Measurement

1st part
1. Resistance measurement Method?
 Measurement of Resistance
 Measurement of Medium Resistance
 Measurement of Low Resistance
 Measurement of High Resistance
 Measurement of Earth Resistance
2. Classification of resistance?
 Low resistance- ≤ 1Ω,
 Medium resistance- 1Ω ∼ 100kΩ
 High resistance- ≥ 100k
3. Ammeter-Voltmeter equation?
4. Wheatstone Bridge Method equation?
5. How to take balance condition of Wheatstone
bridge?
Answer:Wheatstone Bridge is balanced by changing the
value variable resistance “S”.
6. How to know the value of unknown resistance
of Wheatstone bridge?
Answer:If the value of 3 resistance is known, the value of
unknown resistance can be known through Wheatstone
Bridge.
7. Principles of Wheatstone bridge?
Wheatstone Bridge has 4 resistances. Inside of which 3
resistance values are fixed and 1 resistance value is
changed. The 3 resistance values identified from the
specified resistance are P, Q, R and the change
resistance S several times from the 4 resistance values
marked again. The Houston Bridge is balanced from
unbalanced by changing the value of S, if 3 resistance
values are given, the remaining 1 resistance value can
be found through this bridge.
Wheatstone bridge equation is

8. Wheatstone Bridge sensitivity depends on

what factors?
Wheatstone Bridge sensitivity depends on the ratio of
“p”and”Q”
9. Classification of low rang Resistance method?
 Ammeter-Voltmeter method
 Kelvin Double bridge method
increases the accuracy in measurement of low
resistance
remove the effect of connecting leads and
contact resistance
 Potentiometer method
10. Definition of low resistance?
This resistance value of ≤ 1Ω that resistance is called low
resistance.
11. The limitation of Wheatstone bridge?
Wheatstone bridge is not suitable for low and high
resistance due to the following reasons:
 it can measure from few Ω to several MΩ
 upper limit is set by reducing the sensitivity to
unbalance caused by resistance values
 upper limit can be extended by increasing emf that
causes heat
 inaccuracy due to leakage out of insulation
 contact resistance presents a source of uncertainty
that is difficult to overcome.
12. kelvin Double bridge Figure & equation?
13. Why Double Kelvin Bridge is used instead of
Kelvin Bridge?
the problems with the above method are
 the method is not practical
 Difficult to find correct galvanometer null point
Due to this problem Kelvin Double Bridge is used instead
of Kelvin Bridge.
14. Why Kelvin Bridge is used?
 the method is practical
 Finding the correct galvanometer null point is very
easy.
So Calvin Double Bridge is used.
15. How to find the value of unknown resistance
using Kelvin Double Bridge?
16. Limitation of kelvin double bridge?

17. Definition of high resistance?

This resistance value of 1Ω ∼ 100kΩ that resistance is
called high resistance.
18. Example of high resistance?
 insulation resistance of components, machine, cables
 high resistance circuit elements, vacuum tubes
 leakage resistance of capacitor
 surface resistance
 volume resistance
19. The name of high resistance method of
measurement?
 Direct deflflection method
 Loss of Charge method
 Megohm bridge
 Meggar
20. Why megar is used for high resistance
measurement?
The value of resistance is measured in mega ohms, the
machine is named as megar depending on the value.
21. What is a guard circuit?
The circuit through which the leakage current of the
circuit flows goes to the ground and helps to measure
the correct resistance of the circuit. The circuit is called
the guard circuit.
22. The difference between guard circuit and
whit out guard circuit?
Guard circuit Without guard circuit
1.The circuit with guard 1.Circuits without guard
circuit is more durable. circuits are less durable
2.The cost of making a 2.The cost of making a
circuit with a guard circuit circuit without a guard
is high. circuit is low.
3.The safety of the circuit 3.If the guard circuit is not
connected to the guard connected to the circuit,
circuit is high. the circuit is not protected.
4.The use of guard circuit 4.The actual resistance
results in the value of value of the circuit is not
actual resistance of the available because the
circuit. guard circuit is not used.
5.This guard circuit is used
to deliver leakage current
to the ground.
5.In the absence of this
guard circuit, leakage
current cannot be supplied
to the ground, resulting in
inaccurate resistance of
the circuit.

23. Why in used ground circuit?

Answer:.The use of guard circuit results in the value of
actual resistance of the circuit and deliver leakage
current to the ground.
24. What is a loss of charge method?
25. Why is a resistance of shunt used in the method
of loss of charge in practice?
The resistance value used in the circuit here is much
higher which will require a high quality voltmeter to
measure the voltage of the circuit which costs a lot but if
we connect a low quality resistance to the circuit
horizontally when using it practically. Then we use low
quality voltmeter to measure the resistance of the
circuit. So practically a low quality resistance is used in
parallel to that circuit.
26. which factor are depend on earth resistance?
Answer:The factors on which the earth resistance
depends on:
i. Shape and material of earth electrodes
ii. Depth of soil
iii. Specific resistance of soil
27. which factor are depend on earth resistance
when you determining the Earth Resistance?
Answer:The factors on which the earth resistance
depends on:
i. Shape and material of earth electrodes
ii. Depth of soil
iii. Specific resistance of soil
28. The method of resistance?
Answer:The methods of measuring earth resistance:
i. Fall of Potential Method and
ii. Earth Tester
29. The method of cable fault?
Answer:these type of cable faults are
Murray Loop Test
Varley Loop Test
30. which principal are used in marry loop test?
 2nd part
31. What is the general equation of ac bridge?
32. Prove that AC balance condition (Z1Z4=Z2Z3)
33. Proved that varley loop test?
34. Max well’s capacitance-inductance bridge
figure and equation?
Answer:

35. Advantage and Disadvantage of max well’s

bridge?
Answer:
Advantages:
i) two balance equations are independent if R4 and C4
are chosen as variable
ii) independent of frequency
iii) simple expression of R1 and L1
iv) useful for wide range measurement
Disadvantages:
i) expensive variable capacitor
ii) low Q factor ( around 1 < Q < 10)
36. Hay’s bridge figure and equation?
37. when the value of Q is small then what's the
behavior of hay's bridge?
Answer:
38. Advantage and disadvantage of Hay’s
bridge?
Answer:Advantages:
i) simple expression of Q and unknown inductance for
high Q > 10
ii) requires only low value of R4 for high Q
Disadvantages:
i) expensive variable capacitor
ii) not suitable for low value of Q < 10
39. De-sauty bridge equation and figure?
40. De-sauty bridge equation and figure?
41. Why Modify De-sauty bridge is used instead
of De-sauty bridge?
Answer:
42. Wien’s bridge figure and equation?
Answer:
43. Why wien’s bridge is used?
Answer:Wien’s bridge are used to determining the value
of frequency.
44. What is a measurement?
Answer:

45. Significance of low measurement?

46. Which method are used in measurement?
Answer: there are 2 method in measurement.
 Direct Method
 In-direct Method.
47. Definition of all method in measurement?
Answer:

48. The difference between mechanical and

electrical instrument?
49. What is a true value ?
Answer:The actual population value that would be
obtained with perfect measuring instruments and
without committing any error of any type, both in
collecting the primary data and in carrying out
mathematical operations.
50. What is a limiting error?
Answer:The limited deviation of the measured value
from the true value is known as the limiting error or
guarantee error.  Such type of error is fixed on the
instrument. The magnitude of the limiting
error depends on the design, material and the
workmanship used for the construction of the
instrument.
51. What is the relative limiting error
52. Add,deviation product,deference all limiting
error?
Add/summing:
Deviation/difference:

53. What is error?

Answer:The measurement error is defined as the
difference between the true or actual value and the
measured value. The true value is the average of the
infinite number of measurements, and the measured
value is the precise value.
54. Classification of error?
Answer:

1. Gross Errors
The gross error occurs because of the human mistakes.
For examples consider the person using the instruments
takes the wrong reading, or they can record the
incorrect data. Such type of error comes under the gross
error. The gross error can only be avoided by taking the
reading carefully.

Two methods can remove the gross error. These

methods are

 The reading should be taken very carefully.

 Two or more readings should be taken of the
measurement quantity. The readings are taken by the
different experimenter and at a different point for
removing the error.
2. Systematic Errors
The systematic errors are mainly classified into
three categories.

 Instrumental Errors
 Environmental Errors
 Observational Errors
(a) Inherent Shortcomings of Instruments – Such types of
errors are inbuilt in instruments because of their mechanical
structure. They may be due to manufacturing, calibration or
operation of the device. These errors may cause the error to
read too low or too high.
(b) Misuse of Instrument – The error occurs in the instrument
because of the fault of the operator. A good instrument used in
an unintelligent way may give an enormous result.
(c) Loading Effect  – It is the most common type of error which
is caused by the instrument in measurement work. For example,
when the voltmeter is connected to the high resistance circuit it
gives a misleading reading, and when it is connected to the low
resistance circuit, it gives the dependable reading. This means
the voltmeter has a loading effect on the circuit.

2 (ii) Environmental Errors

These errors are due to the external condition of the measuring
devices. Such types of errors mainly occur due to the effect of
temperature, pressure, humidity, dust, vibration or because of
the magnetic or electrostatic field. The corrective measures
employed to eliminate or to reduce these undesirable effects
are

 The arrangement should be made to keep the conditions as

constant as possible.
 Using the equipment which is free from these effects.
 By using the techniques which eliminate the effect of these
disturbances.
 By applying the computed corrections.
2 (iii) Observational Errors
Such types of errors are due to the wrong observation of
the reading. There are many sources of observational
error. For example, the pointer of a voltmeter resets
slightly above the surface of the scale. Thus an
error occurs (because of parallax) unless the line of
vision of the observer is exactly above the pointer. To
minimise the parallax error highly accurate meters are
provided with mirrored scales.

3. Random Errors
The error which is caused by the sudden change in the
atmospheric condition, such type of error is called
random error. These types of error remain even after
the removal of the systematic error. Hence such type of
error is also called residual error.