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中华人民共和国签证申请表附加页
Visa Application Form of the People's Republic of China addtional page

Three、Work Experience
3.3Work Experience (starting from most recent)[Not Applicable]

Please specify
Student

Four、Educational Background
4.2DEducational History after Highschool (starting from most recent)[Not Applicable]

Please specify
Student of Class 5

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