Module in Practical Research 2: Your Lesson For Today

Module Code: PASAY-PR2-Q2-W7-D1
Name: ____________________________________________________ Track/Strand: _______________

Teacher: ___________________________________________________ Grade Level: _______________
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION – NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION

SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PASAY CITY
MODULE IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

Second Quarter/ Week 7/ Day 1
OBJECTIVE: Draws conclusion based on the summary of findings of the study
Your Lesson for Today
One of the challenging tasks in closing your research paper is writing the manuscript for conclusion.
This is partly since at this point of your paper, skills on critical analysis and inferencing of the findings matter
the most. The summary of findings plays an important role in drawing conclusion of the results of the study.
This module will help you in writing this part of your paper by following the steps on how to write a good
conclusion with the necessary components, substance, and format. By the time you get to your research paper
conclusion you probably feel as if there is nothing more to be said. But knowing how to write a conclusion for a
research paper is important for anyone doing research and writing research papers. If you finish strong, you will
impress your readers and be effective in communicating your ideas.
WHAT I KNOW?
Directions: Read the example of one of the findings and a conclusion from a research study, then answer
questions that follow based on this example.
Findings Conclusion
This study found that majority of the Overall, this study found that most of the students in
SHS students were not fully aware of the SHS lack awareness on what to do during
the different steps and measures that emergency or disaster. This appears that the SDRRMC
should be followed during disasters or program was not sufficient to train or educate students
emergency. on the safety measures that should be done in case of
emergency.
1. Does the researcher present the detail of the numerical findings of the study?
Answer: ______________________________
2. Can you substitute the word” appears” with “prove”?
Answer: ______________________________
3. Do you think the first sentence in the conclusion is a specific statement? Explain in no more than 20 words.
Answer:___________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
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WHAT I WANT TO KNOW?
The conclusion is intended to help the reader understand why your research should matter to them after
they have finished reading the paper. A conclusion is not merely a summary of the main topics covered or a re-
statement of your research problem, but a synthesis of key points and, if applicable, where you recommend new
areas for future research. For most college-level research papers, one or two well-developed paragraphs is
sufficient for a conclusion, although in some cases, three or more paragraphs may be required.
Importance of a Good Conclusion (Bunton, David 2008)
A well-written conclusion provides you with important opportunities to demonstrate to the reader your
understanding of the research problem. These include:
➢ Presenting the last word on the issues you raised in your paper. Just as the introduction gives
a first impression to your reader, the conclusion offers a chance to leave a lasting impression. Do
this, for example, by highlighting key findings in your analysis or result section or by noting
important or unexpected implications applied to practice.
➢ Summarizing your thoughts and conveying the larger significance of your study. The
conclusion is an opportunity to succinctly answer [or in some cases, to re-emphasize the "So
What?" question by placing the study within the context of how your research advances past
research about the topic.
➢ Identifying how a gap in the literature has been addressed. The conclusion can be where you
describe how a previously identified gap in the literature [described in your literature review
section] has been filled by your research.
➢ Demonstrating the importance of your ideas. Do not be shy. The conclusion offers you the
opportunity to elaborate on the impact and significance of your findings.
➢ Introducing possible new or expanded ways of thinking about the research problem. This
does not refer to introducing new information [which should be avoided], but to offer new
insight and creative approaches for framing or contextualizing the research problem based on the
results of your study.
Discussion vs Conclusion
The conclusion contains similar elements to the discussion, and sometimes these two sections are
combined (especially in shorter papers and journal articles). But in a thesis or dissertation, it is usual to include
a final chapter that wraps up your research and gives the reader a final impression of your work.
The conclusion chapter should be shorter and more general than the discussion. Instead of discussing
specific results and interpreting the data in detail, here you make broad statements that sum up the most
important insights of the research.
REMEMBER: The conclusion should not introduce new data, interpretations, or arguments.
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`Length of the Conclusion
Depending on the type of thesis, the conclusion should typically be around 5-7% of the overall word
count. An empirical scientific study will often have a short conclusion that concisely states the main findings
and recommendations, while a humanities thesis might require more space to conclude its analysis and tie all
the chapters together in an overall argument.
General Rules in Writing Conclusion
The function of your paper's conclusion is to restate the main argument. It reminds the reader of the
strengths of your main argument(s) and reiterates the most important evidence supporting those argument(s).
Do this by clearly stating the context, background, and necessity of pursuing the research problem you
investigated in relation to an issue, controversy, or a gap found in the literature. Make sure, however, that your
conclusion is not simply a repetitive summary of the findings. This reduces the impact of the argument(s) you
have developed in your essay.
When writing the conclusion to your paper, follow these general rules:
❖ State your conclusions in clear, simple language. Re-state the purpose of your study then state
how your findings differ or support those of other studies and why [i.e., what were the unique or
new contributions your study made to the overall research about your topic?].
❖ Do not simply reiterate your results or the discussion of your results. Provide a synthesis of
arguments presented in the paper to show how these converge to address the research problem
and the overall objectives of your study
❖ Indicate opportunities for future research if you have not already done so in the discussion
section of your paper. Highlighting the need for further research provides the reader with
evidence that you have an in-depth awareness of the research problem.
Consider the following points to help ensure your conclusion is presented well:
If the argument or purpose of your paper is complex, you may need to summarize the argument
for your reader.
If, prior to your conclusion, you have not yet explained the significance of your findings or if
you are proceeding inductively, use the end of your paper to describe your main points and
explain their significance.
Move from a detailed to a general level of consideration that returns the topic to the context
provided by the introduction or within a new context that emerges from the data.
Problems to Avoid in Writing Conclusion
1. Failure to be concise
Your conclusion section should be concise and to the point. Conclusions that are too lengthy often have
unnecessary information in them. The conclusion is not the place for details about your methodology or results.
Although you should give a summary of what was learned from your research, this summary should be
relatively brief, since the emphasis in the conclusion is on the implications, evaluations, insights, and other
forms of analysis that you make.
2. Failure to comment on larger, more significant issues
In the introduction, your task was to move from the general [the field of study] to the specific [the
research problem]. However, in the conclusion, your task is to move from a specific discussion [your research
problem] back to a general discussion [i.e., how your research contributes new understanding or fills an
important gap in the literature]. In short, the conclusion is where you should place your research within a larger
context [visualize your paper as an hourglass--start with a broad introduction and review of the literature, move
to the specific analysis and discussion, conclude with a broad summary of the study's implications and
significance].
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3. Failure to reveal problems and negative results

Negative aspects of the research process should never be ignored. Problems, drawbacks, and challenges
encountered during your study should be summarized as a way of qualifying your overall conclusions. If you
encountered negative or unintended results [i.e., findings that are validated outside the research context in which
they were generated], you must report them in the results section and discuss their implications in the discussion
section of your paper. In the conclusion, use your summary of the negative results as an opportunity to explain
their possible significance and/or how they may form the basis for future research.
4. Failure to provide a clear summary of what was learned
In order to be able to discuss how your research fits back into your field of study [and possibly the world
at large], you need to summarize briefly and succinctly how it contributes to new knowledge or a new
understanding about the research problem. This element of your conclusion may be only a few sentences long.
5. Failure to match the objectives of your research
Often research objectives in the social sciences change while the research is being carried out. This is
not a problem unless you forget to go back and refine the original objectives in your introduction.
6. Resist the urge to apologize

If you have immersed yourself in studying the research problem, you presumably should know a good
deal about it. Nevertheless, by the time you have finished writing, you may be having some doubts about what
you have produced. Repress those doubts! Do not undermine your authority by saying something like, "This is
just one approach to examining this problem; there may be other, much better approaches that...." The overall
tone of your conclusion should convey confidence to the reader.
PRACTICE EXERCISES 1
Directions: Read the sample conclusion below, then answer questions that follow.
Clean water is imperative to maintaining ecological balance and protecting the public's health. The
increase in water pollution since 2010 has contributed to the decrease in aquatic wildlife as well as the increase
in unsafe drinking water. With the growth of sugar farming, more and more pollutants are entering our
freshwater supplies. This increase in pollution has contributed to massive decreases in marine life, fish die -off,
increased respiratory illness in neighborhood populations and has contributed to the s hortage of clean drinking
water.
Ecologists and marine biologists are continuing to measure the water quality, and researchers are
continuing to find ways to combat the pollution run-off from commercial farms. In the future, the EPA hopes this
research will lead to a decrease in the pollutant concentration in our freshwater systems. If we cannot combat
the ill effects that commercial farming has on our clean water, our freshwater ecosystems and drinking water
supplies will surely diminish. More research and innovation are needed to maintain our clean water while still
supporting the agricultural needs of our economy.
1. What failure/s or problems in writing conclusion has the conclusion above manifested? Choose only from 1
to 6 if you think it has any failure.
Answer: ______________
2. Does the conclusion above restate the purpose of the study before generalizing the findings for conclusion?
Answer: _____________
3. Does the conclusion above contain broad statements that sum up the most important insights of the research?
Answer: _____________
4. Which sentence in the 2nd paragraph highlights the need for further research. (Write the whole sentence).
Answer:___________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
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Directions: Read the given sample of one of the findings from a quasi-experimental research about the usage of
explicit teaching of metacognitive strategies, then draw a conclusion out of the finding.
FINDINGS CONCLUSION
This study found that the explicit teaching of
metacognitive strategies has significantly improved the
comprehension skills and vocabulary size of the of the
selected Grade 8 students who served as the
respondents in the intervention group. Although both
groups have increased their performance in the posttest,
still there is a wide difference gap of 34% in the
comprehension skills between the experimental and
controlled- group.
GENERALIZATIONS
Writing the research conclusion entails different considerations yet this is the best part of research where
you can inject your views and inference of the findings. The contents of the paragraphs shall contain in this
order: specific statement, summary of key points to support the specific statement, and the broad statement to
close the conclusion. It is important to use appropriate verbs in expressing the conclusion of the study as well as
the use of hedging words or safe words to avoid conflict of arguments. As a concluding part of research paper,
conclusion shall be written concisely but with strong point based on the findings of the study.
EVALUATION
Directions: Write one of the findings from your research study, then write a conclusion out of the findings.
FINDINGS CONCLUSION
References: MODULE WRITER: VICTOR L. TUBILAN

https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/conclusion PASAY CITY SOUTH HIGH SCHOOL
https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/write-conclusion/
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Second Quarter/ Week7/ Day 2
OBJECTIVE: Clarifies guidelines in writing recommendations.
The last chapter of every research paper is comprised of the summary of findings, conclusion, and the
recommendations parts. Although some people suggest that this is one of the easiest parts to write, others
consider this as one of the challenging areas in research to accomplish. If you are new in the field of research,
you might just list down the recommendations in random without following some of the important
consideration or guidelines in writing effective recommendations. This module will help you clarify some
guidelines in writing recommendations as suggested by different sources and experts in research field.
WHAT I KNOW?
Directions: Read the example of one of the findings, conclusion, and recommendations from a research study,
then answer questions that follow.
FINDINGS CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATION
This study found out that the Based on the summary of findings The researchers
main caused of accidents inside majority of accidents inside the practicum recommend an additional or
the laboratory was the lack of laboratory are due to lack of simulation more simulation activities
simulation activities. activities. This suggests that if students prior to actual procedures or
would be given additional simulation tasks.
activities prior to the actual performance
or tasks, accidents will be minimized .
1. Do you think the recommendation is based on the actual findings and conclusion of the study?
Answer:________________________________________________________________________
2. What words are repeated from conclusion to recommendation part?
Answer:________________________________________________________________________
3. What does the recommendation above require? (Encircle the letter of your answer.)
A. action to be done
B. another research to be conducted
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What are Recommendations in Research?
Recommendations section in a research paper is basically the critical suggestions regarding the best course
of action in a certain situation. In other words, this section provides a beneficial guide that will resolve certain
issues and result in a beneficial outcome. Recommendations urge specific actions to be taken with regard to
policy, practice, theory, or subsequent research.
Recommendations heavily dependent on the situation; thus, they vary greatly. The researcher can make specific
suggestions regarding further research on the topic. Furthermore, he or she may also recommend studies regarding
identified gaps in the literature that need to be addressed, and to which his or her study may or may not have contributed.
Recommendations are based on the results of your research and indicate the specific measures or
directions that can be taken into considerations. A recommendation is usually included at the end of a general
discussion. As general guidelines, it may
➢ propose an action, or
➢ further research that:
❖ Recommend follow-up or future work that remains to be done, such as:
• carrying out research which seeks to replicate or extend your study
• carrying out new research which you were unable to attempt, but feel is necessary
• applying or considering the implications of your research
❖ Reflexively caution or advise on problems, weaknesses, or omissions of your own study.
• variables that still need to be examined more fully
• weaknesses in your methodology, such as an unrepresentative or small sample
The purpose here is so that other researchers can avoid the same pitfalls.
Recommendation must be supported by the findings which include the ff:
1. Specifically state what should be done, the steps required to implement the policy, and the
resources needed.
2. Discussions of the benefits and what problems would be avoided and corrected in the future.
3. General statement about the nature and timing of an evaluation plan that would determine the
effectiveness of the study.
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Directions: Identify the following recommendations as to A) Propose an Action or B) Further Research.
Write only the letter of your answer on the blank before each number.
____1. Parents or guardians of the students who is in a romantic relationship must do their best to guide their
children especially with the consequences of entering in the said relationship.
____2. School administrators should conduct symposiums, regarding students who are involved in a romantic
relationship, for the students to better understand the said topic, focusing on the negative impact of this.
____3. Next researchers shall have larger samples and conduct the study which include qualitative data to
really find in-depth insights of the phenomena.
____4. Curriculum designers shall integrate the explicit teaching of metacognitive strategies in designing the
lessons in order to address the problem on low comprehension and vocabulary size of students.
____5. This study should also be conducted using different samples, settings, and types of research in order to
gather more data to support the previous findings.
Another aspect that a new researcher like you should also understand is the concepts on implications and
recommendations. These two terms should be clarified on what are their usage in research and on where should
they be placed in the manuscript.
Implications vs Recommendations in Research
Implications and recommendations in research are two important aspects of a thesis or a dissertation.
The basic difference between implications and recommendations in research is their function; implications
discusses the importance of the findings of the study while recommendations endorse specific actions that
need to be taken.
The key difference between implications and recommendations in research is that implications discuss
how the findings of the study may be important while recommendations endorse specific actions that need to be
taken with regard to policy, practice, theory, or subsequent research.
Implications is the section where the researcher discusses how the findings of the study may be
important for policy, practice, theory, and ensuing research studies. On the contrary, recommendations is the
section where the researcher endorse specific actions that need to be taken with regard to policy, practice,
theory, or subsequent research. Researchers sometimes include implications within the conclusion itself or write
implications as a separate subsection, after the conclusion. Recommendations usually follow the implications
section.
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Recommendations sections suggest specific actions to resolve problems identified in the research, as
well as future research studies. In contrast, implications section basically explain the usefulness of the study and
its findings. The illustration and example below show the differences of these two terms.
Image is adapted from: WWW.DIFFERENCEBETWEEN.COM

Conclusion
Students’ use of language in the oral sessions depicted their beliefs and values based on their intentions.
The oral sessions prompted the students to be spontaneous with each other, which allowed for language usage
representing impromptu and casual manner of communication. In contrast, the language use in the online
written forum entries was more crafted to create a well-thought out opinion that is more academically
inclined and less spontaneous thus, providing a contrast to the language use in the oral sessions.
Implications of the Study
For those in the field of communication a) This study has shown that values subscribed by people can be
identified through their choice of vocabulary through their interactions with each other where intentions play a
main role. Underpinned by Basic Human Value theory (Schwartz, 1992), the values emerge in the choice of
words people use as these words play a vital role in expressing their intentions.
Recommendation for Further Study
This study was on 5 participants’ language use during interactions that reflected values. Some words
and phrases indicating values were identified based on the underpinning Theory of Basic Human Value by
Schwartz (1992, 2012). It is recommended to conduct a similar study on word s identified in this study, in a
few other institutions to examine if these words still reflect the same values portrayed in this study or if
the words reflect other values
❖ However, for a research requirement in the Senior High School, these two terms are seldom clarified. This
means that in some instances, the implications are just embedded in the conclusion part manuscript rather
than writing it in a separate subsection of the last chapter. Also, depending upon the institution or school or
even research teacher, who may wish to have it written in a separate subsection. But the recommendations
should always follow the summary of findings and conclusion part since they are the basis of formulating a
set of propose actions or further studies.
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DIRECTIONS: Decide whether the following is part of A) IMPLICATIONS OF THE STUDY or, B)
RECOMMENDATION FOR FURTHER STUDY. Write only letter of your answer on the blank before each
number.
___1. The findings in this study show that oral communication is more susceptible to exhibiting the presence of
values in an individual when compared to written communication. This is because oral communication is
spontaneous thus, speakers would probably have lesser time to plan their thoughts and choose their words and
phrases in the language use appropriately due to time constraint.
___2. The findings did not show inherent values like politeness for instance between the 2 modes of
communication in all 5 participants. It was because participants were aware of how and what they wanted to
express in the written communication and their choice of words reflected their thoughts, beliefs and values at
that point of time.
___3. There was a lack of participation among students to engage on the online forum discussions. The tutor
could play a more significant role in moderating the online forum to promote more discussions. A study with
active tutor participation may yield more discussions and other values may emerge.
GENERALIZATIONS
In general, the recommendations section of every research is perhaps one of the parts which is given less
attention when you read a research paper especially if you are just after with the outcome or results of the study.
However, it cannot be denied that before writing this part, there are also several considerations that need to be
followed in order to have a comprehensive list of recommendations. They should compose of the actions that
should be undertaken to improve the situation, the conduct and output of the study, or it can be a
recommendation for further study that means the next researchers may replicate the study in a different setting
with different samples.
EVALUATION
DIRECTIONS: Clarify which of the following general guidelines in writing recommendations does each of the
following belong. Write only the letter of your answer on the blank before each number. Ask help from research
group mates in answering this activity.
A. carrying out research which seeks to replicate or extend the study

B. carrying out new research, which was unable to attempt, but feel is necessary
C. acting on the research recommendation for the benefit of individual, entity or group
D. variables that still need to be examined more fully
E. weaknesses in methodology, such as an unrepresentative or small sample
____1. Parents or guardians of the students who are in a romantic relationship must do their best to guide their
children especially on their early involvement in romantic relationship.
____2. The researchers should have a larger scope and number of respondents.
____3. The next researchers should include the members of LGBTQ in Junior High School of Pasay City
South High School.
____4. The researchers should focus also on the emotional and psychological grounds of the study depending
upon the diversity of the participants.
____ 5. The teachers should help and motivate their students to implement their business plan so that ABM
students shall have a first- hand experience on how to run a business.
References:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331672620_CHAPTER_5_SUMMARY_CONCLUSIONS
_IMPLICATIONS_AND_RECOMMENDATIONS_FOR_FURTHER_STUDIES MODULE WRITER: VICTOR L. TUBILAN
https://www.papermasters.com/conclusions_recommendations.html PASAY CITY SOUTH HIGH SCHOOL
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OBJECTIVE: Formulates recommendations based on the summary of findings and conclusion of the study.
The last chapter of every research paper is comprised of the summary of findings, conclusion, and the
recommendations parts. Although some people suggest that this is one of the easiest parts to write, others
consider this as one of the challenging areas in research to accomplish. If you are new in the field of research,
you might just list down the recommendations in random without following some of the important
consideration or guidelines in writing effective recommendations. However, to end your paper strong and to
leave an impact to your readers, you need to follow the standard in writing recommendation to produce a well-
written paper. This module will help you write a set of recommendations for your study.
WHAT I KNOW?
Directions: Read the example recommendations below, then answer questions that follow.
Based on the summary and conclusion, the researchers highly recommend the following:
➢ ICT teachers should spearhead awareness on what should be the ideal OS to

be used among the school community for efficiency of their works.
1. What step or measure is highly recommended based on the example above?

Answer:_____________________________________________________________________________
2. Who should implement the recommendation?
Answer:____________________________________________________________________________
➢ The future researchers should have a wider scope and number of respondents. They
should include all the teachers and Senior High School students and add more
questions in the survey questionnaire with items about reliability and efficiency of OS.
1. What are the recommended steps/actions that should be carried out by the next researchers?
Answer:_________________________________________________________________________
2. Based on the last sentence in the above recommendation, what was lacking in the research study conducted?
Answer:__________________________________________________________________________
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The recommendations that you propose in your research paper are vital to the plans you must move your
field of study forward. Recommendations are the added suggestions that you want people to follow when
performing future studies. These are based on what you have found or what you might be interested in doing at
some point in the future.
As you write these recommendations, you will have to look at what you have gotten out of your paper
while also thinking about any possible ideas you might have for later research studies. This can help with
producing a strong paper that will inspire people to think differently about whatever it is you have written and
could especially inspire new research to come about over time.
Recommendations section in a research paper is basically the critical suggestions regarding the best course
of action in a certain situation. In other words, this section provides a beneficial guide that will resolve certain
issues and result in a beneficial outcome. Recommendations urge specific actions to be taken regarding policy,
practice, theory, or subsequent research.
Recommendations heavily dependent on the situation; thus, they vary greatly. The researcher can make
specific suggestions regarding further research on the topic. Furthermore, he or she may also recommend studies
regarding identified gaps in the literature that need to be addressed, and to which his or her study may or may not
have contributed.
Generally, recommendations maybe categorized under policy recommendations or recommendations for
further study. Although writing recommendations in research paper can be done in random, it is imperative to
clarify the distinction between these two terms and to understand the point on what should be written under them.
Policy Recommendations
Other recommendations may also be appropriate. When preparing recommendations for policy, remember
that in making your recommendations, you must show how your results support them. A recommendation for a
preferred alternative should include:
1. Statement of what should be done, the steps required to implement the policy, and the resources needed.
2. Discussion of the benefits to the organization and what problems would be corrected or avoided.
3. Discussion of the feasibility of the proposed policy.
4. General statement about the nature and timing of an evaluation plan that would be used to determine the
effectiveness of the proposed policy.
Example:
HUMSS students should focus on their vocabulary skills development like spending more time in reading
or even watching video tutorials on how to improve one’s vocabulary size in his/her own pace.
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Recommendations for Further Study

On the other hand, in writing recommendations for further study, you will have the opportunity to present and
discuss the actions that future researchers should take as a result of your Project. A well-thought-out set of
recommendations makes it more likely that the organization will take your recommendations seriously. Ideally
you should be able to make a formal recommendation regarding the alternative that is best supported by the study.
Present and discuss the kinds of additional research suggested by your Project. If the preferred alternative is
implemented, what additional research might be needed?
Example:
This study was on 5 participants’ language use during interactions that reflected values. Some words
and phrases indicating values were identified based on the underpinning Theory of Basic Human Value by
Schwartz (1992, 2012). It is recommended to conduct a similar study on words identified in this study, in a
few other institutions to examine if these words still reflect the same values portrayed in this study or if
the words reflect other values.
Recommendations are based on the results of your research and indicate the specific measures or
directions that can be taken into considerations. A recommendation is usually included at the end of a general
discussion. As general guidelines, it may
➢ propose an action, or
➢ further research that:
❖ Recommend follow-up or future work that remains to be done, such as:
• carrying out research which seeks to replicate or extend your study
• carrying out new research which you were unable to attempt, but feel is necessary
• applying or considering the implications of your research
❖ Reflexively caution or advise on problems, weaknesses, or omissions of your own study.
• variables that still need to be examined more fully
• weaknesses in your methodology, such as an unrepresentative or small sample
Directions: Identify whether the following is a POLICY RECOMMENDATION (PR) or FURTHER STUDY
(FS). Write only PR or FS for your answer on the blank before each number.
____1. The next researchers should also study on the vocabulary size not just with HUMSS students but also
with the other strands and grade level to determine if their vocabulary sizes are appropriate with the grade
level that they are in.
____2. Parents should be involved actively with school administration about their children’s education for them
to be able to understand the condition and state of their children inside, concerning the learning
environment.
____3. Improve the hotel’s website and have a page extension on their brand’s site or enter email marketing
which is a cost-effective method for reaching guests and increasing direct bookings.
____4. The local community should participate in information or awareness campaign by the local government
to increase level of awareness to the whole community specifically in preserving the environment
through imparting the knowledge to the visitors.
____5. Local government should encourage investors to invest some facilities like restaurants and more
accommodation but does not omit the cultural and environmental identity of the area.
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As soon as you are done with the possible recommendations, the following considerations shall be checked
first for prioritizing the list of recommendations or for confirming whether they are highly needed.
 Is it feasible?
 Is there political will, or potential opposition?
 Does it fill an existing gap or need?
 What is the likely impact?
 Are resources available (individuals, expertise, funding)?
 Does it require policy reform?
 What is the estimated time frame to implement?
 Does it advance gender equality and, if so, how?
 Will it remove a critical barrier or accelerate an opportunity to achieve an outcome of interest?
 Might it generate an unintended consequence?
It is also suggested that the best way to formulate a recommendation is to draw it from the summary of
findings and conclusion. With the analysis of these two subsections, it would be easy for the researcher to
come up with a practical recommendation. Also, the problems that were encountered during the course and
conduct of research may also be mentioned with a course of action that shall addresses the encountered
problem.
DIRECTIONS: Read the following findings and conclusion, then provide a recommendation out of the given
information. The first item is already answered.

This study found out that the Based on the summary of findings The researchers
main caused of accidents inside majority of accidents inside the practicum recommend an added
the laboratory was the lack of laboratory are due to lack of simulation simulation activity prior to
simulation activities. activities. This means that possibly if actual procedures.
students would be given additional
simulation activities prior to the actual
activity, accidents will be minimized.
This study found that majority The findings of the study revealed that
of the teachers and students the PCSHS community was not that
were not aware on what ideal aware on what ideal OS should be used.
OS should be used with their This possibly be attributed to the lack of
laptops and computers. awareness and information on what ideal
OS shall be used before they purchase the
product.
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This study found out that majority Overall, this study found out that
of the SHS students were not fully most of the students in the SHS were
aware of the different steps and not fully aware on what to do during
measures that should be followed emergency or disaster. This appears
during disasters or emergency. that the SDRRMC program was not
sufficient enough to educate students
on the safety measures that should
be done in case of emergency.
GENERALIZATIONS
In general, the recommendations section of every research is perhaps one of the parts which is given less
attention when you read a research paper especially if you are just after with the outcome or results of the study.
However, it cannot be denied that before writing this part, there are also several considerations that need to be
followed in order to have a comprehensive list of recommendations. They should compose of the actions that
should be undertaken to improve the situation, the conduct and output of the study, or it can be a
recommendation for further study that means the next researchers may replicate the study in a different setting
with different samples.
EVALUATION
DIRECTIONS: Write at least one finding from your research study, draw a conclusion, then formulate a
recommendation out of the findings and conclusion. Ask help from your research group mates in answering this
activity.
References:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331672620_CHAPTER_5_SUMMARY_CONCLUSIONS MODULE WRITER: VICTOR L. TUBILAN
_IMPLICATIONS_AND_RECOMMENDATIONS_FOR_FURTHER_STUDIES
PASAY CITY SOUTH HIGH SCHOOL
https://www.papermasters.com/conclusions_recommendations.html
Page 15 of 20



OBJECTIVE: Follows standard style in writing reference list citation.
Citing sources in research or in any academic writing is an arduous task to do. As discussed in one of the Quarter
1 Modules in this course, there are two ways to cite sources, i.e. through in-text citation, and reference list citations. In
this module, the focus will be more on the reference list citation, specifically on how to list your references from online
sources since this platform is the most utilized way in this New Normal setting. Other sources like books and other
printed materials will not be given emphasis; however, an online site will be provided for you to click in case you need
them in the future or in the normal situation. At the end of the lesson, you are expected to finalize your Reference list
section by following the guidelines set by the American Psychological Association in its 7 th edition style guide online
handbook.
WHAT I KNOW?
For your initial activity, let us assess your prior knowledge on writing citations or reference list by filling
in the blank with USUALLY, SOMETIMES, SELDOM, or NEVER. Be honest with your answers.
1. I __________ include the reference list in my paper to give credit to the author of a source.
2. I _________ include the reference list to reflect the principles of scholarly writing.
3. I __________ write both in-text and reference list the name of the author.
4. I ___________check the credibility of the source before including them in my paper.
5. I _____________ use appropriate style guide when I write academic paper.
6. I _____________ use all the required bibliographic entries in my reference list.
7. I _____________ refer to the style guide when I am having difficulty in citing sources.
8. I _____________ follow the requirements of the style guide.
9. I ____________ensure that my citations are correct and appropriate
No matter what writing style that you use, you will come across the reference or citation dilemma, especially if
you are a newer writer or researcher. It can be easy to be confused with the two terms. At their core, a citation is an in-
text citation that matches up to a source citation in your reference list, works cited or bibliography. References refers to
the sources listed within a reference list.
A reference list is a list of the publication information for the sources you have cited in your paper and is intended to
give your readers all the information they need to find those sources. In other publication styles, this list may be called a
bibliography, or a works cited page, but APA uses the term reference list. Here are a few things to keep in mind about
reference lists:
• Only list sources you cite in your text. Do not include sources you read but did not cite.
• Double-space your list and use a hanging indent for each reference.
• Organize your references alphabetically by the author's last name.
• Include a reference list in every paper not only in research in which you cite outside material.
• Do note bold the title of the list.
The reference list at the end of a paper provides the information necessary to identify and retrieve each work cited
in the text. A reference list in APA style is different from a bibliography. Include only reference to sources cited in
your paper. Proper citations usually include the author, publication date, title, and publisher information .
FOUR ELEMENTS OF A REFERENCE

Reference generally has four elements, author, date, title, and source. Each element answers a question:
• Author: Who is responsible for this work?
Page 16 of 20

• Date: When was this work published?

• Title: What is this work called?
• Source: Where can I retrieve this?
The following discussions are adapted and based on to the 7th edition APA Publication Manual, provides
fundamental guidelines for constructing the reference pages of research papers. For more information, please consult the
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (7th ed.).
Note: Because the information on this page pertains to virtually all citations, we have highlighted one important
difference between APA 6 and APA 7 with an underlined note.
FORMATING REFERENCE LIST

The following guidelines will help you properly format your reference list in APA style:
• Begin the reference list on a new page after the text.
• Place the section label "References" in bold at the top of the page, centered.
• Order the reference list entries alphabetically by author.
• Double-space the entire reference list (both within and between entries).
• Apply a hanging indent of 0.5 in. to each reference list entry, meaning that the first line of the reference list is
flush left and subsequent lines are indented 0.5 in. from the left margin. Use the paragraph -formatting function of
your word-processing program to apply the hanging indent.
REMEMBER: Your references should begin on a new page separate from the text of the essay; label this page
"References" in bold, centered at the top of the page (do NOT underline or use quotation marks for the title). All text
should be double-spaced just like the rest of your essay or manuscript.
THE GENERAL RULES IN WRITING REFERENCE LIST OR REFERENCES

1. Give the last name and first/middle initials for all authors of a particular work up to and including 20 authors (this
is a new rule, as APA 6 only required the first six authors). Separate each author’s initials from the next author in
the list with a comma. Use an ampersand (&) before the last author’s name. If there are 21 or more authors, use
an ellipsis (but no ampersand) after the 19th author, and then add the final author’s name.
2. Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work.
3. For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the entries in chronological order,
from earliest to most recent.
4. When referring to the titles of books, chapters, articles, reports, webpages, or other sources, capitalize only the
first letter of the first word of the title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper
nouns.
a. Note again that the titles of academic journals are subject to special rules. See section below.
5. Italicize titles of longer works (e.g., books, edited collections, names of newspapers, and so on).
6. Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as chapters in books or essays in
edited collections.
BASIC RULES FOR ARTICLES IN ACADEMIC JOURNALS
➢ Present journal titles in full.
➢ Italicize journal titles.
➢ Maintain any nonstandard punctuation and capitalization that is used by the journal in its title.
o For example, you should use PhiloSOPHIA instead of Philosophia, or Past & Present instead of Past
and Present.
➢ Capitalize all major words in the titles of journals. Note that this differs from the rule for titling other common
sources (like books, reports, webpages, and so on) described above.
o This distinction is based on the type of source being cited. Academic journal titles have all major words
capitalized, while other sources' titles do not.
➢ Capitalize the first word of the titles and subtitles of journal articles, as well as the first word after a colon
or a dash in the title, and any proper nouns.
➢ Do not italicize or underline the article title.
➢ Do not enclose the article title in quotes
o So, for example, if you need to cite an article titled "Deep Blue: The Mysteries of the Marianas Trench"
that was published in the journal Oceanographic Study: A Peer-Reviewed Publication, you would write
the article title as follows:
▪ Deep blue: The mysteries of the Marianas Trench.
o ...but you would write the journal title as follows:
▪ Oceanographic Study: A Peer-Reviewed Publication
REFEENCE LIST: AUTHOR/AUTHORS

The following rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors apply to all APA-style references
in your reference list, regardless of the type of work (book, article, electronic resource, etc.).
Page 17 of 20

Note: Because the information on this page pertains to virtually all citations, we have highlighted a few important
differences between APA 6 and APA 7 with underlined notes. Also, the following examples for refence list entries should
be written in double space. But, to accommodate spaces for the discussion here, they are in a single space.
❖ SINGLE AUTHOR
Last name first, followed by author initials.
Brown, E. (2013). Comedy and the feminine middlebrow novel. Pickering & Chatto.
❖ Two Authors
List by their last names and initials. Separate author names with a comma. Use the ampersand instead of "and."
Soto, C. J., & John, O. P. (2017). The next big five inventory (BFI-2): Developing and assessing a hierarchical model
with 15 facets to enhance bandwidth, fidelity, and predictive power. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 113(1), 117-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000096
❖ Three to Twenty Authors

List by last names and initials; commas separate author names, while the last author name is preceded again by
ampersand. This is a departure from APA 6, which only required listing the first six authors before an ellipsis and the
final author's name.
Nguyen, T., Carnevale, J. J., Scholer, A. A., Miele, D. B., & Fujita, K. (2019). Metamotivational knowledge of the role of
high-level and low-level construal in goal-relevant task performance. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 117(5), 879-899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000166
❖ More Than Twenty Authors

List by last names and initials; commas separate author names. After the first 19 authors’ names, use an ellipsis in place
of the remaining author names. Then, end with the final author's name (do not place an ampersand before it). There
should be no more than twenty names in the citation in total.
Pegion, K., Kirtman, B. P., Becker, E., Collins, D. C., LaJoie, E., Burgman, R., Bell, R., DelSole, R., Min, D., Zhu, Y.,
Li, W., Sinsky, E., Guan, H., Gottschalck, J., Metzger, E. J., Barton, N. P., Achuthavarier, D., Marshak, J., Koster,
R., . . . Kim, H. (2019). The subseasonal experiment (SubX): A multimodel subseasonal prediction
experiment. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 100(10), 2043-2061.
❖ Group Author
Group authors can include corporations, government agencies, organizations, etc; and a group may publish in
coordination with individuals. Here, you simply treat the publishing organization the same way you'd treat the author's
name and format the rest of the citation as normal. Be sure to give the full name of the group author in your reference list,
although abbreviations may be used in your text.
Entries in reference works ( e.g. dictionaries, thesauruses, and encyclopedias) without credited authors are also
considered works with group authors.
Merriam-Webster. (2008). Braggadocio. In Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. Merriam-
Webster.
When a work has multiple layers of group authorship (e.g. The Office of the Historian, which is a part of the Department
of State, publishes something), list the most specific agency as the author and the parent agency as the publisher.
Bureau of International Organization Affairs. (2018). U.S. contributions to international organizations, 2017 [Annual
report]. U.S. Department of State. https://www.state.gov/u-s-contributions-to-international-organizations/
❖ Unknown Author
When the work does not have an author move the title of the work to the beginning of the references and follow with the
date of publication. Only use “Anonymous” if the author is the work is signed “Anonymous.” This is a new addition to
APA 7.
Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2003). Merriam-Webster.
NOTE: When your essay includes parenthetical citations of sources with no author named, use a shortened version of the
source's title instead of an author's name. Use quotation marks and italics as appropriate. For example, parenthetical
citations of the source above would appear as follows: (Merriam-Webster's, 2003).
❖ Two or More Works by the Same Author

Use the author's name for all entries and list the entries by the year (earliest comes first). List references with no dates
before references with dates.
Urcuioli, P. J. (n.d.). Urcuioli, P. J. (2011). Urcuioli, P. J. (2015
Page 18 of 20

For more comprehensive examples and discussion about the following sources for reference list, visit this site:
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/reference_list_basic_rules.h
tml
❖ Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year
❖ Introductions, Prefaces, Forewords, and Afterwords
❖ Reference List: Articles in Periodicals
❖ Reference List: Books
❖ Other Print Sources
The discussions below give more focus on the sources that can be utilized in this New Normal set up, hence you
may use this module as a guide when you write the reference list for your research.
❖ Article in Electronic Journal

As noted above, when citing an article in an electronic journal, include a DOI if one is associated with the article.
Baniya, S., & Weech, S. (2019). Data and experience design: Negotiating community-oriented digital
research with service-learning. Purdue Journal of Service-Learning and International
Engagement, 6(1), 11–16. https://doi.org/10.5703/1288284316979
DOIs may not always be available. In these cases, use a URL. Many academic journals provide stable URLs that function
similarly to DOIs. These are preferable to ordinary URLs copied and pasted from the browser's address bar.
Denny, H., Nordlof, J., & Salem, L. (2018). "Tell me exactly what it was that I was doing that was so bad":
Understanding the needs and expectations of working-class students in writing centers. Writing Center Journal,
37(1), 67–98. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26537363
Note that, in the example above, there is a quotation in the title of the article. Ordinary titles lack quotation marks.
❖ Reference List: Electronic Sources
Webpage or Piece of Online Content

If the page names an individual author, cite their name first:
Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL
Price, D. (2018, March 23). Laziness does not exist. Medium. https://humanparts.medium.com/laziness-does-not-
exist-3af27e312d01
If the resource was written by a group or organization, use the name of the group/organization as the author. Additionally,
if the author and site name are the same, omit the site name from the citation.
Group name. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (2019, November 21). Justice served: Case closed for over
40 dogfighting victims. https://www.aspca.org/news/justice-served-case-closed-over-40-dogfighting-victims
If the page's author is not listed, start with the title instead. Additionally, include a retrieval date when the page's content
is likely to change over time (like, for instance, if you're citing a wiki that is publicly edited).
Title of page. (Year, Month Date). Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL
Tuscan white bean pasta. (2018, February 25). Budgetbytes. Retrieved March 18, 2020,
from https://www.budgetbytes.com/tuscan-white-bean-pasta/
If the date of publication is not listed, use the abbreviation (n.d.).
Author or Group name. (n.d.). Title of page. Site name (if applicable). URL
National Alliance on Mental Illness. (n.d.). Mental health conditions. https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-

Health-Conditions
Article from an Online Periodical with DOI Assigned

Lastname, F. M., & Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, Vol.(Issue), page numbers. DOI
Drollinger, T., Comer, L. B., & Warrington, P. T. (2006). Development and validation of the active empathetic listening
scale. Psychology & Marketing, 23(2), 161-180. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20105
Page 19 of 20

❖ Abstract
APA 7 th edition does not provide guidance on how to cite abstracts. However, if you only use information from the
abstract but the full text of the article is also available, we advise you to add "[Abstract]" after the article or source name.
If the full text is not available, you may use an abstract that is available through an abstracts database as a secondary
source.
❖ Dissertation/Thesis from a Database
Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation or thesis (Publication No.) [Doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis, Name of
Institution Awarding Degree]. Database Name.
Duis, J. M. (2008). Acid/base chemistry and related organic chemistry conceptions of undergraduate organic chemistry
students. (Publication No. 3348786) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Northern Colorado]. ProQuest Dissertations
and Theses Global.
❖ Entry in an Online Dictionary, Thesaurus, or Encyclopedia with a Group Author
Note: An online dictionary, thesaurus, or encyclopedia may be continuously updated and therefore not include a
publication date (like in the example below). If that’s the case, use “n.d.” for the date and include the retrieval date in the
citation.
Institution or organization name. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of reference work. URL
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Braggadocio. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved January 13, 2020,
from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/braggadocio
❖ Entry in an Online Dictionary, Thesaurus, or Encyclopedia with an Individual Author

Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of entry. In F. M. Lastname (ed.), Title of reference work (edition). Publisher. URL or DOI
Martin, M. (2018). Animals. In L. A. Schintler & C. L. McNeely (Eds), Encyclopedia of big data.
SpringerLink. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32001-4_7-1
Note: If the dictionary, thesaurus, or encyclopedia does not include an edition, simply skip that step.
PRACTICE EXERCISES
DIRECTIONS: Decide whether the following statement is TRUE or FALSE about reference list citation. Write the
answer on the first column.
1 Sources are listed alphabetically in the reference list
2 The reference list is double- spaced with hanging indents and flush left
3 If you cite information within the text of the paper, it is not necessary to include this source in the reference list.
4 You should cite the work of any individual whose ideas, theories, or research have directly influenced your
research study.
5 An abstract from any research journals can be a source for literature.
GENERALIZATIONS
Writing reference list is a serious task and may take much of your time finalizing the research manuscript. The
required style guide to be used in accomplishing the final pages of your paper is the APA style 7 th edition. Although there
is only a slight differences between the 6 th and the 7 th edition like if the authors is more than 8 or more, in the 6 th edition,
you are not required to write all the authors; however, in the 7 th edition, these authors shall be written even if they reach
more than twenty in numbers. It is also important to know that reference list shall be written in a separate pages- meaning
you cannot just write them on the space where another write ups is already written and you want to maximize the space.
EVALUATION
DIRECTIONS: Write at least two entries for Reference list used in your research paper. Work with your research group
mates for this task.
References:
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/reference_list_basic_rules.html
https://academicanswers.waldenu.edu/faq/72739
MODULE WRITER: VICTOR L. TUBILAN

PASAY CITY SOUTH HIGH SCHOOL
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