h o p s , fa c to ry , w a re h o u s e b u ild in g s ) , b u ild in g s w ith a r is e in s to r e y o f u p to
3 a re a llo w e d . O th e r w is e , b a r e s te e l b e a m s a re p e r m itte d in a ll s itu a tio n s b u t c o lu m n s a r e r e q u ir e d to h a v e
a n F R L o f 6 0 /-/-.

T y p e C C o n s t r u c t io n
( B C A S p e c ific a tio n C 1 .1 , T a b le 5 .2 )

C la s s 5 , 6 , C la s s 5 , 6 ,
7 o r 8 p a rt 7 o r 8 p a rt
s to re y s £ 2
r is e in

o p e n -d e c k s p r in k le r e d

s te e l b e a m — d is ta n c e to F S F < 1 .5 m
a n d in c o n tin u o u s c o n ta c t w ith s te e l c o lu m n — d is ta n c e to F S F < 1 .5 m : flo o r s la b :
a c o n c re te flo o r s la b : E S A /M £ 2 6 m 2/to n n e F R L -/-/-
E S A /M £ 3 0 m 2
/to n n e s te e l c o lu m n — d is ta n c e to F S F ³ 1 .5 m :
s te e l b e a m — d is ta n c e to F S F ³ 1 .5 m : F R L -/-/-
F R L -/-/-
C la s s 2 , 3 ,
o r 9 p a rt

s p r in k le r e d
K W P 1 2 /9 8

In th e c a s e o f b u ild in g s w ith C la s s 2 o r 3 p a r ts , th e B C A r e q u ir e s th e u n d e r s id e o f th e flo o r a b o v e th e

c a r p a r k le v e l to h a v e a fir e - p r o te c tiv e c o v e r in g ( B C A C la u s e C 2 .9 a n d S p e c ific a tio n C 1 .1 , C la u s e 5 .1 ( e ) ) .

1 6
T y p e B C o n s t r u c t io n
( B C A S p e c ific a tio n C 1 .1 , T a b le 4 .2 )

C la s s 5 , 6 ,
7 o r 8 p a rt C la s s 5 , 6 ,
7 o r 8 p a rt

s to re y s £ 3
r is e in
o p e n -d e c k s p r in k le r e d

s te e l b e a m — d is ta n c e to F S F < 3 m
a n d in c o n tin u o u s c o n ta c t w ith
s te e l c o lu m n : flo o r s la b :
a c o n c re te flo o r s la b :
E S A /M £ 2 6 m 2
/to n n e F R L -/-/-
E S A /M £ 3 0 m 2/to n n e
s te e l b e a m — d is ta n c e to F S F ³ 3 m :
F R L -/-/-

C la s s 2 , 3
o r 9 p a rt C la s s 2 , 3
o r 9 p a rt
s to re y s £ 2
r is e in

o p e n -d e c k
s p r in k le r e d

s p r in k le r e d

In th e c a s e o f b u ild in g s w ith C la s s 2 o r 3 p a r ts , th e B C A r e q u ir e s th e u n d e r s id e o f th e flo o r a b o v e th e

c a r p a r k le v e l to h a v e a fir e - p r o te c tiv e c o v e r in g ( B C A C la u s e C 2 .9 a n d S p e c ific a tio n C 1 .1 , C la u s e 4 .1 ( d ) ) .

T y p e A C o n s t r u c t io n a n y c la s s ific a tio n
( B C A S p e c ific a tio n C 1 .1 , T a b le 3 .9 )

In b u ild in g s w ith g r e a te r r is e in s to r e y s , T y p e A
c o n s tr u c tio n is r e q u ir e d . B a r e s te e l b e a m s s t ill
c a n b e u s e d b u t th e c o lu m n s a r e r e q u ir e d to
h a v e a n F R L o f 6 0 /- /- .
flo o r s la b :
F R L 6 0 /6 0 /6 0 *

s te e l b e a m — in c o n tin u o u s
c o n ta c t w ith a c o n c r e te
o p e n -d e c k o r flo o r s la b :
s p r in k le r e d E S A /M £ 3 0 m 2/to n n e

c o lu m n :
F R L 6 0 /-/-
K W P 1 2 /9 8

* T h is in te r p r e ta tio n is n o t s h a r e d b y a ll r e g u la to r y a u th o r itie s . S o m e r e q u ir e th e flo o r s la b to h a v e a n

F R L w h ic h is e q u a l to th a t r e q u ir e d fo r th e le v e l a b o v e ( s e e a ls o p a g e s 2 1 - 2 2 ) .
1 7
 B C A D e e m e d -t o -S a t is fy P r o v is io n s

P W h a t S itu a tio n s A llo w

S T R U C T U R A L
S T E E L U s e o f B a r e S te e l?
C a r p a r k s b e lo w o th e r p a r ts (c o n tin u e d )

C L O S E D a n d
U N S P R IN K L E R E D
(4 0 o r le s s c a r s )
F o r c lo s e d a n d u n s p r in k le r e d c a r p a r k s c o n s tru c te d u n d e r o th e r p a rts , b a re s te e l is a llo w e d o n ly w ith in
b u ild in g s o f T y p e C c o n s tr u c tio n .

T y p e C C o n s t r u c t io n
( B C A S p e c ific a tio n C 1 .1 , T a b le 5 )

C la s s 5 , 6 , C la s s 5 , 6 ,
7 o r 8 p a rt 7 o r 8 p a rt
s to re y s £ 2
r is e in

e x te rn a l c o lu m n
d is ta n c e to F S F < 1 .5 m :
flo o r s la b : b e a m : in te r n a l c o lu m n : F R L 9 0 /-/-
F R L -/-/- F R L -/-/- F R L -/-/- 1 .5 m < d is ta n c e to F S F < 3 m :
F R L 6 0 /-/-
d is ta n c e to F S F ³ 3 m :
F R L -/- /-

C la s s 2 , 3 ,
o r 9 p a rt

K W P 1 2 /9 8

In th e c a s e o f b u ild in g s w ith C la s s 2 o r 3 p a r ts , th e B C A r e q u ir e s th e u n d e r s id e o f th e flo o r a b o v e th e

c a r p a r k le v e l to h a v e a fir e - p r o te c tiv e c o v e r in g ( B C A C la u s e C 2 .9 a n d S p e c ific a tio n C 1 .1 , C la u s e 5 .1 ( e ) ) .

1 8
 F ir e -
E n g in e e r in g
A p p ro a ch

1 9
 F ir e -E n g in e e r in g A p p r o a c h

A lt e r n a t iv e S o lu tio n s fo r O p e n -
D e c k o r S p r in k le r e d C a r p a r k s
T h e a lte r n a t iv e s o lu tio n s p re s e n te d in th is s e c tio n a re b a s e d o n fir e - e n g in e e r in g a s s e s s m e n ts o f th e
s itu a t io n s a n d d iff e r fr o m th e d e e m e d - to - s a tis fy p ro v is io n s o f th e B C A . T h e s o lu tio n s a re c o n s id e r e d to s a t is fy
th e p e rfo rm a n c e r e q u ir e m e n ts C P 1 , C P 2 , C P 4 , C P 7 a n d C P 8 . T h e s o lu tio n s re la te o n ly to c a rp a r k s w h ic h
a d jo in a n o n -c a rp a rk p a r t o f a b u ild in g , o r th o s e w h ic h a r e lo c a te d b e lo w p a r ts o f a n o t h e r c la s s ific a t io n .

C a r p a r k s a d jo in in g o th e r p a r ts

R e c o m m e n d a tio n

r e q u ir e m e n ts
n o n -c a rp a rk p a rt w ith in c a rp a rk
a s fo r s ta n d -a lo n e
(s p r in k le r e d ) c a rp a rk b u ild in g

K W P 1 2 /9 8

n o fir e w a ll o p e n -d e c k o r
r e q u ir e d s p r in k le r e d

A n e x a m p le o f s u c h a s itu a tio n is w h e r e a n o p e n - d e c k o r s p r in k le r e d c a r p a r k is d ir e c tly a d ja c e n t to a

s h o p p in g c e n tr e b u ild in g a n d w h e r e d ir e c t a c c e s s b e tw e e n th e tw o is r e q u ir e d . T h e s e v e r ity o f a fir e in a p a r t
o f a b u ild in g is d e p e n d e n t o n th e fir e lo a d , v e n t ila t io n c o n d itio n s a n d th e fir e - s a fe ty s y s te m s in th a t p a r t. T h u s
th e n o n -c a rp a r k p a r t o f th e b u ild in g s h o u ld b e d e s ig n e d fo r th e fir e lo a d , v e n tila tio n , a n d fir e - s a f e ty s y s te m s in
th a t p a rt, a n d th e c a r p a r k p a r t s h o u ld b e d e s ig n e d in a m a n n e r a p p r o p r ia te fo r a c a r p a r k . T h e o n ly w a y th a t
th e c a rp a rk p a r t o f th e b u ild in g w ill e x p e r ie n c e t h e s e v e r ity o f fir e a s s o c ia te d w ith th e n o n - c a r p a r k p a r t, is if
th e fir e in th e n o n - c a r p a r k p a r t v e n te d its e lf in to th e c a r p a r k . T h e in c o r p o r a tio n o f s p r in k le r s in to th e n o n -
c a rp a rk p a rt o f th e b u ild in g w ill g r e a tly m in im is e th e lik e lih o o d o f s u c h a n o c c u r r e n c e .

It is th e r e fo r e a r g u e d th a t a fir e w a ll s e p a r a tin g th e c a r p a r k p a r t fr o m th e o th e r p a r t is n o t r e q u ir e d in
s itu a t io n s w h e r e th e n o n - c a r p a r k p a r t o f th e b u ild in g is s p r in k le r e d .

T h is is n o t to s a y th a t s o m e b a r r ie r b e tw e e n th e tw o is n o t r e q u ir e d fo r s m o k e s e p a r a tio n p u r p o s e s . T h e n e e d
fo r s u c h a b a r r ie r , a n d its c o n s tr u c tio n , n e e d s to b e a s s e s s e d c a r e fu lly fo r e a c h s itu a tio n . H o w e v e r , it is n o t
n e c e s s a r y to s e p a r a te th e tw o p a r ts w ith a fir e w a ll.

2 0
C a r p a r k s b e lo w o th e r p a rts
T h e s e v e r ity o f fir e w ith in th e c a rp a r k le v e ls is a fu n c tio n o f th e fir e lo a d , v e n tila tio n , a n d fir e s a fe ty s y s te m s
w ith in th e c a r p a r k le v e ls , n o t th o s e a s s o c ia te d w ith th e le v e ls a b o v e th e c a rp a rk . T h is is b e c a u s e h e a t m o v e s
u p w a rd s , n o t d o w n w a rd s ; a n d th e h o tte s t p a rt o f a fir e is a b o v e th e fir e , n o t b e lo w it. T h u s th e c a r p a r k le v e ls
s h o u ld b e d e s ig n e d fo r th e s itu a tio n s lik e ly to b e e x p e r ie n c e d w ith in th e c a r p a rk , a n d th e n o n -c a r p a r k le v e ls
fo r th e s itu a tio n s lik e ly to b e e n c o u n t e r e d w it h in th o s e le v e ls .

s u p p o rte d p a rt
h a s a g re a te r F R L
th a n t h a t o f s to re y
o f fir e o r ig in
fir e in
s u p p o rte d p a rt
fir e in
s u p p o r tin g p a r t

s u p p o r tin g p a r t
u n a ffe c te d b y fir e

T h e a b o v e p o s itio n h a s b e e n a c c e p te d in th e B C A — a s illu s tr a te d b y th e d e e m e d -to -s a tis fy p r o v is io n s o f th e

B C A , w ith th e e x c e p tio n th a t th e c o lu m n s w ith in t h e c a rp a r k a re re q u ir e d to h a v e a n F R L o f 6 0 m in u te s . T h is
re q u ir e m e n t w a s a d d e d in o rd e r to g a in a g r e e m e n t fro m a ll s ta te r e g u la to ry a u th o r itie s . H o w e v e r , it is o u r
a s s e s s m e n t th a t if c o lu m n s h a v e a n E S A /M le s s th a n 2 6 m 2 / t o n n e , n o fu rth e r fir e r e s is ta n c e is re q u ir e d .

R e c o m m e n d a tio n
a n y b u ild in g
c la s s

flo o r s la b :
a n y h e ig h t

F R L 6 0 /6 0 /6 0

s te e l b e a m in c o n tin u o u s
c o n ta c t w ith a c o n c r e te
flo o r s la b :
E S A /M £ 3 0 m 2/to n n e

s te e l c o lu m n :
E S A /M £ 2 6 m 2
/to n n e

K W P 1 2 /9 8

o p e n -d e c k o r
s p r in k le r e d

2 1
 F ir e -E n g in e e r in g A p p r o a c h

T h e b a s is fo r th e r e c o m m e n d a tio n is :

i. E x p e r im e n ta l r e s u lts s h o w th a t, if th e c a r p a r k le v e ls a r e o p e n - d e c k , th e m a x im u m te m p e r a tu r e
a c h ie v e d b y a c o lu m n d ir e c tly a d ja c e n t to a c a r o n fir e is 2 6 0 ° C — w e ll b e lo w th e v a lu e o f a b o u t
6 0 0 °C a t w h ic h th e c o lu m n w ill s h e d lo a d to c o o le r p a r ts o f th e s tr u c t u r e . T h u s th e r e is a s u b s ta n tia l
fa c to r o f s a fe ty .

ii. A lth o u g h th e r e lia b ility o f a s p r in k le r s y s te m w ith in o ffic e o r r e ta il b u ild in g s c a n b e v e r y h ig h , th e

r e lia b ility o f th e s p r in k le r s w ith in th e c a r p a r k le v e ls w ill b e v e r y c lo s e to 1 0 0 % p r o v id e d th e s p r in k le r
s y s te m fo r th e b u ild in g is d e s ig n e d s u c h th a t th e s y s te m w ith in th e c a r p a r k le v e ls is in d e p e n d e n t o f
th a t in th e n o n - c a r p a r k le v e ls ( s e e B C A S p e c ific a tio n E 1 .5 , C la u s e 1 1 ) . T h e r e a s o n fo r th is is th a t
s p r in k le r r e lia b ility is a ffe c t e d m o s t b y in te n tio n a l is o la tio n o f t h e s y s te m . T h e m o s t c o m m o n re a s o n
fo r s p r in k le r is o la tio n is to a llo w s p r in k le r h e a d r e lo c a tio n a s r e q u ir e d fo r te n a n c y u p g ra d e a n d
m o d ific a tio n s to a le v e l. In c o m p a r is o n w ith o ffic e o r r e ta il le v e ls , m o d if ic a tio n o f th e s p r in k le r s w ith in
th e c a r p a r k le v e ls is r a r e ly r e q u ir e d .

A c c o r d in g t o fir e te s t s c o n d u c te d in a c lo s e d c a r p a r k w ith a fu n c tio n in g s p r in k le r s y s te m , a m a x im u m

c o lu m n te m p e r a tu r e o f a b o u t 5 0 ° C w a s o b ta in e d — w e ll b e lo w th e v a lu e o f a b o u t 6 0 0 ° C a t w h ic h th e
c o lu m n w ill s h e d lo a d to c o o le r p a r ts o f th e s tr u c tu r e .

iii. Irre s p e c tiv e o f th e b e n e fits o b ta in e d fr o m th e c a rp a r k le v e ls b e in g s p r in k le r e d , a s d e s c r ib e d a b o v e , it

is k n o w n th a t fir e s in c a rp a rk s w ill te n d to b e lo c a lis e d d u e to t h e fa c t th a t e a c h c a r b o d y w ill a c t a s a
fo rm o f e n c lo s u re a n d lim it f ir e s p re a d . T h u s , th e o v e ra ll s ta b ility o f t h e b u ild in g is u n lik e ly to b e
a ffe c te d , e v e n in th e v e ry u n lik e ly c ir c u m s ta n c e o f s p r in k le r fa ilu r e .

c a r p a r k w ith b a r e s te e l b e a m s a n d c o lu m n s

Is a n F R L o f 6 0 /6 0 /6 0 a p p r o p r ia te fo r th e s la b s e p a r a t in g th e c a r p a r k — g iv e n th e h ig h e r le v e ls o f fir e -
r e s is ta n c e le v e l th a t m a y b e r e q u ir e d fo r th e le v e ls a b o v e t h e c a r p a r k ? In a n s w e r in g th is q u e s tio n , it s h o u ld
b e n o te d th a t:

· a f ir e w ill h a v e a c o n s id e r a b ly g r e a te r im p a c t o n th e flo o r a b o v e th e fir e th a n th e flo o r b e lo w

· fir e s p r e a d in to th e c a r p a r k le v e l w o u ld b e m o s t u n lik e ly e v e n if th e te m p e r a tu r e o f th e u n e x p o s e d
fa c e o f th e c a rp a rk flo o r s la b r e a c h e d w e ll a b o v e th e in s u la t io n fa ilu r e c r ite r io n s p e c ifie d in
A S 1 5 3 0 .4 — 1 9 9 7 [5 ]
· th e re a re fe w , if a n y , c o m b u s tib le s in d ir e c t c o n ta c t w ith th e u n d e r s id e o f a c a r p a r k flo o r s la b , a n d it
is m u c h m o r e d iffic u lt f o r f ir e to s p r e a d d o w n w a r d s th a n u p w a r d s

It is c o n c lu d e d t h e r e fo r e , t h a t a n F R L o f 6 0 /6 0 /6 0 is a p p r o p r ia te a s a p r a c tic a l m in im u m .

It is a ls o o u r a s s e s s m e n t fo r T y p e s B a n d C b u ild in g s in v o lv in g C la s s 2 o r 3 p a r ts , th a t p r o v id e d th e flo o r s la b
b e tw e e n th e c a rp a rk a n d th e C la s s 2 o r 3 p a r t h a s a n F R L o f 3 0 /3 0 /3 0 , th e r e is n o n e e d fo r a n y p r o te c tiv e
c o v e r in g to b e a p p lie d to th e u n d e r s id e o f th e flo o r a s c u r r e n tly r e q u ir e d b y B C A C la u s e C 2 .9 a n d
S p e c ific a tio n C 1 .1 , C la u s e s 4 .1 ( d ) , 5 .1 (e ).

2 2
E x p e r im e n ta l
B a s is

2 3
 E x p e r im e n t a l B a s is

E x p e r im e n ta l P ro g ra m
F ro m 1 9 8 5 to 1 9 8 9 , B H P R e s e a rc h c o n d u c te d th r e e s e p a r a te s e r ie s o f fir e te s ts o n c a r p a r k s tr u c tu r e s . T h e
fir s t s e r ie s c o n s id e re d th e b e h a v io u r o f f ir e in o p e n - d e c k c a r p a r k s [6 ], th e s e c o n d s e r ie s lo o k e d a t th e
s itu a tio n in c lo s e d c a rp a rk s [7 ], a n d th e t h ir d s e r ie s lo o k e d a t fir e in p a r tia lly - o p e n c a r p a r k s [8 ] a n d th o s e
fo r m in g p a rt o f a m u ltic la s s ifie d b u ild in g [9 ].

O P E N -D E C K C A R P A R K
c o m p o s ite d e a d
flo o r s la b lo a d b a re s te e l
s id e w a lls b e a m
h a lf o p e n
b a re s te e l
c o lu m n

c o n c r e te w a ll te s t
p a n e l v e h ic le

K W P 1 2 /9 8

T h is te s t p r o g r a m f o llo w e d a n u m b e r o f o v e r s e a s t e s t p r o g r a m s b u t u s e d v e h ic le s a n d b u ild in g c o n s tr u c tio n

m o r e ty p ic a l o f t h e A u s tr a lia n e n v ir o n m e n t. T h e te s t p r o g r a m in v o lv e d tw o fir e te s ts in a n o p e n - d e c k c a r p a r k
c o n s tr u c t e d o f b a r e s te e l. M u ltip le c a r s w e r e u s e d in e a c h te s t w ith th e fir e b e in g in itia te d in v e h ic le s w ith b o th
s te e l a n d p la s tic p e tr o l ta n k s . A n L P G ta n k w a s a ls o in c o r p o r a t e d in o n e o f th e v e h ic le s in w h ic h th e fir e w a s
in itia te d . C a r s w e r e c lo s e ly s p a c e d a n d w in d o w s w e r e le ft d o w n . T h e flo o r a b o v e th e c a r s w a s lo a d e d to
s im u la te th e p r e s e n c e o f a f u ll c a r p a r k le v e l a b o v e . S p r e a d o f fir e b e tw e e n th e v e h ic le s to o k s o m e tim e w ith
e v e n tu a lly th r e e c a r s b e in g in v o lv e d . T h e te s t s tr u c t u r e s u p p o r te d th e lo a d s t h r o u g h o u t b o th t e s ts a n d th e
m e a s u r e d te m p e r a tu r e s s h o w e d th a t a s ig n ific a n t f a c to r o f s a fe t y c o u ld b e a s s o c ia te d w ith b a r e s te e l
c o n s tr u c t io n u n d e r fir e c o n d itio n s . L a r g e q u a n titie s o f d e n s e s m o k e w e r e g e n e r a te d b u t th is v e n te d th r o u g h
th e o p e n s id e s .

v ie w s h o w in g s m o k e
te s t s tru c tu re p r o d u c e d d u r in g te s t

v ie w s h o w in g
te s t v e h ic le a lig h t

2 4
C L O S E D C A R P A R K
c o m p o s ite s p r in k le r b a re s te e l
flo o r s la b s y s te m b e a m
in s u la te d
s te e l p a n e l b a re s te e l
c o lu m n

c o n c r e te w a ll te s t
p a n e l v e h ic le

K W P 1 2 /9 8

A s e r ie s o f n in e te s ts w e re c o n d u c te d in a c lo s e d c a rp a rk . T h e te s ts w e re c o n d u c te d u s in g th e s a m e te s t
s tru c tu re a s fo r th e o p e n -d e c k te s ts b u t th e s id e w a lls w e re c lo s e d a n d a s p r in k le r s y s te m fitte d . A g a in , b a re
s te e l m e m b e rs w e r e u s e d . T h e m a jo r ity o f te s ts w e r e c o n d u c te d w it h fiv e c a rs w ith in th e te s t s tru c tu re w ith a
s p a c in g o f 4 0 0 -5 0 0 m m b e tw e e n v e h ic le s . In e a c h te s t, th e fir e w a s in it ia te d in a la r g e s e d a n w ith e ith e r a
p la s t ic o r s te e l fu e l ta n k . T e s ts w e re c o n d u c te d w ith a n d w it h o u t s p r in k le r s .

T h e te s ts d e m o n s tra te d th a t w ith o u t a fu n c tio n in g s p r in k le r s y s te m , th e fir e w ill s p r e a d to o th e r v e h ic le s w ith

v e ry la r g e q u a n titie s o f d e n s e to x ic s m o k e b e in g g e n e ra te d . N o t o n ly w ill th is e x p o s e o c c u p a n ts to life -
th re a te n in g s m o k e b u t v is ib ility w ill b e r a p id ly r e d u c e d . In c o n tra s t, th e te s ts w h e re th e s p r in k le r s o p e ra te d
a u to m a tic a lly r e s u lte d in s u p p r e s s io n o f th e fir e , n o s p r e a d to a d ja c e n t v e h ic le s , a g r e a tly re d u c e d v o lu m e o f
s m o k e , a n d a s ig n ific a n t r e d u c tio n in th e to x ic ity o f th e s m o k e . It w a s o n th e b a s is o f t h e s e fin d in g s th a t th e
B C A p r o v is io n fo r c lo s e d c a rp a rk s to b e p ro te c te d w ith s p r in k le r s if m o re th a n 4 0 c a rs w e re a c c o m m o d a te d
w a s in c o r p o r a te d .

It w a s a ls o fo u n d th a t w ith a fu n c tio n in g s p r in k le r
s y s te m , th e te m p e ra tu re o f th e s te e l b e a m s a n d
c o lu m n s w a s lo w ( le s s th a n 1 0 0 ° C ) a n d th e r e fo r e it
w a s c o n c lu d e d th a t in a s p r in k le r e d c lo s e d c a rp a rk ,
n o p ro te c tiv e c o a tin g is r e q u ir e d fo r th e s tru c tu ra l
s te e lw o r k .

v ie w in s id e te s t s tr u c tu r e
te s t s tru c tu re s h o w in g te s t v e h ic le a lig h t

v ie w in s id e te s t s tr u c tu r e
s h o w in g v e h ic le s b e fo r e te s t v ie w o u ts id e te s t s tr u c tu r e s h o w in g
th ic k s m o k e p r o d u c e d d u r in g te s t

2 5
 E x p e r im e n t a l B a s is

P A R T IA L L Y O P E N C A R P A R K
s im u la te d
o ffic e e n c lo s u r e

c o m p o s ite b a re s te e l
in s u la te d flo o r s la b b e a m
p a r tia lly s te e l p a n e l
o p e n
b a re s te e l
c o lu m n
c o n c r e te w a ll
te s t
p a n e l
v e h ic le

K W P 1 2 /9 8

A s e r ie s o f te s ts w e r e c o n d u c te d w ith th e s id e w a ll p a r tia lly o p e n . T h e s e te s t s w e r e in itia te d in o r d e r to

o b s e r v e th e e ffe c t o f b u r n in g c a r s in a c a r p a r k w ith v e n tila t io n c o n d itio n s b e tw e e n th o s e o f th e o p e n - d e c k
a n d c lo s e d c a r p a r k s p r e v io u s ly te s te d . T h r e e o f th e s e te s ts w e r e c o n d u c te d w ith v e h ic le s a n d a f u r th e r
e le v e n u s in g tr a y s o f fu e l a n d a fu e l ta n k to g a in a b e t te r u n d e r s ta n d in g o f th e e ffe c t o f v a r io u s v e n tila tio n
c o n d itio n s . O f p a r t ic u la r in te r e s t w a s th e r a t e o f th e s p r e a d o f th e fir e a n d th e c o n d itio n s c r e a te d w ith in t h e
c a r p a r k . T h e b u ild in g s tr u c tu r e u s e d fo r th e te s t s w a s id e n tic a l to th a t u s e d fo r th e o p e n - d e c k a n d c lo s e d
c a r p a r k te s ts w it h th e e x c e p tio n th a t a s m a ll o ffic e w a s c o n s tr u c te d a b o v e th e c a r p a r k a s th e s e t e s ts w e r e
a ls o u s e d a s p a r t o f a r e s e a r c h p r o je c t o n fir e in m u ltic la s s ifie d b u ild in g s . T h e s e te s ts fo u n d th a t f ir e c o u ld
s p r e a d r a p id ly in a p a r tia lly - o p e n s itu a tio n w ith la r g e a m o u n ts o f s m o k e b e in g g e n e r a te d . It is c o n s id e r e d
th e r e fo r e th a t s u c h c a r p a r k s s h o u ld b e tr e a te d a s c lo s e d c a r p a r k s . T h e s m o k e a s s o c ia te d w ith th e b u r n in g o f
a 6 0 litr e p la s tic ta n k o f p e tr o l is s h o w n b e lo w a n d s e r v e s t o illu s tr a te th a t s m o k e fr o m a s ig n ific a n t c a r p a r k
fir e m a y p r e s e n t a m a jo r h a z a r d to life .

v ie w o f te s t s tr u c tu r e
d u r in g te s t

3 s to r e y b u ild in g

v ie w in s id e te s t s tr u c tu r e
s h o w in g te s t v e h ic le a lig h t

v ie w o u ts id e te s t s tr u c tu r e
s h o w in g la r g e a m o u n t o f
th ic k s m o k e p r o d u c e d
v ie w o u ts id e te s t s tr u c tu r e
d u r in g te s t s h o w in g fla m e 6 0 litr e s o f p e tr o l in
a p la s tic ta n k p la c e d
in s id e te s t s tr u c tu r e
2 6
 C A R P A R K IN M U L T IC L A S S IF IE D
B U IL D IN G o ffic e
e n c lo s u r e

c o m p o s ite
in s u la te d flo o r s la b
s te e l p a n e l
b a re s te e l
b e a m

c o n c r e te w a ll
p a n e l b a re s te e l
c o lu m n

K W P 1 2 /9 8

A s e r ie s o f t e s ts w e r e c o n d u c te d t o s tu d y th e s itu a t io n w h e r e a c a r p a r k is lo c a te d b e lo w le v e ls o f a n o th e r
c la s s o f b u ild in g . T h e m u ltic la s s if ie d b u ild in g in th is c a s e w a s th e c a r p a r k s tr u c tu r e u s e d fo r th e c a r p a r k te s t s
w ith a n o ffic e le v e l d ir e c t ly a b o v e th e o p e n in g to th e c a r p a r k . T h e c a r p a r k te s ts c o n d u c te d w e r e th o s e
d e s c r ib e d p r e v io u s ly fo r th e p a r tia lly o p e n c a r p a r k s itu a tio n . T h e o ffic e a b o v e th e c a r p a r k w a s fu r n is h e d a s a n
o ff ic e a n d w a s p e n e tr a te d b y b a r e s t e e l c o lu m n s fr o m th e c a r p a r k b e lo w . N o e d g e s p a n d r e l w a s p r o v id e d a t
th e e d g e o f th e flo o r b e tw e e n th e c a r p a r k a n d th e o ffic e . C o n d itio n s w ith in b o th th e c a r p a r k a n d o ffic e w e r e
m o n ito r e d th r o u g h o u t th e te s t s . In a d d itio n t o th e c a r p a r k te s ts , a n o ffic e f ir e t e s t w a s c o n d u c te d . T h e te s t in g
d e m o n s tr a t e d th a t a d e q u a te s e p a r a tio n o f th e s to r e y s w ill b e a c h ie v e d e v e n w h e n th e flo o r s a r e p e n e tr a te d
b y b a r e s te e l m e m b e r s . T h e te s ts a ls o illu s tr a te d th a t th e e ffe c ts o f a fir e in o n e s to r e y a r e o n ly e x p e r ie n c e d in
th e s to r e y ( s ) a b o v e th e f ir e , a n d th a t th e r e is n o th r e a t t o th e s to r e y ( s ) b e lo w th e fir e . T h e te m p e r a tu r e s
a tt a in e d b y th e s te e l m e m b e r s in th e e n c lo s u r e o f fir e o r ig in w e r e a fu n c tio n o f th e f ir e te m p e r a tu r e s in th a t
e n c lo s u r e . H o w e v e r , th e e ffe c t o f th e fir e o n th e s t e e l m e m b e r s in th e a d ja c e n t e n c lo s u r e w a s n e g lig ib le . It
w a s c o n c lu d e d th a t th e s u p p o r t o f a n o th e r p a r t p r o v is io n s o f th e B C A ( th e r e q u ir e m e n t fo r th e s u p p o r tin g
c o n s tr u c tio n to h a v e e q u a l fir e r e s is ta n c e to th a t w h ic h it s u p p o r ts ) a r e n o t a p p r o p r ia te t o s tr u c tu r a l m e m b e r s
in d if fe r e n t e n c lo s u r e s .

In a d d itio n t o th e t e s t p r o g r a m , r e s e a r c h w a s u n d e r ta k e n in to th e r is k s a s s o c ia te d w it h m u ltic la s s ifie d

b u ild in g s in c o r p o r a tin g c a r p a r k s w ith b a r e s te e l m e m b e r s , a n d th is w o r k fo r m s th e b a s is fo r th e a lte r n a tiv e
s o lu t io n s p r e s e n te d e a r lie r in th is p u b lic a tio n .

v ie w o f o ffic e e n c lo s u r e
a t fu ll in v o lv e m e n t

v ie w o f te s t s tr u c tu r e s h o w in g fir e in o ffic e
a b o v e im p o s e d little th r e a t to th e c a r p a r k b e lo w
v ie w in s id e s im u la te d o ffic e
e n c lo s u r e b e fo r e te s t

v ie w o f te s t
s tru c tu re
b e fo re te s t

2 7
 E x p e r im e n t a l B a s is

R e s e a r c h O u tc o m e
A s a r e s u lt o f th is a n d o th e r r e s e a r c h in to fir e s in c a rp a rk s , s ig n ific a n t a m e n d m e n ts w e r e in tr o d u c e d in to th e
B C A a t v a r io u s s t a g e s . C la u s e s 3 .9 , 4 .2 a n d 5 .2 w e r e in tr o d u c e d in to S p e c ific a tio n C 1 .1 o f B C A 9 0 [2 ] to g iv e
n e w r e q u ir e m e n ts fo r o p e n -d e c k o r s p r in k le r e d c a rp a r k s . T h e re s e a r c h in to c a r p a r k s in m u lt ic la s s ifie d
b u ild in g s r e s u lte d in a m e n d m e n ts to th e B C A 9 6 [3 ]— s p e c ific a lly C la u s e 2 .2 o f S p e c if ic a tio n C 1 .1 fir e
p r o te c tio n fo r s u p p o rt o f a n o th e r p a rt. It a ls o r e s u lt e d in fu r th e r m o d ific a tio n s to C la u s e s 3 .9 , 4 . 2 a n d 5 .2 , a n d
th e in tr o d u c tio n o f C la u s e 1 1 in to S p e c ific a tio n E 1 .5 . A ll o f th e s e c h a n g e s h a v e b e e n in c o r p o r a te d in B C A
2 0 0 5 [1 0 ]

S P E C IF IC A T IO N C 1 . 1

2 .2 F ir e p r o te c tio n fo r a s u p p o r t o f a n o th e r p a r t

(a ) W h e r e a p a r t o f a b u ild in g r e q u ir e d t o h a v e a n F R L d e p e n d s
u p o n d ir e c t v e r t ic a l o r la t e r a l s u p p o r t f r o m a n o t h e r p a r t t o
m a in t a in its F R L , th a t s u p p o r t in g p a r t , s u b je c t t o ( b ) , m u s t -
( i) C 1 .1
h a v e a S n P F R E L C n I o F t I Cl e s A s T t h I O e n N t h a t r e q u i r e d b y o t h e r
C 1 .1
p r o v i s i o n S s P o f E t h C i s I F S I p C e A c i Tf i c I a O t i N o n ; a n d
( ii) i f l o c a t e 3 d . 3 9 w . 9 i t h i n C t C a h e r a p s r a a p m r a k e r s k f si r e c o m p a r t m e n t a s t h e p a r t i t
s u p p o r ts h a v e a n F R L in r e s p e c t o f s tr u c tu r a l a d e q u a c y
t h e g r e a t eT r a o b f l t e h a 3 t . r 9 e q u i r e d -
( A ) fo r th e s u p p o r tin g p a r t its e lf; a n d
R E Q U IR E M E N T S F O R C A R P A R K S
( B ) f o r th e p a r t it s u p p o r t s ; a n d
( i i i ) b e n o n - c o B m u b i u l d s t i i nb l g e - e l e m e n t F R L ( n o t le s s th a n )
( A ) if r e q u ir e d b y o t h e r p r o v is io n s o f t h is S p e c if ic a t io n ; S tr u c tu r a l a d e q u a c y | In te g r ity |
In s u la tio n
o r
( B ) if th e p a r t it s u p p o r ts is r e q u ir e d to b e n o n -
S P E C IF IC A T IO N C 1 .1 E S A /M (n o t g re a te r th a n )
c o m W b u a s tl i l b l e . 4 .2 C a rp a rk s
(b ) T h e f o llo w in g b u ild in g e le m e n t s n e e d n o t c o m p ly w it h ( a ) ( ii)
a n d ( a ) ( iii) ( B ) : ( a ) e x te r n a l w a ll
T a b le 4 .2
( i) A n e l e m e n t p r o v ( i d i ) i n g l a t l e e r sa ls s t u h p a p n o r 3 t t m o a f n r o e m x t e a r n f a i r l e w - s a o l l u r c e f e a t u r e t o
c o m p l y i n g w i t h C l a u s e 5 . 1 w ( b h ) i c o h r C i t 1R i . s 1 E 1 e Q . x U p I o R s E e dM : E N T S F O R C A R P A R K S
( ii) A n e l e m e n t p r o v i d i n g s u p p o r t B w i u t h i i l n d i an g c ae r l p e a m r k e n a nt d F R L ( n o t le s s th a n )
c o m p l y i n g w i t h T a b l e 3 . 9 , 4 . 2 o r 5 L . 2o . a d b e a r i n g 6 0 /6 0 /6 0
S tr u c tu r a l a d e q u a c y | In te g r ity |
( i i i ) A r o o f p r o v i d i n g l a t e r a l s u p p o r t i n N a o b n u i - l ld o i n a g d - b e a r i n g - /6 0 /6 0 In s u la tio n
( A ) o f T y p e A c o ( n i i s ) t r u c t i o 3 n m i f i t o c r o m m o p l r i e e s f r w o i t m h C a l a f u i r s e e - S s o P u E r C c e I F f I e C a A t u T r e I O t oN C 1 .1 - / - / - E S A /M (n o t g re a te r th a n )
3 .5 (a ), (b ) o r (d ); a n d
w h ic h it is e x p o s e d
( B ) o f T y p e B a n d C c o n s t r u c t i o n W. a l l 5 .2 C a rp a rk s
( iv ) A c o l u m n ( b p ) r o v i d i i n n g t e l r a n t e a r l a w l s a u l l p p o ( r a t ) t o a ew x a t l l e w r n h a e l r e w t a h l e l
c o l u m n c o m p l i e s ( w i ) i t h C l a l u o s a e d 2 b . 5e ( a a r ) i n a n g d , o ( b t ) h . e r t h a n o n e s u p p o r t i n g
(v )
( i) le s s th a n 3 m fr o m a f ir e - s o u r c e fe a t u r e t o
A n e l e m e n t p r o v i d i n g l a t e o r a n l l ys u t p h p e o r r t o t o o f a ( f n i r o e t w u a s l l e o d r f f i o r T e r - a c b a l r e p a 5 r . k 2 i n g ) 6 0 / - / -
r e s i s t i n g w a l l , p r o v i d e d t h e w a l l i s s u p p o r t e d o n b o wt h h i c h i t i s e x p o s e d :
R E Q U IR E M E N T
s i d e s a n d f a i l u r e ( o i f i ) t h e e l se m u p e p n t o o r n t i n o g n e o s n i d l y e t d h o e e s r o n o o f t ( n o t L u o s a e d d b e f o a r r i n g
S F O RC A R P A R K S
6 0 /6 0 /6 0
a f f e c t t h e f i r e p e r f o r m a n c ce a o r f p t h a e r k w i n a g l l . ) B u ild in g e le m e n t - / - / - F R L ( n o t le s s th a n )
N o n - lo a d b e a r in g - /6 0 /6 0
( iii) n o n - lo a d b e a r in g - / - / - S tr u c tu r a l a d e q u a c y / In te g r ity /
( ii) 3 m o r m o r e fr o m a f ir e - s o u r c e fe a t u r e to - / - / - I n s u la t io n
(c ) f ir e w a ll w h ic h it is e x p o s e d E S A /M (n o t g re a te r th a n )
( i) f r o m t h e ( b d ) i r e c t i i n o t n e r u n s a e l d w a a W s l l a a l lc a r p a r k 6 0 /6 0 /6 0
( ii) f r o m t h e d i r e c t ( i oi ) n n o t l o u a s d e ( a b d ) e a a s r i n a e g c x , a t o e r tp r h n a e a r r k l t w h a l n l o n e s a u s p r p e o q r u t i i n r e g d o b n y l y T a b l e 3
C o lu m n t h e r o o f ( n (o i )t u s e d l e f so s r c t h a a r p n a 1 r k . 5 i n m g ) f r o m a f i r e - s o u 6 r c 0 e / f - e / a - t u r e
(a ) s u p p o r t i n g o n l y t h e r o ( o i i ) f ( n o t s u s p e p d o r f t o i n r g c a o r n p l a y r t k h t i n o e g w r ) o h a o i n f c d (h n i o t t i s u s e e x d p o f o s r e d :
3 m o r m o r e f r o m a f i r e - s o u r c c a e r p f e a a r kt u i n r e g ) t o w h i c h i t i s L o a d b e a r i n g - / - / - 6 0 /6 0 /6 0
e x p o s e d ( iii) n o n - lo a d b e a r in g - / - / - - / - / -
N o n - lo a d b e a r in g - /6 0 /6 0
(b ) s t e e l c o l u m n , o ( c t h ) e r t h f a i r n e ow n a e l l c o v e r e d b y ( a ) a n d o n e
( ii) 1 .5 m o r m o r e fr o m a fir e - s o u r c e fe a tu r e to - / - / -
t h a t d o e s n o t s u p p o r t a p a r t o f a b u ild in g th a t is n o t
( i) f r o m t h e d i r e c t i o n w u h s i e c h d ia t s i s a e c x a p r o p s a e r k d 6 0 /6 0 /6 0
u s e d a s a c a rp a rk 6 0 / - / - o r 2 6 m ²/to n n e
( ii) f r o m ( b t ) h e d i r n e t ec t r i n o a n l n w o a t l l u s e d a s a c a r p a r k a s r e q u ir e d b y T a b- l / e - 4 / -
(c ) a n y o t h e r c o lu m n n o t c o v e r e d b y ( a ) o r ( b ) 6 0 / - / -
C o lu m n (c ) fir e w a ll
B e a m
(a ) s u p p o r t i n g o n l y t h ( ie ) r o o f f ( r n o o m t u t h s e d d i f r o e r c c t i a o r n p a u r s k e i n d g a ) s a c a r p a r k 6 0 /6 0 /6 0
(a ) S te e l flo o r b e a m in c o n t in u o u s c o n t a c t w it h a
a n d 3 m o r m o r e ( f ir i o ) m a f f r i or e m - s t o h u e r c d e i r e f e c a t i t o u n r e n t o o t w u sh e i c d h a s a c a r p a r k 9 0 /9 0 /9 0
c o n c r e te flo o r s la b 6 0 / - / - o r 3 0 m ²/to n n e
it is e x p o s e d - / - / -
(b ) a n y o th e r b e a m C o lu m n 6 0 / - / -
(b ) s te e l c o lu m n , o th e r th a n o n e c o v e r e d b y ( a ) 6 0 / - / - o r 2 6 m ²/to n n e
L if ( a ) s t e e l c o l u
t a n d s t a i r s h a f t ( ( w c i ) t h i n t a h n e y c o a t r h p e a r r k c o o l nu l m y ) n n o t c o v e r e d b y ( a 6 ) 0 o r / ( 6 b 0 ) / 6 0 m n l e s s t h a n 1 . 5 m f r o m a f i re -s o u rc e
fe a tu re 6 0 / - / - 6 0 / - / - o r 2 6 m ²/to n n e
F lo o r s l a b a n d v e h i c B l ee a r ma m p 6 0 / 6 0 /6 0
(b ) a n y o th e r c o lu m n le s s th a n 1 .5 m fo r m a fir e -
R o o f ( n o t u s e d f o r c a ( r a p ) a r k i n l eg s) s t h a n 3 m f r o m s o a u r f c i r e e - f s e o a u t u r c r e f e a - t u / r - e / : - 6 0 / - / -
N o te s : 1 . E S A / M m e a ( n i ) s t h e s r at e t i e ( o c l )of l of oe
r x p a b o n e s y a e m o d t h i s n e u r c r f o c a n o c t l e ui n m a u r o n e u a n s o t c o t o c m n o t a v a e s c s r t e w p d e i t b rh y u a n ( a i t ) l e o n r g ( b t h ) . - / - / -
2 . R e f e r t o S p e c i f i c a t i c o o n n B E c r e 1 e a. t 5 e m
f fo l o r o s r p se l ca i ba l r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r a s p r i n k l e r 6 s 0 y s/ t - e / m - o r 3 0 m ² / t o n n e
in a c a r p a r k ( c i i ) o m p l y a i n n y g o w t h i t eh
r T b l a e e b s a s l e m t h3 .a 9 n a 1 n . d 5 l m o c f a r o t e m d a w i f t i h r e i n - s a o m u lti- c la s s ifie d
b u ild in g . (a ) u r c e f e a 6 t u0 r/ e - / -
(b ) 3 m o r m o re fro m ( i a ) f i r e - s s o t e u e r c l e f l o f eo ar t b u e r e a m i n c o n t i n u o u s - c / o - n /t a - c t w i t h
L ift a n d s ta ir s h a ft a c o n c r e te flo o r s la b 0
- / - / - 6 / - / - o r 3 0 m ²/to n n e
R o o f , f l o o r s l a b a n d v e ( h i i )i c l e r a a n m y p o t h e r b e a m - / - / - 6 0 / - / -
(b ) 1 .5 m o r m o r e fr o m a fir e - s o u rc e fe a tu re - / - / -
N o te : E S A /M m e a n s th e r a tio o f e x p o s e d s u r fa c e a r e a t o m a s s p e r u n it le n g th .
R o o f, flo o r s la b a n d v e h ic le r a m p - / - / -
N o te : E S A /M m e a n s th e r a t io o f e x p o s e d s u r f a c e a r e a t o m a s s p e r u n it le n g t h .

2 8
R e fe re n c e s
[1 ] E c o n o m ic a l C a r p a r k s — A D e s ig n G u id e " , O n e S te e l M a r k e t M ills , N o v 2 0 0 4

[2 ] " B u ild in g C o d e o f A u s tr a lia " , A u s tr a lia n B u ild in g C o d e B o a r d , 1 9 9 0 .

[3 ] " B u ild in g C o d e o f A u s tr a lia 1 9 9 6 " , V o lu m e 1 — C la s s 2 t o 9 , A u s tr a lia n B u ild in g C o d e B o a r d , 1 9 9 6 .

[4 ] A S 2 1 1 8 .1 — 1 9 9 9 , " A u to m a tic F ir e S p r in k le r S y s te m s P a r t 1 : S ta n d a r d " , S ta n d a r d s A u s tr a lia , 1 9 9 5 .

[5 ] A S 1 5 3 0 .4 — 1 9 9 7 , " M e th o d s fo r F ir e T e s ts o n B u ild in g M a te r ia ls , C o m p o n e n ts a n d S tr u c tu r e s P a r t 4 :
F ir e - R e s is ta n c e T e s ts o f E le m e n ts o f B u ild in g C o n s tr u c t io n " , S ta n d a r d s A u s tr a lia , 1 9 9 7 .

[6 ] B e n n e tts , I. D ., P r o e , D . J ., L e w in s , R . R ., a n d T h o m a s , I. R ., " O p e n - D e c k C a r p a r k F ir e T e s ts " , B H P

M e lb o u r n e R e s e a r c h L a b o r a to r ie s R e p o r t N u m b e r M R L / P S 6 9 /8 5 /0 0 1 , A u g u s t 1 9 8 5 .

[7 ] " F ir e a n d U n p r o te c te d S te e l in C lo s e d C a r p a r k s " , B H P M e lb o u r n e R e s e a rc h L a b o r a to r ie s R e p o r t
N u m b e r M R L /P S 9 8 /8 7 /0 0 1 , A u g u s t 1 9 8 7 .

[8 ] B e n n e tts , I. D ., T h o m a s , I . R . , P r o e , D . J ., L e w in s , R . R ., a n d A lm a n d , K . H ., " F ir e S a fe ty in
C a r p a r k s " , B H P M e lb o u r n e R e s e a r c h L a b o r a to r ie s R e p o r t N u m b e r M R L /P S 6 9 /8 9 /0 0 6 , A u g u s t 1 9 8 9 .

[9 ] T h o m a s , I. R ., A lm a n d , K . H , B e n n e tts , I. D ., P r o e , D . J ., a n d L e w in s , R . R ., " F ir e in M ix e d
O c c u p a n c y B u ild in g s " , B H P M e lb o u r n e R e s e a r c h L a b o r a to r ie s R e p o r t N u m b e r M R L /P S 6 9 /8 9 / 0 0 4 ,
A u g u s t 1 9 8 9

[1 0 ] B C A 2 0 0 5 , A u s tr a lia n B u ild in g C o d e s B o a r d , C la s s 2 to C la s s 9 B u ild in g s , V o lu m e O n e

A c k n o w le d g m e n t
T h e a u th o r s w is h to t h a n k M r N . B o w e n o f th e A u s tr a lia n B u ild in g C o d e s B o a r d , A . N g a n d D . B e ll o f
O n e S te e l fo r r e v ie w in g th is d o c u m e n t. T h e a s s is ta n c e o f M . D ic k e r s o n in p r e p a r a tio n o f th e p u b lic a tio n is
a ls o g r a te fu lly a c k n o w le d g e d .

2 9
 A p p e n d ix A :
E S A /M o f S te e l S e c tio n s
(m 2
/to n n e ) h o t-r o lle d s e c tio n s

B E A M S
( 3 -s id e e x p o s u r e to fir e )
s e c tio n
6 1 0 U B 1 2 5
E S A /M
1 4 .9
s e c tio n
3 1 0 U C 1 5 8
E S A /M
9 .6 6
1 1 3 1 6 .3 1 3 7 1 1 .0
1 0 1 1 8 .1 1 1 8 1 2 .7
w e ld e d -p la te s e c tio n s 5 3 0 U B 9 2 .4 1 7 .8 9 7 1 5 .3
8 2 .0 1 9 .9 2 5 0 U C 8 9 .5 1 3 .9
4 6 0 U B 8 2 .1 1 7 .7 7 2 .9 1 6 .8
7 4 .6 1 9 .4 2 0 0 U C 5 9 .5 1 6 .8
6 7 .1 2 1 .4 5 2 .2 1 8 .9
4 1 0 U B 5 9 .7 2 1 .9 4 6 .2 2 1 .2
5 3 .7 2 4 .1 1 5 0 U C 3 7 .2 2 0 .3
3 6 0 U B 5 6 .7 2 1 .1 3 0 .0 2 4 .6
s e c tio n E S A /M s e c tio n E S A /M 5 0 .7 2 3 .4
1 2 0 0 W B 4 5 5 8 .5 1 5 0 0 W C 4 4 0 5 .4 1 4 4 .7 2 6 .3
4 2 3 9 .1 0 4 1 4 5 .7 8 3 1 0 U B 4 6 .2 2 3 .2
3 9
3 4
2
2
9 .7 9
1 0 .4
3
3
8 3
4 0
6 .2 1
7 .3 0 2 5 0 U B 3 7 .3
4 0 .4 2 6 .2
2 4 .7 h o llo w s e c tio n s
3 1 7 1 1 .1 2 9 0 8 .5 1 3 1 .4 2 9 .0
2 7 8 1 2 .1 2 6 7 9 .2 2 2 0 0 U B 2 9 .8 2 6 .3
2 4 9 1 2 .6 2 2 8 1 0 .7 1 8 0 U B 2 2 .2 2 7 .1
1 0 0 0 W B 3 2 2 1 0 .0 4 0 0 W C 3 6 1 5 .4 8 1 5 0 U B 1 8 .0 2 8 .3
2 9 6 1 0 .8 3 2 8 6 .1 1
2 5 8 1 1 .8 3 0 3 6 .5 6
2 1 5 1 3 .4 2 7 0 7 .3 4
9 0 0 W B 2 8 2 1 0 .7 2 1 2 9 .2 5 s e c t io n E S A /M s e c tio n E S A /M
2 5 7 1 0 .7 1 8 1 1 0 .7 4 5 7 .0 × 1 2 .7 C H S 1 0 .3 2 5 0 × 2 5 0 × 9 .0 S H S 1 4 .6
2 1 8 1 3 .0 1 4 4 1 3 .4 9 .5 C H S 1 3 .7 6 .0 S H S  2 1 .7
1 7 5 1 5 .3 3 5 0 W C 2 8 0 6 .0 8 6 .4 C H S 2 0 .2 2 0 0 × 2 0 0 × 9 .0 S H S 1 4 .7
8 0 0 W B 1 9 2 1 3 .1 2 5 8 6 .5 4 4 0 6 .4 × 1 2 .7 C H S 1 0 .4 6 .0 S H S 2 1 .8
1 6 8 1 4 .5 2 3 0 7 .3 0 9 .5 C H S 1 3 .7 5 .0 S H S 2 6 .0
1 4 6 1 6 .5 1 9 7 8 .4 9 6 .4 C H S 2 0 .2 1 5 0 × 1 5 0 × 9 .0 S H S 1 4 .9
1 2 2 1 8 .9 3 5 5 .6 × 1 2 .7 C H S 1 0 .4 6 .0 S H S 2 2 .0
7 0 0 W B 1 7 3 1 3 .0 9 .5 C H S 1 3 .8 5 .0 S H S 2 6 .2
1 5 0 1 4 .3 6 .4 C H S 2 0 .3 1 2 5 × 1 2 5 × 9 .0 S H S 1 5 .1
3 2 3 .9 × 1 2 .7 C H S 1 0 .4

C O L U M N S
1 3 0 1 6 .3 6 .0 S H S 2 2 .1
1 1 5 1 8 .4 9 .5 C H S 1 3 .8 5 .0 S H S 2 6 .3
6 .4 C H S 2 0 .3 1 0 0 × 1 0 0 × 9 .0 S H S 1 5 .4
2 7 3 .1 × 9 .3 C H S 1 4 .2 6 .0 S H S 2 2 .4
6 .4 C H S 2 0 .4 5 .0 S H S 2 6 .6
( 4 -s id e e x p o s u r e to fir e ) 4 .8 C H S 2 7 .0 8 9 × 8 9 × 6 .0 S H S 2 2 .5
2 1 9 .1 × 8 .2 C H S 1 6 .1 5 .0 S H S 2 6 .7
6 .4 C H S 2 0 .5 7 5 × 7 5 × 6 .0 S H S 2 2 .8
w e ld e d -p la te s e c tio n s 4 .8 C H S 2 7 .1 5 .0 S H S 2 7 .0
1 6 8 .3 × 7 .1 C H S 1 8 .7
6 .4 C H S 2 0 .7
4 .8 C H S 2 7 .3
1 1 4 .3 × 6 C H S 2 2 .4
4 .8 C H S 2 7 .7
8 8 .9 × 5 .5 C H S 2 4 .7
4 .8 C H S 2 8 .1
s e c tio n E S A /M s e c tio n E S A /M
1 2 0 0 W B 4 5 5 9 .6 1 5 0 0 W C 4 4 0 6 .5 5
4 2 3 1 0 .3 4 1 4 6 .9 9
3 9 2 1 1 .1 3 8 3 7 .5 2 h o t-r o lle d s e c tio n s
3 4 2 1 1 .5 3 4 0 8 .7 7
3 1 7 1 2 .4 2 9 0 1 0 .2
2 7 8 1 3 .3 2 6 7 1 1 .1
2 4 9 1 3 .7 2 2 8 1 2 .9
1 0 0 0 W B 3 2 2 1 1 .2 4 0 0 W C 3 6 1 6 .5 9
2 9 6 1 2 .1 3 2 8 7 .3 3
s e c tio n E S A /M s e c tio n E S A /M
2 5 8 1 3 .1 3 0 3 7 .8 8
6 1 0 U B 1 2 5 1 6 .7 3 1 0 U C 1 5 8 1 1 .6
2 1 5 1 4 .8 2 7 0 8 .2 2
1 1 3 1 8 .3 1 3 7 1 3 .3
9 0 0 W B 2 8 2 1 2 .1 2 1 2 1 1 .1
1 0 1 2 0 .3 1 1 8 1 5 .3
2 5 7 1 3 .3 1 8 1 1 3 .0
5 3 0 U B 9 2 .4 2 0 .0 9 6 .8 1 8 .4
2 1 8 1 4 .6 1 4 4 1 6 .1
8 2 .0 2 2 .4 2 5 0 U C 8 9 .5 1 6 .8
1 7 5 1 7 .0 3 5 0 W C 2 8 0 7 .3 3
8 0 0 W B 1 9 2 1 4 .7 2 5 8 7 .8 9 4 6 0 U B 8 2 .1 2 0 .0 7 2 .9 2 0 .3
1 6 8 1 6 .1 2 3 0 8 .8 2 7 4 .6 2 1 .9 2 0 0 U C 5 9 .5 2 0 .2
1 4 6 1 8 .4 1 9 7 1 0 .3 6 7 .1 2 4 .2 5 2 .2 2 2 .8
1 2 2 2 0 .9 4 1 0 U B 5 9 .7 2 4 .8 4 6 .2 2 5 .6
7 0 0 W B 1 7 3 1 4 .5 5 3 .7 2 7 .4 1 5 0 U C 3 7 .2 2 4 .4
1 5 0 1 6 .0 3 6 0 U B 5 6 .7 2 4 .1 3 0 .0 2 9 .7
1 3 0 1 8 .3 5 0 .7 2 6 .8
1 1 5 2 0 .6 3 1 0 U B 4 6 .2 2 6 .8
2 5 0 U B 3 7 .3 2 8 .6
3 0
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ECONOMICAL CARPARKS
A Guide to Fire Safety

This publication has been prepared by OneSteel Market Mills, (OneSteel Manufacturing Pty Limited ABN 42 004 651 325). Please note that the specifications and
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004 651 325 - Registered Trademarks; 300PLUS® Issue ?? February 2005; BC0191
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