3) Traverse Survey

06/11/2019
TRAVERSE SURVEY
Mohd Effendi Daud (Assoc. Prof., Dr. Sc., Sr.,)
B.Surv (UTM, Malaysia) Msc (UTM, Malaysia), Dr.Sc, (Nagoya Univ., Japan)
(Geomatic Division)
Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, MALAYSIA.
Phone : +6074564380; +60197363740; Fax : +6074536588
E-mail : effendi@uthm.edu.my
Web: http://www.fkass.uthm.edu.my/
Overview
• Learning outcomes
– By the end of this topic you should be to:
• Outline the basic components of a Total Station,
• Carry out temporary adjustments of a TS,
• Compute and adjust a TS traverse,
• Compute coordinates for traversing, and
• Determine the nature of errors affecting the traverse work.
1
06/11/2019
Introduction
• Traversing is a form of a control survey that requires the
establishment of a series of stations that are linked together by
angles and distances.
• The angles and distances are measured by Total Station.
• The use of traversing surveys is very fundamental and has
become one of the most common methods in geomatic
engineering work such as:
Introduction
– General purpose angle measurement,
– Provision of control surveys,
– Contour and detail mapping, and
– Setting out and construction work.
• This topic will describe:-
– The construction and use of the Total Station in traversing,
2
06/11/2019
Introduction
– The traverse design and the procedures of computing and adjusting a
traverse,
– The application of coordinates for point will also be covered in this
topic which will be very useful in Civil Engineering project.
Total Station
Principles & Applications
• A total station is an electronic/optical instrument used in
modern surveying.
• The total station is an electronic theodolite integrated with an
electronic distance meter (EDM) to read distances from the
instrument to a particular point.
• A theodolite is an instrument for measuring both horizontal
and vertical angles. It is key tool in surveying and engineering
work.
3
06/11/2019
Total Station
• Vertical angles are required for the calculation of elevation of
points for example the reduction of slope distance to the
horizontal.
• Horizontal angles are required to obtain the relative direction
to a survey control station or points of detail.
• Construction of a Total Station
– All total station have the same common features which is can be
described as follows,
Total Station
4
06/11/2019
Total Station
Temporary Adjustment of Total Station
• The temporary adjustments are steps that must be carried out every
time a total station used.
• It is a procedure of setting up a theodolite that involves the following
process
– Centering
– Leveling, and
– Removing parallax
Total Station
(a) Centering the total station
• The instrument must be vertically above the survey station to
ensure that horizontal angle observation are correct.
• The steps are as follow:
– Start with a optical plummet to get it approximately right above the
survey station.
– Using the foot screws, move the optical plummet cross hairs on the
survey station.
5
06/11/2019
Total Station
(a) Centering the total
station…cont.
– Roughly level the instrument using
legs of the tripod – the total station
should stay almost on target.
– Level with foot screws. Move
instrument above target; repeat
level and move until done
Total Station
(b) Leveling the Total Station
– Turn bubble parallel to two foot screws A and B, to bring the
horizontal bubble to the centre.
– Turn the instrument through 90° and bring the bubble to the centre
by adjusting the third foot screw C only.
– Turn the instrument through a further 90° to check the adjustment
of the plate bubble.
– If the bubble remains in centre, then it is adjusted.
– If not, repeat the whole procedure.
6
06/11/2019
Total Station
Total Station
Permanent Adjustment of Total Station
– These adjustment are carried out once and will not alter unless it is
being roughly handled or tampered with.
– There are certain basic requirements for a total station that must be
established particularly when using it.
– The basic requirements re as follows:-
7
06/11/2019
Total Station
– The vertical axis of a total station should be truly vertical,
– The line of sight should be perpendicular to the horizontal axis,
– The horizontal axis should be truly horizontal,
– The cross hair should be truly vertical and horizontal, and
– The vertical circle should be at zero when the line of sight is
horizontal.
** The steps in carrying out the adjustments should be handled by
the qualified person at the laboratory **
Angle Measurement
Horizontal Angle Measurement
• The concept of measuring the horizontal and vertical angle is
simple.
• The following procedures should be used to measure the
horizontal angles between three stations A, B, and C
8
06/11/2019
Angle Measurement
• Setup the total station on
station B. the total station
instrument has two faces;
“Face left” & “Face right”.
• Starting from the face left,
the telescope is pointed at
station A. The horizontal
reading is then noted, i.e.
25°30’00’
Angle Measurement
• The instrument is then turned
in a clockwise direction to
point at station C. Again the
horizontal reading is noted,
i.e. 145°50’00’
• The horizontal angle  can be
calculated, by finding the
difference between the two i.e., C – A = 145°50’00’ – 25o30’00’
horizontal reading.  = 120°20’00’
9
06/11/2019
Angle Measurement
• Change the face of the total
station. Whilst pointing at
station C the horizontal reading
is again recorded, i.e.
325°50’00’
• Turn the instrument in a
clockwise manner and point at
station A. Record the horizontal i.e., C – A = 325°50’00’ – 205°30’00’
 = 120°20’00’
reading, i.e. 205°30’00’.
Angle Measurement
Note that changing the face will change the reading by 180°.
This gives a check on the observations and ensures that reading
errors can be eliminated. If there is a great difference in two
readings, the observations are repeated until readings agree.
10
06/11/2019
Angle Measurement
Vertical Angle Measurement
• A vertical angle is the angle measured vertically from a
horizontal plane of reference.
– When the telescope is pointed in the horizontal plane (level), the
reading of the vertical angle is zero (0°).
Angle Measurement
• When the telescope is
pointed up, then the vertical
angle increases from zero and
the reading is a positive (+ve)
vertical angle. The reading
increase from 0° to +90°
when the telescope is
pointed straight up.
11
06/11/2019
Angle Measurement
• If the telescope is depressed
(pointed down), then the angle
reading will increase in
numerical value. The depressed
telescope reading indicates that
it is below the horizontal plane
and the reading is a negative (-
ve) vertical angle. These
numerical value increase from
0° to -90° when the telescope
is pointed straight down.
Traverse & Coordinate System

Traverse Definition
• A traverse is a series of straight lines that are used to connect a
series of selected points. This selected points are called
traverse stations where distance and angle measurements are
made. The relative positions of the traverse stations are then
computed using some coordinate systems.
12
06/11/2019

• For a better understanding, the definition of traverse survey
can be summarized as follows;
– A measurement of straight lines and the horizontal angle from one
point to another using Total Station.
– The sides can be expressed as either polar coordinates (,d) or as
rectangular coordinates (N, E).
– A traverse framework comprising of a series of connected lines where
the lengths and directions are observed and measured.
– The traverse framework can be OPEN or CLOSED traverse i.e., start at
known point and ends at another known point or the same start
point.

Type of Traverses E
D
• Closed Traverse G
Control station
Traverse station F
H Closed traverse C
(polygon)
A B
13
06/11/2019

Control station
Type of Traverses
Traverse station
• Closed Traverse
E
D
F
B G
C
Closed traverse H
(geometrically open)
A

Type of Traverses Control station
• Open Traverse Traverse station
E
D
F
B G
C
H
A
Open traverse
14
06/11/2019

Coordinates System
• Points on the surface of the earth or on a plan can be
accurately positioned by taking measurements to a known,
stable point of reference.
• Assume that the axes of the graph are referred to as North,
South, East and West as shown in Figure.
• In above Figure, Point A is at (1,2) and Point B is at (9,5).

• The referencing used that the x-axis is known as EASTINGS and the y-axis is
known as NORTHINGS.
15
06/11/2019

• There are two methods of referring the point;
– Rectangular coordinates, or
– Polar coordinates

Rectangular Coordinates (Grid)
• Rectangular coordinates are a system of locating points by
means of the measurement of two perpendicular distances
from the principal axes to that point. These two perpendicular
distances are the easting and northing.
16
06/11/2019

North
Rectangular Coordinates
Point B
N
B
(EB,NB)
N=NB-NA
NA
Point A E=EB-EA
(EA,NA)
EA East
E
B

Polar Coordinates
• If R is the origin and P is the Northing
reference object, the point P P

can be located by its polar
coordinates of angle and
distance i.e.  and D, where D D
is the distance from the origin

and  is a clockwise angle R
between R and P.
17
06/11/2019

North Polar Coordinates
Point B
Point A
 ~ whole-circle bearing
d ~ distance
East

Coordinate Conversions
Rectangular to polar Polar to rectangular
 E 
  tan 1   E  d sin 
 N 
d  E2  N2 N  d cos 
d d
N N
 
E E
18
06/11/2019

Northing
• There are three (3) reference directions (or datum meridian)
that are used as traverse reference we should be associated
with. They are:
– Magnetic North,
– Grid North, and
– True North

Meridian
• A meridian (or line of longitude) is an imaginary arc on the
Earth’s surface from the North Pole to the South Pole that
connects all locations running along it with a given longitude.
• The meridian that passes through Greenwich, England
establishes the meaning of zero degrees of longitude, or the
Prime Meridian.
19
06/11/2019

Bearing Calculation
• There are two types of bearing that are commonly used in
geomatic engineering are:
– Whole Circle Bearings (WCB), and
– Quadrant Bearings (QB) or Reduced Bearing (RB).

Whole Circle Bearing
• The Whole Circle Bearing (WCB)
of a line AB is defined as the
clockwise angle from 0° to 360°
at A between the direction to
North and the direction to B.
• This is the standard way of
defining a bearing in surveying
Bearing of AB =  & BA = .
20
06/11/2019

Whole Circle Bearing
bearing
bearing

Quadrant Bearing
• A quadrant bearing can be
defined as the angle lying
between 0° and 90°,
between the direction to the
north or south and the
direction of the line.
• East and West directions are
never used as reference lines.
21
06/11/2019

Quadrant Bearing

North Bearing are measured
WCB & QB 0
o
clockwise from NORTH
and must lie in the range
0o    360o
4th quadrant 1st quadrant
West East
270o 90
o
3rd quadrant 2nd quadrant
South
180o
22
06/11/2019

Angular Observation and Booking
• Two most common methods in making angular observation in
total station traversing are:
– Internal angle method, and
– Bearing method (commonly used in total station traversing)

The Bearing Method
• The procedure and bookings to be followed are as follows [Refer to
Figure]:
– Instrument is set up at station B and station A is sighted in face left. A known
bearing i.e. 45°20’20” is set on station A.
– Station C is sighted and the reading is recorded.
– The telescope is then transit to change to the face right.
– With the face right setting, bearing to C and A are recorded.
23
06/11/2019
From To
Station Station Face Left Face Right Mean
A 0°00'00" 180°00'00"
B 30°26'30"
C 30°26'20" 210°26'40"
For improved precision the angle measurement

can be repeated any number of times.
The number of face left observations must be
Equal the number of face right observations.

• The procedure of linear measurement is as follows:
• Tripod with prism targets is set up at Station A and C.

• Total station is set up on station B. Linear measurement or distance
to BA and BC are taken and recorded.
• Bearing to BA and BC are taken on face left and recorded
24
06/11/2019

Classes of Traverses
o Generally, four classes;
o Standard traverse,
o Fist class traverse,
o Second class traverse, and
o Third class traverse
Why divided by four classes

Classes of Traverses
o Main characteristics differ
o Precision,
o Bearing closure
o Measured distance,
o Observed bearing, and
o Definite bearing
25
06/11/2019
Bearing Closure
• Recall traverse definition
“Essentially, traverse is a series of
established stations tied together
by angle and distance”
• Before the areas of a pieces of land can be computed, it is
necessary to have a closed traverse
Bearing Closure
• Balancing Bearing
Bearing misclose
2 Allowable: 00o02’30’’
1
Applicable for
Second Class Traverse Only
3
Line 2-1 Reading bearing : 250o01’40’’

Line 2-1 True bearing : 250o00’00’’
5
Bearing misclose : +01’40’’

4
26
06/11/2019
Bearing Definite Vertical

Station Left Face Right Face Average From Bearing To Angle Distance
Datum from PC 210°15' 30" B A
A 210°15' 30" 30°15' 30" 100°10' 00" B C

Bearing Closure B
C 100°10' 00" 280°10' 00"
B 280°10' 00" 100°10' 00" 168°44' 10" C D
C
- Booking, D 168°44' 00" 348°44' 20"
- Averaging & C 348°44' 10" 168°44' 10" 275°49' 10" D A
D
- Bearing Closure A 275°49' 00" 95°49' 20"
D 95°49' 10" 275°49' 10" 30°16' 10" A B
A
B 30°16' 10" 210°16' 10"
Line A-B reading bearing 30°16' 10"

Line A-B true bearing 30°15' 30"
Bearing misclose + 40" in 4 stations

A 210°15' 30" 30°15' 30" 100°10' 00" B C

B C- 10"
Bearing Closure C 100°10' 00" 280°10' 00"
B 280°10' 00" 100°10' 00" 168°44' 10" C D
C C- 20"
- Booking, D 168°44' 00" 348°44' 20"

C 348°44' 10" 168°44' 10" 275°49' 10" D A
- Balancing & D C- 30"
A 275°49' 00" 95°49' 20"
- Corrections “C” D 95°49' 10" 275°49' 10" 30°16' 10" A B
A C- 40"
B 30°16' 10" 210°16' 10"

Correction - 10" per station
27
06/11/2019

Datum from PC 210°15' 30" B 210°15' 30" A
A 210°15' 30" 30°15' 30" 100°10' 00" B 100°10' 00" C

B C- 10"
Bearing Closure C 100°10' 00" 280°10' 00" 100°09'50"
B 280°10' 00" 100°10' 00" 168°44' 10" C 168°44'00" D
C C- 20"
- Booking, D 168°44' 00" 348°44' 20" 168°43'50"

C 348°44' 10" 168°44' 10" 275°49' 10" D 275°48'30" A
- Balancing, D C- 30"
A 275°49' 00" 95°49' 20" 275°48'40"
- Corrections “C”, D 95°49' 10" 275°49' 10" 30°16' 10" A 30°15'30" B
- Definite Bearing B
A
30°16' 10" 210°16' 10"
C- 40"
30°15'30"


Station Left Face Right Face Average From Bearing To Angle Distance (m)
Datum from PC 210°15' 30" B 210°15' 30" A 30.141
A 210°15' 30" 30°15' 30" 100°10' 00" B 100°10' 00" C 38.576

B C- 10"
B 280°10' 00" 100°10' 00" 168°44' 10" C 168°44'00" D 25.605
C C- 20"
- Booking, D 168°44' 00" 348°44' 20" 168°43'50"

C 348°44' 10" 168°44' 10" 275°49' 10" D 275°48'30" A 58.437
A 275°49' 00" 95°49' 20" 275°48'40"
- Corrections “C”, D 95°49' 10" 275°49' 10" 30°16' 10" A 30°15'30" B 30.141
- Definite Distance B
A
30°16' 10" 210°16' 10"
C- 40"
30°15'30"

28
06/11/2019
Precision
Latitudes and Departures
o The closure of a traverse is checked by computing the latitudes and
departures of each of it sides
Precision
Latitudes and Departures
o The latitudes of a line is its projection on the north south meridian
o The departure of a line is its
projection on the east-west line.
o A northeasterly bearing has a +
latitude and + departure
29
06/11/2019
Precision
Error of Closure
o Consider the following statement:
“If start at one corner of a closed traverse and walk its lines until you
return to your starting point, you will have walked as far north as you
walked south and as far east as you have walked west”
o Therefore ….  latitudes = 0 and
 departures = 0
Precision
Error of Closure
o When latitudes are added together, the resulting is called the
error in latitudes (EL)
o The error resulting from adding departures together is called the
error in departure (ED)
30
06/11/2019
Precision
Precision
• Latitudes and Departures - Example
Departure AB
= (189.53 m)sin(186o15’)= -20.63 m
186o 15’
189.53 Latitude AB
= (189.53 m)cos(186o15’)= -188.40 m
31
06/11/2019
Precision
Departure AB
= (175.18 m)sin(150o22’)= +86.62 m
175.18 m Latitude AB
150o 22’
= (175.18 m)cos(150o22’)= -152.27 m
Precision
• Traverse - Example B
32
06/11/2019
Precision
Line Distance Bearing Departure Latitude
AB 30.141 m 30° 15' 30" 15.1880 m 26.0347 m
BC 38.576 m 100° 10' 00" 37.9703 m -6.8091 m
CD 25.605 m 168° 44' 00" 5.0026 m -25.1116 m
DA 58.437 m 275° 49' 00" -58.1361 m 5.9223 m
Sum 152.759 m 0.0248 m 0.0363 m
0.0248 0.0363 0.044 m
0.044 m
152.759 m 3470
Precision
Balancing Latitudes and Departures
o Balancing the latitudes and departures of a traverse is to attempt to

obtain more probable values for the locations of the corners of the
traverse.
o A popular method for balancing errors is called the compass or
Bowditch rule
o The “Bowditch rule” was devised by Nathaniel Bowditch, surveyor,
navigator, and mathematician
33
06/11/2019
Precision
Balancing Latitudes and Departures
o The Bowditch method assumes:
1. angles and distances have same error, and

2. errors are accidental
o The rule states:

“The error in latitude (departure) of a line is to the total error in latitude
(departure) as the length of the line is the perimeter of the traverse”
Precision
Latitudes and Departures - Example
o Recall the results of our example problem
Line Distance Bearing Departure Latitude

AB 30.141 m 30° 15' 30" 15.1880 m 26.0347 m
BC 38.576 m 100° 10' 00" 37.9703 m -6.8091 m
CD 25.605 m 168° 44' 00" 5.0026 m -25.1116 m
DA 58.437 m 275° 49' 00" -58.1361 m 5.9223 m
Sum 152.759 m 0.0248 m 0.0363 m
34
06/11/2019
Precision
• Balancing Latitudes and Departures
N
Latitude AB
B
= (30.141 m)cos(30o15’30”)= -26.035 m

30o15’30”
W E
A
S
0.0363m (30.141m)
Correction in LatAB = 0.0071m
152.759m
Precision
N
Departure AB
B
= (30.141 m)cos(30o15’30”)= +15.1880 m

30o15’30”
W E
A
S
0.0248m (30.141m)
Correction in DepAB = 0.0049m
152.759m
35
06/11/2019
Precision
Distance Latitude Departude
Line (m) (m) (m) Corrcetions Balanced
Latitude Departure Latitude Departure
AB 30.141 26.0347 15.188 -0.0071 -0.0049 26.028 15.183
BC 38.576 -6.8091 37.9703 -0.0092 -0.0063 -6.818 37.964
CD 25.605 -25.1116 5.0026 -0.0061 -0.0042 -25.118 4.998

DA 58.437 5.9223 -58.1361 -0.0139 -0.0095 5.908 -58.145
152.759 0.0363 0.00248 -0.0363 -0.0248 0.000 0.000
Corrections computed on previous slides
Precision
AB 30.141 26.0347 15.188 -0.0071 -0.0049 26.028 15.183
BC 38.576 -6.8091 37.9703 -0.0092 -0.0063 -6.818 37.964
CD 25.605 -25.1116 5.0026 -0.0061 -0.0042 -25.118 4.998

DA 58.437 5.9223 -58.1361 -0.0139 -0.0095 5.908 -58.145
152.759 0.0363 0.00248 -0.0363 -0.0248 0.000 0.000
Corrected latitudes and departures
36
06/11/2019
Precision
AB 30.141 26.0347 15.188 -0.0071 -0.0049 26.028 15.183
BC 38.576 -6.8091 37.9703 -0.0092 -0.0063 -6.818 37.964
CD 25.605 -25.1116 5.0026 -0.0061 -0.0042 -25.118 4.998

DA 58.437 5.9223 -58.1361 -0.0139 -0.0095 5.908 -58.145
152.759 0.0363 0.00248 -0.0363 -0.0248 0.000 0.000
No error in corrected latitudes and departures
Traverse Classes
• Traverse Classes Characteristics:-
Traverse Precision Observed Observed Plot Bearing Uses

Classes Ratio Distance Bearing Bearing Misclose
Standard 1:25000 0.001 1” 10” 1’ 15” Cadaster

Survey
1 1:8000 0.001 1” 10” 1’ 15” Cadaster
Survey
2 1:4000 0.001 10” 30” 2’ 30” Eng.
Survey
3 1:3000 0.01 1’ 00” 1’ 00” 5’ 00” Eng. & Ind
Survey
37
06/11/2019
Traverse Computation
Rectangular Coordinates
o Rectangular coordinates are the convenient method available for
describing the horizontal position of survey points.
o With the application of computers, rectangular coordinates are
used frequently in engineering projects.
o Normally, the x-axis corresponds to the east-west direction and
the y-axis to the north-south direction
Rectangular Coordinates Example
o In this example, the length of AB is 300 m and bearing is shown in

the figure below. Determine the coordinates of point B
Y LatitudeAB = 300Cos(42o30’)
= 221.183 m
B
DepartureAB = 300Sin(42o30’)
= 202.677 m
A XB = 200 + 202.677 = 402.667 m

X
YB = 300 + 221.183 = 521.183 m
Coordinates of Points A (200, 300)
38
06/11/2019
Rectangular Coordinates Example
o In this example, it is assumed that the coordinates of points A and

B are know and we want to calculate the latitude and departure
for line AB. Y
Coordinates of Point A LatitudeAB = YB -YA
A (320, -100)
LatitudeAB = -400 m
DepartureAB = XB -XA
B X DepartureAB = 220 m
Coordinates of Point B (320, -100)
• Rectangular Coordinates Example
39
06/11/2019
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
40
06/11/2019
• Area computed by Coordinates
– The area of a traverse can be computed by taking each Y
coordinated multiplied by the difference in the two adjacent X
coordinates.
41
06/11/2019
m2
m2
42
06/11/2019
Area computed by 2 x Latit & Dipat
o Procedure :
o Calculation of 2 X latit started from southernmost point AND
value of the front point should be +ve value.
o Calculation of 2 X Dipat started from westernmost point AND
value of the front point should be +ve value.
o 2 X Latit (or Dipat) calculation procedure :
o 2 X latit (or dipat) for the first line
= latit (or dipat) of the first line
o 2 X latit (or dipat) for other lines
= 2 x latit (or dipat) previous line + latit (or dipat) previous line + latit ( or
dipat) present line.
43
06/11/2019
Line Latit Dipat 2 X latit 2 X dipat 2 X latit x 2 X dipat x

dipat latit
2 -3 - 60.113 + 60.109 152.039 152.041
4 - 45.963 - 45.965 45.963 166.185
1 + 60.108 - 60.110 60.108 60.110
2 + 45.968 + 45.966 166.184 45.966
+ 11051.94482 - 11051.94482
Average = 2A = 11051.94482
A = 5525.9724 m2
o SUMMARY Calculation
o Corrected latit & dipat,
o 2 X latit & 2 X dipat
o 2 X latit x dipat
o 2 X dipat x latit
o Total 1 = Total of (2 X latit x dipat)
o Total 2 = Total of (2 X dipat x latit
o Check !! Total 1 = Total 2
o Average = (Total 1 + Total 2)/2
o 2A = Average
o A = Average/2
44
06/11/2019
Computation Sequence
1. Calculate bearing misclose
2. Calculate & Adjust bearing misclose
3. Calculate final distance
4. Compute (E, N) for each traverse line
5. Calculate error of closure & precision
6. Balancing departure & latitude – corrected departure &
latitude
7. Compute coordinates foe each traverse station
45
06/11/2019
Traverse Survey Fieldwork

Traverse procedures
• Reconnaissance survey
• Field work
• Observations & Booking
• Computation & Adjustment

Reconnaissance Survey
• Drafting
– To obtained and drafting the details of the area
– Suitability of location and number of traverse station
– Station traverse must be able to seen each other (visibly)
– Used the wooden pegs or nails to mark as a traverse station.
– Every traverse station should be number and direction of traverse is clock wise
46
06/11/2019

Datum
• Traversing need to start from reference datum (bearing & distance are
known)
• Datum is obtained from
– Certificate Plan (CP),
– Prismatic Compass (PC), and
– Solar observation

Datum
Important Note:
• The value of bearing for the following traverse lines are respect
to the Datum.
• Bearing for the next traverse line are respect or correspond to
the previous traverse lines.
• That means, errors in bearing are “cumulative”.
47
06/11/2019

• DATUM is a reference value which is used to start (begin) and
end (close) of each survey work.
• DATUM used for traverse survey is BEARING.
• There are two (2) criteria to for DATUM in traverse survey.

Criteria Datum
• Two Benchmark (Boundary Mark)
– Two boundary mark beside one another and visibly need to be proof by bearing
and distance with solar or astronomy observation are correct respect to original
position.
• Three (3) Benchmark (Boundary Mark)
– Three boundary mark, two are beside one another and visibly need to be proof
by angle and distance with traverse or calculation are correct respect to original
position.
48
06/11/2019

• Traversing is carried out with a minimum of three (3) tripods.
• One is for the instrument and the other two are for the back
and front stations.
• A minimum of three (3) people is required in a traversing team.
• The leader of the team, reads the instrument, while the 2nd
person has the important job of recording the readings on the
booking sheet.
• The 3rd person has the task of moving and setting up the
tripods as the traverse progresses.

• There are several steps which should be followed that will lead to a
smooth traverse:
– Level and center the instrument
– Set the total station to value taken from certificated plan (CP).
– Record face left horizontal reading to back station
– Record horizontal distance to back station. Obtain three (3) readings for this
distance and mean.
– Turn instrument and sight front station
– Record face left horizontal reading to front station.
– Record horizontal distance to fore station. Obtain three (3) readings for this
distance and mean.
49
06/11/2019

• Transit the instrument to change to the face right setting:
– Record face right horizontal reading to front station.
– Turn instrument to face back station.
– Record face right horizontal reading to back station.

• Repeat the field procedure so that two complete sets of
horizontal (bearing and distance) readings are obtained.
• This will allow check to be made in the field, in case of gross
reading errors.
• Ensure that all the required information has been obtained
before the instrument is moved.
• When the leader and the booker are satisfied that all the
information has been recorded then only instrument is moved
to the next station.
50
06/11/2019
Booking Procedure
Datum from CP 210°15' 30" B A
A 210°15' 30" 30°15' 30" 100°10' 00" B C

B
C 100°10' 00" 280°10' 00"
B 280°10' 00" 100°10' 00" 168°44' 10" C D
C
D 168°44' 00" 348°44' 20"
C 348°44' 10" 168°44' 10" 275°49' 10" D A
D
A 275°49' 00" 95°49' 20"
D 95°49' 10" 275°49' 10" 30°16' 10" A B
A
B 30°16' 10" 210°16' 10"

Bearing Closure
• Recall traverse definition
“Essentially, traverse is a series of
established stations tied together
by angle and distance”
• Before the areas of a pieces of land can be computed, it is
necessary to have a closed traverse
51
06/11/2019
Bearing Closure
• Balancing Bearing
Bearing misclose
2 Allowable: 00o02’30’’
1
Applicable for
Second Class Traverse Only
3
Line 2-1 Reading bearing : 250o01’40’’

Line 2-1 True bearing : 250o00’00’’
5
Bearing misclose : +01’40’’

4

A 210°15' 30" 30°15' 30" 100°10' 00" B C

Bearing Closure B
C 100°10' 00" 280°10' 00"
B 280°10' 00" 100°10' 00" 168°44' 10" C D
C
- Booking, D 168°44' 00" 348°44' 20"
- Averaging & C 348°44' 10" 168°44' 10" 275°49' 10" D A
D
- Bearing Closure A 275°49' 00" 95°49' 20"
D 95°49' 10" 275°49' 10" 30°16' 10" A B
A
B 30°16' 10" 210°16' 10"

52
06/11/2019

A 210°15' 30" 30°15' 30" 100°10' 00" B C

B C- 10"
Bearing Closure C 100°10' 00" 280°10' 00"
B 280°10' 00" 100°10' 00" 168°44' 10" C D
C C- 20"
- Booking, D 168°44' 00" 348°44' 20"

C 348°44' 10" 168°44' 10" 275°49' 10" D A
- Balancing & D C- 30"
A 275°49' 00" 95°49' 20"
- Corrections “C” D 95°49' 10" 275°49' 10" 30°16' 10" A B
A C- 40"
B 30°16' 10" 210°16' 10"


Datum from PC 210°15' 30" B 210°15' 30" A
A 210°15' 30" 30°15' 30" 100°10' 00" B 100°10' 00" C

B C- 10"
B 280°10' 00" 100°10' 00" 168°44' 10" C 168°44'00" D
C C- 20"
- Booking, D 168°44' 00" 348°44' 20" 168°43'50"

C 348°44' 10" 168°44' 10" 275°49' 10" D 275°48'30" A
A 275°49' 00" 95°49' 20" 275°48'40"
- Corrections “C”, D 95°49' 10" 275°49' 10" 30°16' 10" A 30°15'30" B
- Definite Bearing B
A
30°16' 10" 210°16' 10"
C- 40"
30°15'30"

53
06/11/2019

Station Left Face Right Face Average From Bearing To Angle Distance (m)
Datum from PC 210°15' 30" B 210°15' 30" A 30.141
A 210°15' 30" 30°15' 30" 100°10' 00" B 100°10' 00" C 38.576

B C- 10"
B 280°10' 00" 100°10' 00" 168°44' 10" C 168°44'00" D 25.605
C C- 20"
- Booking, D 168°44' 00" 348°44' 20" 168°43'50"

C 348°44' 10" 168°44' 10" 275°49' 10" D 275°48'30" A 58.437
A 275°49' 00" 95°49' 20" 275°48'40"
- Corrections “C”, D 95°49' 10" 275°49' 10" 30°16' 10" A 30°15'30" B 30.141
- Definite Distance B
A
30°16' 10" 210°16' 10"
C- 40"
30°15'30"

54

3) Traverse Survey

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

3) Traverse Survey

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

06/11/2019

Traverse & Coordinate System

Traverse & Coordinate System

Traverse & Coordinate System

Traverse & Coordinate System

Traverse & Coordinate System

• Open Traverse Traverse station

Traverse & Coordinate System

Traverse & Coordinate System

• In above Figure, Point A is at (1,2) and Point B is at (9,5).

Traverse & Coordinate System

Traverse & Coordinate System

Traverse & Coordinate System

Traverse & Coordinate System

reference object, the point P P

is the distance from the origin

Traverse & Coordinate System

Traverse & Coordinate System

Traverse & Coordinate System

Traverse & Coordinate System

Traverse & Coordinate System

Traverse & Coordinate System

Traverse & Coordinate System

Traverse & Coordinate System

Traverse & Coordinate System

Traverse & Coordinate System

Traverse & Coordinate System

Traverse & Coordinate System

Traverse & Coordinate System

For improved precision the angle measurement

Traverse & Coordinate System

• Tripod with prism targets is set up at Station A and C.

Traverse & Coordinate System

Traverse & Coordinate System

Line 2-1 Reading bearing : 250o01’40’’

Bearing misclose : +01’40’’

Bearing Definite Vertical

A 210°15' 30" 30°15' 30" 100°10' 00" B C

Line A-B reading bearing 30°16' 10"

Bearing Definite Vertical

A 210°15' 30" 30°15' 30" 100°10' 00" B C

- Booking, D 168°44' 00" 348°44' 20"

Line A-B reading bearing 30°16' 10"

Bearing Definite Vertical

A 210°15' 30" 30°15' 30" 100°10' 00" B 100°10' 00" C

- Booking, D 168°44' 00" 348°44' 20" 168°43'50"

Line A-B reading bearing 30°16' 10"

Bearing Definite Vertical

A 210°15' 30" 30°15' 30" 100°10' 00" B 100°10' 00" C 38.576

- Booking, D 168°44' 00" 348°44' 20" 168°43'50"

Line A-B reading bearing 30°16' 10"

0.0248 0.0363 0.044 m

o Balancing the latitudes and departures of a traverse is to attempt to

o The Bowditch method assumes:

1. angles and distances have same error, and

o The rule states:

Line Distance Bearing Departure Latitude

= (30.141 m)cos(30o15’30”)= -26.035 m

= (30.141 m)cos(30o15’30”)= +15.1880 m

AB 30.141 26.0347 15.188 -0.0071 -0.0049 26.028 15.183

BC 38.576 -6.8091 37.9703 -0.0092 -0.0063 -6.818 37.964

CD 25.605 -25.1116 5.0026 -0.0061 -0.0042 -25.118 4.998

152.759 0.0363 0.00248 -0.0363 -0.0248 0.000 0.000