‫‪Introduction to Cell‬‬

‫‪The cell is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living‬‬
‫‪organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently, and‬‬
‫"‪cells are often called the "building blocks of life‬‬

‫– هى اىوظدة اىذرنٌجٌح واىوؿٌفٌح في اىهةاِةت اىعٌح‪ ،‬فهو اىهةاِةت اىعٌح دذرنت ٌَ خيٌح واظدة أو‬
‫أنسر‪ ،‬ودكذجر اىخيٌح اضغر ضور اىعٌةة اىذى دصذؽٌف االُلصةم ثةشذلالىٌح‬

‫وبمنتهى البساطة يلخص التعريف السابق مايسمى " النظرية الخلوية "‬
‫‪Cell theory‬‬
‫وتنص النظرية الخلوية على ‪ 3‬مبادئ اساسية يمكن استخراجهم من التعريف السابق ‪:‬‬

‫?‪What are the 3 principles of cell theory‬‬

‫‪1-The cell is the basic unit of structure in‬‬
‫‪organisms‬‬
‫‪2-All living organisms are composed of‬‬
‫‪one or more cells.‬‬
‫‪3-Cells can only arise from division of‬‬
‫‪pre-existing cells.‬‬
‫اىخيٌح هى وظدة اىجِةء االشةشٌح ىهو اىهةاِةت‬
‫اىعٌح‬
‫نو اىهةاِةت اىعٌح الثد ان دذهون ٌَ خيٌح واظدة‬
‫قيى االكو او أنسر‬
‫صٌٍف اىخالًة اىضدًدة دِشأ فلػ ٌَ خالًة ظٌح ‪,‬‬
‫شةثلح ىهة فى اىخيق واىوصود ‪,‬قَ ؼرًق االُلصةم‬

‫‪Basic Properties of Cells‬‬

‫تتمتع الخاليا الحية بمجموعة من الخصائص المميزة لها نلخصها فى النقاط التالية‪:‬‬

‫‪1. have an evolutionary origin‬‬ ‫ىهة اضو دؽورى ( أى ُشأت ٌَ خيٌح اخرى ٌوصودة‬
‫شةثلة نٍة دِص ُـرًح اىخيٌح )‬
‫‪2. highly complex & organized‬‬ ‫ٌكلدة اىذرنٌت واىذِـًٌ ( ُـرا الظذوااهة قيى‬
‫اىهسٌر ٌَ اىذرنٌجةت واىٍهوُةت ونيٍة زاد اىذكلٌد‬
‫دذؽيت دِـًٌ انسر )‬
‫‪3. Reproduction‬‬ ‫اىلدرة قيى االُلصةم واىذهةزر – شواء قَ ؼرًق‬
‫االُلصةم اىٌٍوزى او اىٌٍذوزى‬
‫‪Cells can replicate themselves ( by‬‬
‫) ‪division Mitosis & Meiosis‬‬
‫‪4. Growth & development‬‬ ‫ىيخالًة اىلدرة قيى اىٍِو واىذؽور ٌٍة ًكؽى‬
‫اىهةاَ اىعي اىلدرة قيى اىٍِو في اىعضً واىذغٌر‬
‫‪Cells have the ability to grow and develop,‬‬ ‫واىذؽور ٌف اىوكخ اىى ضورة انسر دكلٌدا‬
‫‪giving the organism the ability to grow in‬‬
‫‪size, change and evolve over time into a‬‬
‫‪more complex form.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪5. capable of self-regulation‬‬ ‫ىهة اىلدرة قيى اىذِـًٌ اىذادى ( قَ ؼرًق افراز‬
‫اىكدًد ٌَ االُزًٍةت واىجرودٌِةت واىكواٌو اىذى‬
‫‪It has the ability to self-regulate (by releasing‬‬ ‫دذعهً ودِـً نةفح وؿةاف اىخيٌح ) الن فلدان‬
‫‪many enzymes, proteins and factors that‬‬ ‫اىلدرة قيى اىذِـًٌ اىذادى كد ًؤدى اىى ددٌٌر‬
‫)‪control and regulate all cell functions‬‬
‫‪because the loss of self-regulation capacity‬‬ ‫اىخيٌح او دعورهة اىى خيٌح شرؼةٌُح‬
‫‪can lead to cell destruction or conversion into‬‬
‫‪a cancer cell.‬‬
‫‪6. Sensitive & respond to stimuli‬‬ ‫اىذفةقو واالشذضةثح ىيٍسٌرات اىٍخذيفح في ثٌبح‬
‫اىخيٌح ودذً ديم االشذضةثح ثكدة ؼرق اهٍهة وصود‬
‫)‪(via cell surface receptors‬‬
‫ٌصذلجالت قيى شؽط اىخيٌح ىيذكرف قى ٌخذيف‬
‫اىٍسٌرات‬
‫‪7- Metabolism‬‬ ‫دلوم اىخيٌح ثةىكدًد ٌَ اىذفةقالت اىهٌٍةاٌح –‬
‫ثطورة اشةشٌح قَ ؼرًق االُزًٍةت وٌضٍوع ديم‬
‫‪The cell performs many chemical reactions‬‬ ‫اىذفةقالت هو اىذي ًٍسو اىوؿٌفح اىعٌوًح ىيخيٌح‬
‫‪— by means of enzymes and the sum of‬‬
‫‪those reactions represents the vital function‬‬
‫‪of the cell‬‬
‫‪8- Homeostasis‬‬ ‫اىذوازن و االشذلرار‬
‫اىخيٌح ىدًهة ظةىه داخيٌح ٌصذلره واىذي ًضت‬
‫‪the cell have stable internal condition which‬‬ ‫اىعفةظ قيٌهة ٌَ أصو اىجلةء قيي كٌد اىعٌةة‬
‫‪must be maintained in order to remain alive‬‬
‫ٌسو اىعفةظ قيى درصح اىعرارة ودرصح ‪ pH‬وغٌرهة‬
‫ٌَ االٌور االشةشٌح ٌَ اصو ثلةء اىخيٌح‬
‫‪9. Acquire and use energy‬‬ ‫نٍة وععِة فى اىِلةط اىصةثلح أن اىخيٌح دلوم‬
‫ثةىكدًد ٌَ اىذفةقالت اىهٌٌٍةاٌح نٍة اُهة دعذةج ان‬
‫‪Living cells need energy and use them to‬‬ ‫دعةفؾ قيى ظةىح دوازن واشذلرار داخيى ؼول‬
‫‪complete their vital processes.‬‬
‫اىوكخ ‪ ’,‬فةُح ٌَ اصو اىلٌةم ثذىم الثد ٌَ ؼةكح ‪.‬‬
‫اىخالًة اىعٌح دعذةج اىى اىؽةكح ودصذخدٌهة الدٍةم‬
‫وؿةافهة اىعٌوًح‬

‫ودعطو قيى اىؽةكح ٌَ خالل اىكدًد ٌَ اىكٍيٌةت‬

‫ٌسو ‪:‬‬
‫‪Glycolysis, Krebs‬‬

‫‪10 – Heredity and Genetic program‬‬ ‫الثد ان دعذوى قيى اىخيٌح قيي ثرُةٌش ورازي‬
‫وصٌِي ًعٍو اىٍكيوٌةت اىورازٌح ىيخيٌح ٌَ اصو‬
‫‪The cell must contain a genetic program that‬‬ ‫دٍرًرهة ىالصٌةل اىالظلح وىٌس هذا فلػ واٍُة اًغة‬
‫‪carries the genetic information of the cell in‬‬ ‫ًعٍو اىذكيٌٍةت اىذى دِـً قٍو االُشؽح اىخيوًح‬
‫‪order to pass it to next generations. Not only‬‬
‫‪this, but also carried the instructions that‬‬ ‫اىٍخذيفح‬
‫‪regulate different cellular activities.‬‬ ‫وًوصد اىجرُةٌش اىورازي ىيخيٌح في ضورة صٌِةت‬
‫واىذى دشهو صزاٌةت انسر دكلٌدا دصٍى االظٍةض‬
‫‪The cell's genetic program is found in the‬‬ ‫اىِووًح ‪( ,‬وٌكـً اىخالًة ًوصد ثهة اىعٍظ اىِووى‬
‫‪form of genes that form more complex‬‬ ‫ٌسو ‪ RNA‬وثكغهة ًعٍو اىعٍظ اىِووى ‪DNA‬‬
‫‪molecules called nucleic acids (most cells‬‬
‫ثكظ اىفٌروشةت )‬
‫‪have DNA and some carry RNA like some‬‬
‫)‪viruses‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
Types of cells
There are 2 basic classes of cells

‫بصفة عامة يوجد نوعين اساسيين من الخاليا‬

Prokaryotic cells

Prokaryotic cells are cells that do not have a true nucleus or

membrane-bound organelles.

‫خالًة الدعذوى قيى ُواة او قغٌةت‬

Eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear

membrane and also have other organelles that perform
specific functions in the cell.

‫خالًة دعذوى قيى ُواة ٌعةؼح ثغشةء ُووى نٍة دعذوى قيى ثةكي اىكغٌةت‬
‫اىخيوًح اىذى دلوم ثةىوؿةاف اىعٌوًح ىيخيٌح‬

PROKARYOTIC CELLS

The Simplest type of cells. Genetic material (DNA) is in the form of a single
molecule, or of circular DNA. The DNA in prokaryotes is contained in a central area
of the cell called the nucleoid, and lacks a nuclear membrane to separate it from
surrounded cytoplasm.

‫ اىخةص ثهة ظر فى‬DNA ‫ اىعٍظ اىِووى‬- ‫هى أثصػ اُواع اىخالًة وٌَ اشٍهة ثدااٌةت اىِواة ظٌر ًهون‬
‫ الدعذوى هذة اىخيٌح قيى ُواة‬circular ‫اىصٌذوثالزم قيي شهو صزئ ٌفرد فى ضورة داارًح او ظيلي‬
‫ ظر فى اىصٌذوثالزم وًذواصد فى اىضزء اىٍرنزى ٌَ اىخيٌح‬DNA ‫ثةىٍكِى اىٍكروف واٍُة ًذواصد ال‬
‫ وال ًعةط‬- nucleoid ‫واىٍِؽلح اىكةٌح اىذى ًذواصد فى اىعٍظ اىِووى دصٍى ثةىضصً اىِووى‬
‫اىعٍظ اىِووى ثغشةء ُووى ًفطيح قَ اىصٌذوثالزم اىٍعٌػ‬

Eukaryotic cells ‫الخاليا حقيقياث الٌىاة‬

Genetic material is more complex (Linear DNA)

‫ وغةىجة فى ضورة ٌزدوصح‬Linear ‫ خؽى‬DNA ‫دهون اىٍةدة اىورازٌح انسر دكلٌدا ظٌر ًهون ال‬

The DNA molecule is packaged into thread-like structures called chromosomes.

‫دذضٍف خٌوط اىٍةدة اىورازٌح ظول ثكغهة ٌهوُح اىهرٌوشوم‬

3
 Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly coiled many times around proteins
called histones that support its structure.
‫ ٌيفوف ثشدة ظول ثرودٌَ ًصٍى اىهٌصذون واىذي ًدقً درنٌت‬DNA ٌَ ‫نو نرٌوشوم ًذهون‬
‫اىهرٌوشوم‬
Chromosomes are contained in nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane .

َ‫دذواصد ديم اىهرٌوشوٌةت داخو ُواة اىخيٌح واىذى دهون ٌعةؼح ثةىغشةء اىِووى اىذي ًفطيهة ق‬
‫اىصٌذوثالزم اىٍعٌػ‬

Eukaryotic cells developed specific organelles, which are structures within

the cell that perform a specific task.

‫دعذوى اىخالًة ظلٌلٌح اىِواة قيى قغٌةت خيوًح ٌسو اىٌٍذونوُدرًة وغٌرهة واىذى دلوم ثةىوؿةاف اىخيوًح‬
‫اىٍخذيفح‬

4
‫‪Comparison between Prokaryotic Cells & Eukaryotic cells‬‬
‫مقارنة بين الخاليا بدائية النواة والخاليا حقيقية النواة‬

‫عشاى ًحفظها وًفهوها هٌبذأ هي جىة لبشة ( االصغش فاالكبش )‬

‫‪Prokaryotic‬‬ ‫‪Eukaryotic‬‬

‫‪Circular DNA‬‬ ‫‪Linear DNA‬‬

‫‪DNA‬‬ ‫ظيلي‬ ‫خؽى‬
‫‪Histones‬‬ ‫‪Absent‬‬ ‫‪Present‬‬
‫ال ًوصد ثرودٌَ اىهصذون‬ ‫دذواصد ثرودٌِةت اىهصذون وًيذف ظوىهة‬
‫‪ DNA‬ىهى ًهون اىهروٌوشوم‬
‫‪Chromosomes‬‬ ‫‪No Chromosomes‬‬ ‫‪DNA packed in to‬‬
‫ال دذواصد اىهروٌوشوٌةت‬ ‫‪Chromosomes‬‬
‫ًذهدس ‪ٌ DNA‬هوُة اىهرٌوشوم‬
‫‪Nucleus‬‬ ‫‪No nucleus‬‬ ‫‪True nucleus‬‬
‫الدعذوى قيى ُواة‬ ‫دعذوى قيى ُواة ظلٌلٌح‬
‫‪Nucleus membrane‬‬ ‫‪Absent‬‬ ‫‪Present‬‬
‫ال ًوصد غشةء ُووى‬ ‫ًوصد غشةء ُووى ًعٌػ ثِواة اىخيٌح‬
‫‪Organelles‬‬ ‫‪Absent‬‬ ‫‪Present‬‬
‫ال دوصد‬ ‫دوصد قغٌةت خيوًح‬

‫)‪Prokaryotic cells are present in bacteria and archaea (unicellular‬‬

‫اىخالًة ثدااٌح اىِواة دذواصد فى اىجهذٌرًة وثكظ اىهةاِةت االوىٌح اىجصٌؽح اشٍهة ‪ Archaea‬وهى نةاِةت‬
‫اظةدًح اىخيٌح ‪unicellular‬‬

‫‪Eukaryotic cells are more complex and make up the rest of the living things‬‬
‫)‪(animals – plants - Fungi‬‬

‫اىخالًة ظلٌلٌح اىِواة فهى انسر دكلٌدا وهى اىذى ًذهون ٌِهة ثةكى اىهةاِةت اىعٌح ٌَ (ظٌوان وُجةت‬
‫وفؽرًةت )‬

‫لزلك يوكي تقسين الخاليا حقيقيت الٌىاة الً خاليا ‪:‬‬

‫‪Prokaryotic cells are divided to:‬‬

‫‪Animal cells‬‬ ‫اىخالًة اىعٌواٌُح‬

‫‪Plant cells‬‬ ‫اىخالًة اىِجةدٌح‬

‫وفيوا يلً هقاسًت سشيعت بيي الٌىعيي‬

‫‪5‬‬
 ‫‪Animal cells‬‬ ‫‪Plant cells‬‬
‫‪Size‬‬ ‫)‪Small (10-30 um‬‬ ‫)‪Large (10-100 um‬‬
‫الحجن‬
‫‪Cell wall‬‬ ‫‪Absent‬‬ ‫)‪Present (Rigid , provides stability‬‬
‫الجذاس الخلىي‬ ‫ال ًوصد صدار خيوى ىيخيٌح‬ ‫ًوصد صدار خيوى شٌٍم ًوفر اىدقً واىلوة‬
‫اىعٌواٌُح‬
‫‪Energy‬‬ ‫‪Mitochondrion‬‬ ‫‪Chloroplasts‬‬
‫هصذس الطاقت‬ ‫قَ ؼرًق اىٌٍذونوُدرًة‬ ‫اىجالشذٌدات اىخغراء‬
‫‪Large central‬‬ ‫‪Absent‬‬ ‫‪Present‬‬
‫‪vacuole‬‬ ‫ال دوصد‬ ‫دوصد فضوة قطةرًح نجٌرة‬
‫الفجىة العصاسيت‬

‫وهعظن تشكيض دساستٌا سيٌصب علً الخليت الحيىاًيت‬

‫‪6‬‬
 ‫‪Cell Architecture‬‬

‫‪The Eukaryotic cell in generally composed of the following components:‬‬

‫واىكغٌةت اٍدٌح‬
‫ّ‬ ‫اىذرانٌت‬
‫ثشهو قةم ٌَ ّ‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫اىِواة‬
‫اىخيٌح ظلٌلٌح ّ‬
‫ّ‬ ‫دذهون‬
‫ّ‬

‫‪1-Cell membrane (plasma‬‬ ‫اىغشةء اىخيوى ( اىغشةء اىجالزٌى )‬

‫)‪membrane‬‬
‫‪2- Intracellular components‬‬ ‫‪Cytoplasm‬‬ ‫اىصٌذوثالزم‬
‫اىٍهوُةت داخو اىخيٌح‬
‫‪Nucleus‬‬ ‫اىِواة‬

‫‪Endomembrane System‬‬ ‫اىِـةم اىغشةاي اىداخيي‬

‫‪Cytoskeleton‬‬ ‫اىهٌهو اىخيوى‬

‫‪3- Cell surface appendages‬‬ ‫اىزوااد اىصؽعٌح ( ٌسو االشواط واالهداب) دوصد فلػ فى‬
‫ثكظ اُواع ظلٌلٌةت اىِواة وىٌصخ فى نو االُواع‬

‫‪7‬‬
 Cell membrane

The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, is a biological membrane that surrounds

the cytoplasm of a cell; this membrane serves to separate and protect a cell from its
surrounding environment and is made mostly from a double layer of phospholipids.

‫غشةء اىخيٌح او اىغشةء اىجالزٌى – هو غشةء ظٌوى ركٌق ًعٌػ ثصٌذوثالزم اىخيٌح وًكٍو قيى فطو وظٍةًح‬
‫ٌهوُةت اىخيٌح قَ اىجٌبح اىٍعٌؽح وًذهون ثطورة اشةشٌح ٌَ ؼجلح ٌزدوصح ٌَ اىدهون اىفصفورًح‬

: ‫وهي اهن خىاص هزا الغشاء‬

The membrane is semi-permeable, and selectively permeable. (That controls the

passage of materials in and out of the cell according to the needs of the cell).

‫اُح شجح ٌِفذ او ًذٍذف ثخةضٌح اىِفةذًح االخذٌةرًح ( اي ًذعهً فى ٌرور اىٍواد ٌَ واىي اىخيٌح ظصت‬
) ‫اظذٌةصةت اىخيٌح‬

Cell surface membranes also contain receptor proteins that allow cells to detect external
signaling.

‫اًغة ًعٍو اىغشةء اىخيوى قيى شؽعح ٌصذلجالت دٍهَ اىخيٌح ٌَ اىذكرف قيى االشةرات واىٍسٌرات‬
‫اىخةرصٌح‬

Function ‫الىظائف‬

Compartmentalization, ‫دعدًد و قزل اىخيٌح وٌهوُةدهة قَ اىجٌبح اىٍعٌؽح‬

‫وفطو اىخالًة قَ ثكغهة اىجكظ‬
Separate cells from environment and from
one another.
Providing a selectively permeable ‫ًوفر اىِفةذًح االخذٌةرًح ًِـً ٌرور اىٍواد ٌَ واىي‬
‫اىخيٌح‬
Regulates movement of materials (Type &
amount ) in to and out of the cell ‫دذعهً فى ُوع و نٌٍح اىٍواد اىذى ددخو او دخرج‬

Transporting Solutes
Membrane have transporting proteins carry
Solutes (from low to high concentration)
‫ُلو اىٍواد اىذااجح – ظٌر ًعذوى اىغشةء اىخيوى قيى‬
‫ثرودٌِةت خةضح دعٍو اىٍواد اىذااجح قجر غشةء اىخيٌح‬
‫ودصخدم ديم االىٌح قِدٌة ًر اد ُلو ٌواد ٌة قهس‬
‫درنٌزهة اى دِلو ٌَ اىذرنٌز االكو اىى االقيي‬

Cell Signaling ‫قَ ؼرًق اىٍصذلجالت قيى‬ ‫ُلو االشةرات اىخيوًح‬

Help in cell interaction :
- Respond to external stimuli
- Intercellular interaction
ٌَ‫شؽط اىغشةء فةُهة دصةقد في ظدوث اىذفةقو ث‬
‫اىخيٌح وٌعٌؽهة ظٌر دصةقد اىخيٌح فى اىذكرف قيي‬
‫اىٍسٌرات اىخةرصٌح‬
‫دصةقد في اىذواضو ثٌَ اىخالًة وثكغهة اىجكظ‬

8
‫‪Membrane acts to organize and maintain‬‬ ‫اىدقً اىهٌهيي ىيخيٌح – اى ًصةقد قيى اىعفةظ قيى‬
‫‪the cell's shape‬‬ ‫شهو اىخيٌح وًدقهٍة‬

‫‪Structures of cell membrane‬‬

‫‪The cell membrane is composed in the simplest form a double layer (bilayer) of‬‬
‫‪phospholipids with proteins embedded in the membrane.‬‬

‫يتركب الغشاء الخلىي فً ابسظ صىرة مه طبقت مزدوجت مه الذهىن الفسفىريت مع بروتيناث مضمنت فً الغشاء‪.‬‬

‫هزا هى التصىس الحالي لشكل غشاء الخليت ولكي لكي ًصل الي هزا التصىس هش بعذة هشاحل وًظشياث عبش التاسيخ ًلقي‬
‫الضىء عليها فيوا يلي ‪:‬‬

‫‪9‬‬
1- Davson–Danielli model (1935)
Proposed in 1935 by Hugh Davson and James Danielli. The model describes
a phospholipid bilayer that lies between two layers of globular proteins

ٌَ ‫ وافذرض ان اىغشةء اىخيوى ًذرنت‬5391 ‫كدم هذا اىٍِوذج ثواشؽح اىكةىٌٍَ داًفصون وداًٌٌِو قةم‬

‫ؼجلذٌَ ٌَ اىدهون اىفصفورًح وىهَ ٌغؽى ٌَ اىداخو واىخةرج ثؽجلح ٌَ اىجرودٌِةت اىٍعججح‬

2-Fluid mosaic model )1972 (

The fluid mosaic model expanded on the Davson–Danielli model by including
transmembrane proteins, and eliminated the previously-proposed globular proteins
layers that were not well-supported by experimental evidence.

‫اىٍِوذج اىفصٌفصةاي اىٍةاف ًُشٌر هذا اىٍِوذج إىى أن غشةء اىخيٌح ًذهون ٌَ ؼجلح زِةاٌح ٌَ اىدهون‬

‫اىفصفورًح واىذي ًِغرس فٌهة ثكظ أُواع اىجرودٌِةت وكةم ثةىغةء اكذراح اىٍِوذج اىصةثق ان ؼجلح اىدهون‬

.‫ٌغؽةة ثؽجلح ٌَ اىجرودٌِةت اىٍعججح‬

3-Recent Model
The current model was based on the fluid mosaic model but suggested the presence
of short chains of sugar (Carbohydrate) linked to phospholipid to be glycolipids or
linked to membrane proteins to form glycoprotein, which often acts as receptors on
the cell membrane.

‫اقذٍد اىٍِوذج اىعةىى قيى ٍُوذج اىفصٌفصةء اىٍةاف وىهَ اكذرح وصود شالشو كطٌرة ٌَ اىصهر دردجػ‬
‫ثؽجلح اىدهون ىذهون صيٌهوىٌجٌد او دردجػ ثجرودٌِةت اىغشةء ىذهون صيٌهوثرودٌَ وهى غةىجة دكٍو‬
‫نٍصذلجالت قيى غشةء اىخيٌح‬

11
 ‫يتشكب الغشاء الخلىي كيوياءا هي الوكىًاث لتاليت ( بٌاءا علً الٌوارج السابقت )‬

‫‪Membrane lipids‬‬ ‫دهون‬

‫‪Membrane proteins‬‬ ‫ثرودٌِةت‬

‫‪Membrane carbohydrate‬‬ ‫نرثوهٌدرات‬

‫‪Membrane lipids‬‬

‫‪There are 3 main types of Membrane lipids‬‬

‫ًوصد ‪ 9‬اُواع اشةشٌح ٌَ اىدهون فى غشةء اىخيٌح ‪:‬‬

‫)‪Phospholipids) phosphoglyrides‬‬ ‫اىدهون اىفوشفورًح‬

‫‪Sphingolipids‬‬ ‫شفٌِضو ىٌجٌد‬
‫)‪Sterols (cholesterol‬‬ ‫االشذٌرول (اىهوىٌصذرول)‬

‫)‪Phospholipids : ( Phosphoglycerides‬‬

‫‪Phospholipids are a class of lipids that are a major component of all cell‬‬
‫‪membranes. They can form lipid bilayers because of their amphiphilic characteristic.‬‬

‫اىدهون اىفصفورًح – دٍسو ٌكـً اُواع دهون اىغشةء وهى اىٍهون اىراٌصي ىغشةء اىخيٌح ودهون ؼجلح‬
‫ٌزدوصح ثصجت خواضهة اىذرنٌجٌح اىٌٍٍزة ظٌر دذرنت ٌَ ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(glycerol + 2 fatty acid +Phosphate group‬‬

‫واىدهون اىفوشفورًح ‪ -‬صزًبةت دهوُخ ٌَ شيصيح أشةشٌح ٌَ اىضيصرول وشيصيذٌَ ٌَ األظٍةض اىدهٌِح‬
‫اىعرة وٌضٍوقح فوشفةت نعوىٌح وًصٍى صزئ اىدهون اىفوشفورًح هذا ‪.‬‬

‫‪Amphipathic Phospholipids molecules‬‬

‫اى صزًبةت اىدهون اىفوشفورًح ٌذلةثيح اىزٌر ‪ -‬وهو ذو شهو ودرنٌت ٌٌٍز شِذكرعح ‪:‬‬

‫‪11‬‬
‫‪Amphipathic Phospholipids molecules‬‬
‫‪The fundamental building blocks of all cell membranes are phospholipids, which are‬‬
‫‪amphipathic molecules, consisting of two hydrophobic fatty acid chains linked to a‬‬
‫‪phosphate-containing hydrophilic head group. Because their fatty acid tails are‬‬
‫‪poorly soluble in water‬‬
‫صزًبةت اىدهون اىفوشوفورًح هى وظدات اىجِةء االشةشٌح ىيغشةء اىخيوى وهى قيى شهو رأس ىه ذًالن ؛‬
‫أًغة‪ .‬أٌة ذًال‬ ‫ًّ‬
‫كؽجٌة وًِضذب اىرأس اىلؽجي إىى اىٍةء‪ ،‬ألن اىٍةء كؽجي ً‬ ‫رأشة‬
‫هون ٌضٍوقح اىفوشفةت ً‬ ‫ظٌر دُ ِ‬
‫ّ‬
‫األظٍةض اىدهٌِح اىعرة فهٍة غٌر كؽجٌةن وًذِةفران ٌف اىٍةء‬

‫ًجلي ثجصةؼح صزئ اىدهون اىفوشفورًح دة قجةرة قَ رأس ‪ head‬وهى ٌضٍوقح اىفوشفةت واىراس دى‬
‫ٌَ خواضهة اُهة ‪ً hydrophilic‬كِى كؽجٌح وٌكِى كؽجٌح اى ٌعجح ىيٍةء ودِضذب ىح‬
‫ؼٌت اىرأس دى ثٌِزل ٌِهة ذًالن ‪ Tail‬وهٍة شيصيذٌَ االظٍةض اىدهٌِح اىي ادهيٍِة قِهً في اىذرنٌت‬
‫وٌَ خواضهة اُهة ‪ hydrophobic‬غٌر كؽجٌح اى نةرهح ىيٍةء ودذِةفر ٌكح ىٌهون شهو اىضزي نٍة اىرشً‬
‫اىذةىي‬

‫يبقي دة جضئ الذهىى الفىسفىسيت وحذة البٌاء االساسيت للغشاء البالصهً – وعشفٌا كام هعلىهت هٌلخصها‬

‫اوال اى الجضئ دة ‪ Amphipathic‬وقىلنا ترجمتها متقابل الزمر ( دي الترجمت اما معناها )‬

‫‪Amphipathic‬‬ ‫‪Contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions‬‬

‫ٌكِةهة هو اىضزئ اىذي ًعذوى قيى نال ٌَ ٌِةؼق ٌعجح ىيٍةء وٌِةؼق نةرهح‬
‫ىيٍةء‬

‫طيب فاكشيي قىلٌا ايت الوٌطقت الوحبت للواء وايت الوٌطقت الكاسهت للواء‬

‫‪HEAD = HYDROPHILIC‬‬ ‫ٌِؽلح اىرأس – ٌعجح ىيٍةء او كؽجٌح‬

‫‪TAIL = HYDROPHOBIC‬‬ ‫ٌِؽلح اىذًو – نةرهح ىيٍةء او غٌر كؽجٌح‬

‫‪Amphipathic Phospholipids molecules arrange together to form a thin layer‬‬

‫دذضٍف صزًبةت اىدهون اىفوشفورًح ودذردت ثضوار ثكغهة ىذهون ؼجلح ركٌلح‬

‫‪12‬‬
 ‫ويتكىى الغشاء الخلىي هي طبقتيي هي الذهىى الفىسفىسيت هتعاكستيي ويتن تسويتهن‬

‫‪Lipid bilayer‬‬ ‫طبقت الذهىى الوضدوجت‬

‫‪The cell membrane consists primarily of a thin layer of amphipathic phospholipids‬‬

‫‪that spontaneously arrange so that the hydrophobic "tail" regions are isolated from‬‬
‫‪the surrounding water while the hydrophilic "head" regions interact with the‬‬
‫‪intracellular (cytosolic) and extracellular faces of the resulting bilayer. This forms a‬‬
‫‪continuous, spherical lipid bilayer‬‬

‫هون فٌهة ذًول األظٍةض اىدهٌِح‬ ‫دشهو صزًبةت ؼجلذي اىدهون اىفوشفورًح ٌة ًشجه اىشؽٌرة‪ ،‬ظٌر دُ ِ‬
‫ّ‬
‫هون رؤوس اىدهون اىفوشفورًح ٌواصهح ىيجٌبح‬ ‫اىضزء اىداخيي (األوشػ) ٌَ اىغشةء اىجالزٌي‪ ،‬في ظٌَ دُ ِ‬
‫ّ‬
‫ٌهٍة في دهوًَ اىغشةء اىجالزٌي وأدااه ىوؿٌفذه‪.‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫وً ُّ‬
‫كد اىذرنٌت اىٍزدوج‬ ‫اىصةايح داخو اىخيٌح وخةرصهة‪ُ ،‬‬
‫فصفرة ثؽرًلح دضكو اىرؤوس اىلؽجٌح هي األكرب إىى صزًبةت اىٍةء‪ ،‬واىذًول غٌر‬ ‫َ‬ ‫اىٍ‬ ‫َّ‬
‫دذردت اىدهون ُ‬
‫ٌكة ثهذا اىٍِػ فإُهة دُ ِ‬
‫شهو ظةصزً ا‬ ‫فصفرة ً‬
‫َ‬ ‫اىٍ‬
‫دذضٍف صزًبةت اىدهون ُ‬
‫َّ‬ ‫اىلؽجٌح هي األثكد قِهة‪ .‬وقِدٌة‬
‫ّ‬
‫شؽعةه كؽجي وأوشؽه غٌر كؽجي‪ .‬و ذىم اىعةصز اىشعٍي ىغشةء اىخيٌح ًٍِف ُفةذًح اىٍةء خالىه وىذىم ال‬
‫ُّ‬
‫دٍر اىٍواد اىذااجح في اىٍةء ثصهوىح قجر اىغشةء اىجالزٌي؛ ألن وشػ اىغشةء غٌر اىلؽجي ًُكٌلهة‪ .‬وههذا‬
‫ًصذؽٌف اىغشةء اىجالزٌي فطو ثٌبح اىخيٌح اىداخيٌح قَ ثٌبذهة اىخةرصٌح‬

‫‪Sphingolipids are a class of lipids containing a backbone of sphingoid bases, a set‬‬

‫‪of aliphatic amino alcohols that includes sphingosine.‬‬

‫اىدهون اىذي دعذوي‬

‫شفٌِضو ىٌجٌد – دوصد ثِصجح كيٌيح صدا فى اىغشةء اىجالزٌى وهي فبح ٌَ فبةت ّ‬
‫األٌٌٌِح‬
‫ّ‬ ‫اىهعوىٌةت األىٌفةدٌح‬
‫ّ‬ ‫اىصفٌِضوىٌحو ٌضٍوقح ٌَ‬
‫ّ‬ ‫أشةشي قيى أشةس (دقةٌح)ٌَ اىلواقد‬
‫ّ‬ ‫ثشهو‬
‫دذغٍَ شفٌِغوزًَ‬
‫ّ‬ ‫اىذي‬

‫‪These compounds play important roles in signal transduction and cell recognition.‬‬

‫وهى ديكت دورا هةٌة فى دهوًَ اىٍصذلجالت قيى شؽط اىخالًة ىِلو االشةرات‬

‫‪13‬‬
Sterols (cholesterol) :

Often contributing up to 50% of lipids in plasma membranes. Cholesterol is

important in the membrane as it helps to maintain cell membrane stability at varying
temperatures.

‫االشذٌرول – واهٍهة اىهوىٌصذرول وًوصد ثِصجح نجٌرة فى غشةء اىخيٌح وًكٍو قيى زجةت اىغشةء اىخيوى‬
‫فى درصةت اىعرارة اىٍخذيفح‬

The cell membrane proteins:

3 types of protein:

‫ اُواع ٌَ ثرودٌِةت اىغشةء‬9 ‫ًوصد‬

Integral proteins ‫اىجرودٌِةت اىٍِدٌضح‬

peripheral protein: ‫اىجرودٌِةت اىٍعٌؽٌح‬

Lipid-anchored proteins ‫اىجرودٌِةت اىٍردهزة قيى اىدهون‬

1) Integral proteins: It penetrates the lipid bilayer.

‫اىجرودٌِةت اىٍِدٌضح اىذي دخذرق ؼجلح اىدهون اىٍزدوصح ودِغرس ثهة وهى اٌة دهون‬

Transmembrane proteins are integral proteins that Pass entirely through

membrane and can act as pathways for ions and molecules.

‫ثرودٌِةت ٌِدٌضح قةثرة قجر اىغشةء ظٌر دخذرق نةٌو اىغشةء اىخيوى وغةىجة دكٍو نلِوات ُلو االًوُةت‬
‫واىضزًبةت قجر اىغشةء‬

Unilateral proteins: reach only part way across the membrane

‫ هى ( ٌَ صةُت واظد) وهى ثرودٌِةت دِغرس صزاٌة فى غشةء‬unilateral ‫اىذرصٍح اىعرفٌح ىٍطؽيط‬
‫اىخيٌح وال دخذرق وضوال ىيضةُت االخر‬

2) Peripheral protein: that are attached only to surface of the membrane by none
covalent bonds and don’t penetrate (it may be located in both sides of membrane)

‫اىجرودٌِةت اىٍعٌؽٌح اىٍيذطلح ثصؽط اىغشةء) قَ ؼرًق رواثػ غٌر دصةهٌٍح ) ٌَ دون وًٍهَ ان دذواصد‬
‫قيى اى ٌَ اىصؽعٌَ اىداخيى او اىخةرصى ىيغشةء‬

14
3) Lipid-anchored proteins are attached to lipid molecules by Covalent bonds

‫اىجرودٌِةت اىٍردهزة قيى اىدهون دردجػ ثراثؽح دصةهٌٍح ٌف صزًبةت اىدهون فى اىغشةء‬

2- Intracellular components

1-Cytoplasm
The internal Fluid that fills the cell, where most of cell metabolism occurs.

‫اىصٌذوثالزم هو اىصةاو اىذى ًٍيئ اىخيٌح ودعدث ثه ٌكـً اىكٍيٌةت اىعٌوًح‬

which includes: the cytosol (water and dissolved ions, proteins)

‫ًٍهَ ان ًؽيق قيي اىصةاو اىٍعذوى اىٍةء واالًوُةت اىذااجح واىجرودٌِةت ٌطؽيط اىصٌصذول أٌة‬

Cytoplasm – (Organelles suspended in the cytosol).

‫اىصٌذوثالزم فهو ٌضٍوع اىصٌصذول واىكغٌةت اىخيوًح اىٍكيلح فٌح‬

15
2-Endomembrane System

The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are

suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the
cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles.

ً‫ودلص‬
ُ ٍ
،‫كيلح في شٌذوثالزم ظلٌلٌةت اىِوى‬ ٍ
ٌُ ‫أغشٌح‬ ٌَ ‫ٌهون‬
ٌ ‫ُـةم‬
ٌ ‫هو‬
ٍ
.‫ظضرات وؿٌفٌح وثٌِوًح أو قغٌةت‬ ‫هذه األغشٌح اىخيٌح إىى‬

Organelles are connected directly by continuous membranes

‫ظٌر ًرثػ هذا اىِـةم اىغشةاي ثطورة ٌجةشرة ثٌَ ٌكـً اىكغٌةت اىخيوًح‬

: ‫واهً ديم اىكغٌةت هى‬

Endoplasmic reticulum:

An extensive network of closed membrane that form a closed sac called cisternae

‫ دغزو هذه اىشجهح صٌٍف أصزاء‬.‫شجهح ٌَ األغشٌح دذخذ شهو االٌُجٌجةت و األوقٌح اىدكٌلح اىٍذشةثهح‬
Cisternae ‫ ودشهو ٌةًشجح نٌس ٌغيق ًصٍى‬.‫ دذطو ثهو ٌَ غشةء اىخيٌح وغشةء اىِواة‬.‫اىصٌذوثالزم‬

2 type of E R: :‫هناك نوعان لهذه الشبكة‬

Rough endoplasmic Contain Ribosomes That Are The Protein Synthesizing Machines
reticulum ‫ وهى ٌطةُف‬.‫ ًوصد قيى شؽعهة اىراًجوزوٌةت‬- ‫الشبكت اإلًذوبالصهيت الوحببت‬
)‫اىجرودٌَ في اىخيٌح (دكٍو قيى دطٌِف ودضٌٍف اىجرودٌِةت‬
Smooth endoplasmic Network of fine tubules continuous with rough ER.
reticulum
ٌَ ‫شجهح ٌَ االُةثٌت اىدكٌلح اىٍيصةء ًخيو شؽعهة‬: ‫الشبكت اإلًذوبالصهيت الولساء‬
‫اىراًجوزوٌةت‬
Function: site of lipid synthesis ( Fatty acid – phospholipids )

‫ًضرى قِد شؽعهة قٍيٌح دطٌِف اىدهون ) االظٍةض اىدهٌِح واىدهون‬

‫اىفصفورًح ) وًذً ثهة اًغة واىكدًد ٌَ اىكٍيٌةت االُزًٌٍح في اىخيٌح‬

16
Golgi Apparatus

The Golgi apparatus is comprised of a series of flattened sacs that extend from the
endoplasmic reticulum.

‫ وًلوم‬.‫ ٌَ شيصيه ٌَ اىعوًطالت اىٍصؽعح اىذي دٍذد ٌَ اىشجهٌح االُدوثالزٌٌه‬Golgi ‫ًذهون صهةز‬
: ٌَ‫ثوؿٌفذٌَ أشةشذ‬

1-Modifies products of the endoplasmic reticulum to their final form.

‫نٍة ذنرُة شةثلة ان اىرًجوشوٌةت فى اىشجهح االُدوثالزٌٌح دلوم ثذطٌِف ودضٌٍف اىجرودٌِةت واىذى ددفف ثهة‬
‫اىى صهةز صوىضى ىٌلوم ثةىكدًد ٌَ اىذكدًالت قيى ديم اىٍواد ظذى دطو اىى شهيهة اىِهةاي‬

2-moves and transport the modified molecules out of the complex to their
destination by using vesicles which released out of the complex and carry the
molecules to its destination.

‫ًلوم ثِلو اىضزًبةت واىجرودٌِةت اىذى دً دكدًيهة اىى وصهذهة اىِهةاٌح في اىخيٌح قَ ؼرًق افراز ظوًطالت‬
‫دخرج ٌَ اىضهةز ودعٍو ديم اىزًبةت اىى وصهذهة‬

17
 The lysosomes

A lysosome is a membrane-bound cell organelle that contains a group of digestive

enzymes termed acid lysosomal hydrolases (Protease – Nuclease – Phosphatase,…..)

‫اصصةم ظوًطيٌح دكٌلح ًعةط نو ٌِهة ثغشةء دعذوي ثداخيهة قيى اُزًٍةت هةعٍح دِذٍى ىٍضٍوقح‬
‫اىهٌدروىٌز‬

Lysosomes are responsible for degrading digestion and removal of unwanted

material.

‫دكذجر اىوؿٌفح االشةشٌح ىيٌصوشوٌةت هى اىذخيص ٌَ اىٍواد غٌر اىٍرغوثح داخو اىخيٌح قَ ؼرًق هغٍهة‬
: ‫ودعيٌيهة ثواشؽح االُزًٍةت داخيهة واهً ٌهةٌهة‬

1-Aged and damaged cell organelle is degraded in lysosome in process called

(Autophagy)

‫ٌهوُةت وقغٌةت اىخيٌح اىذةىفح ًذً اىذخيص ٌِهة قجر هغٍهة ودهصٌرهة داخو اىيٌصوشوم وًؽيق قيى‬
‫ أى االىذهةم اىذادى‬Autophagy ‫اىكٍيٌح‬

2- Any strange material that taken inside the cell by endocytosis or phagocytosis like
bacteria is degraded inside the lysosome.

ً‫اى ٌواد غرًجح ددخو اىى اىخالًة قَ ؼرًق قٍيٌح االىذهةم ٌسو اىجهذٌرًة ٌسال او اى ثرودٌِةت غرًجح ًذ‬
‫اىذخيص ٌِهة ودهصٌرهة داخو اىيٌصوشوم‬

18
 Peroxisomes

Spherical organelles (like lysosomes) but contain Oxidase and catalase enzymes

‫هي صصٌٍةت شجٌهح فٌزًةاٌةً ثةىيٌصوشوم و ىهِهة دخذيف قِهة في اُهة دعوي‬: ‫اىضصٌٍةت اىجٌرونصٌدًح‬
‫إُزًٍةت االونصٌدًز واىهةديٌز‬

They function to rid the cell of toxic oxidative substance like H202 or other metabolic
waste product

‫وؿٌفذح االشةشٌح هى اىذخيص ٌَ اىٍواد اىٍؤنصدة اىصةٌح اىِةدضح ٌَ قٍيٌةت االًظ اىخيوى الن‬
‫درانٍهة ًعدث دصًٍ ىيخيٌح‬

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are rod-shaped organelles that can be considered the power

generators of the cell.

‫قغٌح خيوًح قطوًح اىشهو ودكذجر ٌعؽح دوىٌد اىؽةكح ىيخيٌح‬

Structure of Mitochondria

Mitochondria have two membranes, an outer membrane and an inner membrane.

The outer membrane covers the surface of the mitochondrion, while the inner
membrane is located within and has many folds called cristae. The folds increase
surface area of the membrane

‫ ًِسِي اىغشةء اىداخيي قدة زٌِةت ًكرف نو واظدة ٌِهة‬. ‫دذهون ٌَ غشةءًَ أظدهٍة خةرصي واٍخر داخيي‬
‫ ( واىذى دكٍو قيى زًةدة اىصؽط اىداخيي ىيٌٍذونوُدرًة‬Crista) ‫ثةىسٌِح‬

The space between the outer and inner membranes is called the
intermembrane space, and the space inside the inner membrane is called the
matrix.

‫ واىٍصةظح داخو‬intermembrane space ‫اىٍصةظح اىٍوصودة ثٌَ اىغشةء اىداخيى واىخةرصي دصٍى‬
matrix ‫اىغشةء اىداخيي دصٍى‬

19
Mitochondria have their own DNA that is separate from the DNA in the cell’s nucleus.
It is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA

‫ اىٍوصود فى ُواة اىخيٌح‬DNA َ‫دعذوى قيى ظٍظ ُووى خةص ثهة ًهون ٌِفطو ق‬

Function of Mitochondria

Mitochondria produce ATP through Converting oxygen and nutrients into adenosine
triphosphate (ATP). ATP is the chemical energy of the cell that powers the cell's
metabolic activities. This process is called aerobic respiration

‫( وهو ٌرنت اىؽةكح‬ATP). ٌَ‫ًذً في اىٌٍذونوُدرًة إُذةج اىٍرنت اىهٌٌٍةاي زالزي فوشفةت االدًِوش‬
‫االشةشي ىيخالًة قَ ؼرًق قٍيٌةت دعوًو االنصضصَ واىٍواد اىٍغذًح اىى ؼةكح‬

The amount of mitochondria in a cell depends on how much energy that cell needs
to produce.

‫ًكذٍد قدد اىٌٍذونِدرًة داخو اىخيٌح اىواظدة قيى ٌدى اىؽةكح اىذى دعذةصهة ديم اىخيٌح ونيٍة زادت‬
‫اىوؿةاف االًغٌح ىيخيٌح زاد اظذٌةصهة ىيؽةكح وثةىذةىي زاد قدد اىٌٍذونوُدرًة‬

21
 Endosomes

Endosomes. They are formed through processes which are known collectively as
endocytosis.

) ‫اىضصًٌ اىداخيى – ًذهون خالل قٍيٌح االُدوشٌذوزز وهى قٍيٌح ًذً فٌهة ادخةل ٌواد ( خةضح ثرودٌِةت‬
‫اىى داخو اىخيٌح‬

They act as temporary vesicles for transportation.to deliver to lysosome

‫دكٍو نةوقٌح ُلو ٌؤكذح دعٍو اىٍواد اىداخيح ىيخيٌح قجر قٍيٌح االُدوشٌذوزز ودصيٍهة اىى اىيٌصوشوم‬

Nucleus

The cell nucleus is a largest organelle in animal cell , nuclei contain most of
the cell's genetic material The nucleus maintains the integrity of genes and
controls the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression
‫هى انجر قغٌح فى اىخيٌح اىعٌواٌُح – واىذى دعٍو ودعذوى قيى ٌكـً اىٍةدة اىورازٌح ىيخيٌح ودكذجر ٌرنز‬
‫اىذعهً فى قٍيٌةت اىخيٌح قجر دِـًٌ قٍيٌةت اىذكجٌر اىضٌِى‬

It is found in all animal cells except erythrocytes (RBCs) .

‫دوصد فى نو اىخالًة اىعٌواٌُح ٌةقدا خالًة نرات اىدم اىعٍراء‬

Cell Nucleus Structure

A cell nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane, known as the nuclear envelope.

This membrane covers and protects the DNA from physical and chemical damage.

َ‫دعةط ُواة اىخيٌح ثغشةء ٌزدوج ًصٍى اىغشةء اىِووى واىذي ًعٍى وًكزل اىٍةدة اىورازٌح داخو اىِواة ق‬
ٌَ‫اىصٌذوثالزم اىخةرصي ىيخيٌح وهذا اىغشةء ًذهون ٌَ ؼجلذ‬

The inner membrane defines the nucleus itself.

‫اىغشةء اىداخيي ًعٌػ ثةىِواة وًعدهة‬

21
The outer membrane is in contact with the cytoplasm, and connects in some
places to the endoplasmic reticulum.
‫اىغشةء اىخةرصي ًذطو ثةىصٌذوثالزم نٍة ًذطو ثةىشجهح االُدوثالزٌٌح‬

Nuclear pores create passages through the nuclear membrane, and allow
products of the cell nucleus to enter the cytoplasm or endoplasmic reticulum.
‫ًوصد قجر االغشٌح اىِووًح زلوب دكٍو نٍٍرات ىكجور اىٍواد ثٌَ اىِواة وثٌَ شٌذوثالزم اىخيٌح دصٍى‬
Nuclear pores

Nucleolus – a dens subcompartment inside the nucleus where ribosomal RNA

is synthesized and assembled.

‫ اىرًجوشوٌى ودضٌٍكح‬RNA ‫اىِوًح – ٌِؽلح انسر نسةفح داخو اىِواة ظٌر ًذً فٌهة دطٌِف‬

22
 3- Cytoskeleton

Is a network of filaments and tubules that extends throughout a cell, through the
cytoplasm, which is all of the material within a cell except for the nucleus.

، ‫ ٌَ خالل اىصٌذوثالزم‬، ‫اىهٌهو اىخيوى هو شجهه ٌَ اىخٌوط واألُةثٌت اىذي دٍذد في صٌٍف اُعةء اىخيٌح‬
.‫وًٍذد قجر صٌٍف اىٍهوُةت داخو اىخيٌح ثةشذسِةء اىِواة‬
There are 3 types of filaments in animal cell.

1-Microfilaments composed of the protein actin organized in branching

network – to form flexible and dynamic structure
‫اىخٌوط اىدكٌلح‬ ‫ًذهون ٌَ ثرودٌَ االنذٌَ وًهون شجهح ٌذشكجح دذٌٍز ثةىٍروُح واىدًِةٌٌهٌح‬
‫اىعرنٌح‬
Microfilaments are part of muscle cells
‫دكذجر صزء ٌَ خالًة اىكغالت‬

2- Intermediate Strong – flexible ,rope like fibers that provide mechanical

Filaments strength to cells that subjected to Physical stress ( Neurons
‫ – اىخٌوط اىٍذوشؽح‬muscle cells , … )
ٌَ ‫اىٌةف اشجح ثةىعجةل وهى خٌوط اًغة وىهَ اشٍم ٌَ اىصةثلح ودذهون‬
‫اُواع ٌخذيفح ٌَ اىجرودٌِةت وهى دوفر اىدقً واىلوة خةضح فى اىخالًة اىذى‬
‫دذكرض ىعٍو كوى ٌسو اىخالًة اىكطجٌح واىخالًة اىكغيٌح‬
3-Microtubules Microtubules are the thickest of the cytoskeleton’s fibers
They are hollow Unbranched tubes made of tubulin protein.
‫االُةثٌت اىدكٌلح‬ ‫االُةثٌت اىدكٌلح هى اشٍم اُواع اىهٌةنو اىخيوًح وهى قجةرة قَ اُةثٌت‬
ٌَ‫ٌضوفح غٌر ٌذشكجح دذهون ٌَ ثرودٌَ ًصٍى اىذٌوثي‬
They are found in cell’s surface structures (flagella – cilia )
or in cell division (the fibers of mitotic spindle)
‫دوصد فى اىذرنٌجةت اىٍوصودة قيى شؽط اىخيٌح اىٍصبوىح قَ اىعرنح ٌسو‬
‫االشواط او االهداب أو كد دصذخدم قِد اُلصةم اىخيٌح نةىٌةف ىشد ُطفى‬
‫اىخيٌح‬

Function of the Cytoskeleton

Gives and maintain the cell shape.
Fixing the cell’s organelles in place
Allow of cell movement.
Movement of organelles and throughout
the cell by (Microtubules)
Essential in cell division
The cytoskeleton helps move
chromosomes during cell division.
‫اىعفةظ قيى شهو زةثخ ىيخيٌح‬
‫دسجٌخ اىكغٌةت اىخيوًح فى اٌةنِهة‬
‫دصةقد فى ظرنح اىخيٌح‬
‫دصةقد فى ُلو اىٍواد واىكغٌةت داخو اىخيٌح‬
‫ىه ادوار اشةشٌح ازِةء اُلصةم اىخيٌح ودوزًف‬
‫اىهرٌوشوٌةت ثٌَ ُطفى اىخيٌح كجو االُلصةم‬

23
 Surface appendages

They are extensions of cell plasma membrane like (Flagella –Cilia)

) ‫دكذجر اٌذداد ىيغشةء اىجالزٌى ىيخيٌح وٌَ اٌسيذهة ( االشواط واالهداب‬

They contain a bundle of Microtubules that gives them shape and motor protein that
push material across epithelial surfaces enable cell to move

‫نٍة كيِة شةثلة اُهة دذهون ٌَ ظزٌح ٌَ االُةثٌت اىدكٌلح ثةىغةفح اىى اىجرودٌِةت اىعرنٌح اىذى ددفف اىٍواد‬
: ‫ٌٍة ًكؽى اىخيٌح ظرنح اُلجةعٌح وًدفكهة ىالٌةم واهً اُواقهة نٍة كيِة‬

Flagella Long hair like motile organelle

‫االشواط‬ ‫قغو ظرنح ؼوًو ًشجح اىشكرة او اىذًو‬
Cilia short hair like motile organelle
‫االهداب‬ ‫اقغةء ظرنح كطٌرة دشجح اىشكٌرات‬

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

is network of extracellular macromolecules, such as collagen, enzymes,

and glycoproteins, that provide structural and biochemical support of surrounding
cells.

ً‫شجهح ٌَ اىضزًبةت دلف فى اىٍصةظح خةرج اىخيٌح وثٌَ اىخالًة ودلف وؿٌفذهة االشةشٌح فى دلدًً اىدق‬
‫ىيخالًة اىذى دعٌػ ثهة واهً وؿةافهة‬

Help organize cells into tissues and coordinates the cells work

‫دكٍو قيى دِـًٌ ودردٌت اىخالًة في االُصضح نٍة دكٍو قيى دِـًٌ اىذواضو ثٌَ اىخالًة اىٍهوُح ىيِصٌش‬
ً‫اىواظد وثةىذةىي اىكغو اىواظد وذىم ىذِـًٌ اىكٍو ثٌِه‬

24
 Membrane Transport

Transport is the movement of substances across the cell membrane

: ‫اىٍلطود ثكٍيٌح اىِلو هى ظرنح اىٍواد قجر غشةء اىخيٌح وٌَ اصو ذىم ًضت ان ُذذنر اىذةىي‬

1-Cell membrane is a bilayer of phospholipids (with hydrophobic core)

)‫اىغشةء اىخيوى ًذهون ٌَ ؼجلح ٌزدوصح ٌَ اىدهون اىفوشفورًح ( ٌف كيت غٌر كؽجى نةرة ىيٍةء‬

2- There is integral protein (trans- membrane) that work as channels across the cell
membrane

‫هِةك ثرودٌِةت دخذرق اىغشةء اىخيوى ىذشهو كِوات قجر اىغشةء اىخيوى‬

3- Cell membrane is a selective permeability

‫اىضدار اىخيوى ىه اىخةضٌح اىِفةذًح االخذٌةرًح ( اى ًصٍط ثٍرور ثكظ اىٍواد ثٌٍِة ًٍِف االخر ظصت اظذٌةصةت‬
) ‫اىخيٌح‬

There are several different types of membrane transport, depending on the characteristics of
the substance being transported and the direction of transport.

‫هِةك قدة ؼرق ىِلو اىٍواد قجر اىغشةء اىخيوى دخذيف ظصت خطةاص اىٍةدة اىٍراد ُليهة وادضةة اىِلو‬
: ‫واهً ديم اىؽرق‬

Passive transport ) ‫اىِلو اىصيجي ( اىِلو اىالُشػ‬

Active transport ‫اىِلو اىِشػ‬
Vesicle transport (Endocytosis) ) ‫اىِلو اىعوًطيي ( االىذلةم اىخيوى‬

Passive transport

The simplest method of transport and is dependent upon the concentration gradient
(move from high to low concentration) , no energy.

‫اثصػ اُواع قٍيٌةت اىِلو ًكذٍد قيى ُلو اىٍواد ٌَ اىذرنٌز االقيى دضةة اىذرنٌز االكو والن هذة اىكٍيٌح‬
: ٌَ‫قٍيٌح فٌزًةاٌح ؼجٌكٌح فةُهة الدعذةج اىي ؼةكح دِلصً ظصت ُوع اىٍواد اىٍِلوىح اىى ُوق‬

25
‫‪1-SIMPLE DIFFUSION‬‬

‫"‪"Small" "non-charged molecules" or "lipid soluble molecules‬‬

‫"رنز ٌكةى" دصذخدم ٌف ( صزًبةت ضغٌرة – غٌر ٌشعوُح – ىهة اىلدرة قيى اىذوثةن فى اىدهون ) ؼٌت‬
‫هذكدى ٌٌٌَِ ؟؟‬

‫‪It Pass between the phospholipids to enter or leave the cell,‬‬

‫هذكدى ودِذشر خالل اىغشةء قجر ؼجلةت اىدهون اىفصفورًح ىذىم اشذرؼِة اُهة دهون ضغٌرة فى اىعضً‬
‫والدعٍو شعِةت وىهة اىلدرة قيى اىذوثةن فى اىدهون ( ىو ُفذهر اُِة ذنرُة ان كيت اىغشةء نةرة ىيٍةء‬
‫ىذىم اى ٌواد ذااجح فى اىٍةء ىَ دكذجر ) "ؼٌت ادضةة اىكجور ازاى؟"‬

‫‪Moving from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration (they‬‬

‫‪move down their concentration gradient).‬‬

‫ٌَ اىذرنٌز االقيي اىى اىذرنٌز االكو ‪ -‬ؼٌت ىعد اٌذى هٌفغو ًِلو ؟؟‬

‫‪Small uncharged solute particles diffuse across the membrane until both sides of the‬‬
‫‪membrane have reached an equilibrium that is similar in concentration.‬‬

‫شوف دـو قٍيٌح ُلو اىٍواد ٌصذٍرة ظذى ًذصةوى درنٌز اىٍواد قيى صةُجى اىغشةء ودهون هِةك وعف‬
‫دوازن‬

‫) ‪This transport process is Spontaneous ( No energy needed‬‬

‫هذة اىكٍيٌح ذادٌح والدعذةج اىى ؼةكح وٌَ اٌسيح اىٍواد اىذى دِلو ثذيم اىؽرًلح ‪:‬‬

‫‪Oxygen and carbon dioxide‬‬

‫االنصضٌَ وزةُى انصٌد اىهرثون ًدخو وًخرج ٌَ اىخالًة ثذيم اىؽرًلح‬

‫;‪Factors affecting diffusion rates‬‬

‫‪The diffusion across phospholipid membrane will depend on:‬‬

‫‪concentration gradient,‬‬ ‫الُهة شذكجر ٌَ االقيي اىي االكو درنٌز اىٍواد‬

‫‪Molecule hydrophobicity‬‬ ‫كؽجٌح اىضزئ اىكةثر ( الثدان ًهون نةرة ىيٍةء ) ًذوب‬
‫في اىدهون‬
‫) ‪Size ( small is faster‬‬ ‫ظضً اىضزئ – االضغر ًكجر اشرع ثٌَ ؼجلةت اىدهون‬
‫‪Charge - membrane potential affect the pass of‬‬ ‫اىشعِح الثد ان ًهون غٌر ٌشعون الن اىضهد‬
‫‪charged Molecule‬‬ ‫اىغشةاي ًٍِف ٌرور اىضزًبةت اىٍشعوُح‬

‫‪26‬‬