Presentation on

System and Substation

Equipment
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01-04-06 -
 Utilities Power Systems

What is a Substation?
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 Utilities Power Systems

A Substation is a Junction Point in a

Distribution or Transmission System
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 Utilities Power Systems

Why Do We Have Them?

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 Utilities Power Systems

Substations are used to:

- Switch Circuits to control power flow

- Isolate faulty sections of the system

- Split the system to maintain fault levels

- Provide system flexibility

- Control the system voltage

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- Provide a change of voltage

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Transmission and Distribution Voltages

G Generation (Power Station)

24kV
275 or 400kV

275 or 400kV
132kV

132kV 11kV 132kV 132kV

33kV/ 33kV 22kV 24kV
66kV 11kV
415V LUL G
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Generation/Transmission/Distribution System
400 kV
Transmission
substation

Transformer
24/400kV

132 kV

33/66 kV

Main substation

400/230V
Secondary
substation
Distribution
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11/22 kV substation

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 Utilities Power Systems

Why do we Change Voltage

- To achieve a practical voltage for the application

- To reduce losses
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 Electrical Losses /wire sizes

Electrical Power = Voltage x Current (x Power Factor)

Losses = Current2 x Resistance

∴ For same Power, Higher Voltage =

Lower Current = Less Losses

or For same Power, Higher Voltage =

Lower Current = smaller wires

960 watts = 240 volts x 4 amps

4 amps needs 2.67 mm2 wire
Double voltage to 480 volts then
960 watts = 480 x 2 amps and
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2 amps needs only 1.33 mm2 wire

Half the size

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 Wire sizes

Imagine Transmitting 1,500,000 Watts Power ( feeds 15000 light bulbs)

need at 240 volts, 6250 amps and wire of 4200mm2, 75 mm diameter

if transmitted at 33000 volts then wire needed is 45mm2, 6mm diameter

Therefore at higher voltages need smaller wires ( one tenth in example)

This applies at all voltages

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 Standard Voltages

„ 11000 Local
„ 33000 District
„ 66000 Bulk District
„ 132000 System
„ 275000 Transmission
„ 400000 Transmission
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Equipment in Substations

Voltage Transformer A device to measure and use system voltage

Busbar The common connection

Disconnector An off-load device to provide isolation/selection

Earthing Switch A personnel safety device

Current Transformer A device to measure and use system current

Circuit Breaker A device to switch system and fault current

Earthing Switch

Disconnector
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Cable or Overhead Cable Box or Line Landing or Entry Gantry

Line Connection

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Protection and Control

Voltage Protection and Control Protection - Acts like Fuse or Miniature

Transformer Circuit Breaker at Home
e.g. Protects against damage
and Injury to Personnel

- Increases the Reliability of Supply

- Operates the Circuit Breaker

Current Control - Allows Equipment Operation

Transformers
} Protection and Control Remotely from the Equipment

- Allows information to be
Collected and Stored

Communication - Enables one substation to

talk to another
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 Utilities Power Systems

What Substation Configurations Are There?

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 Utilities Power Systems

Single Busbar Connection

Busbar

Bus-Section
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 Utilities Power Systems
Double Busbar Connection

Busbar 1

Busbar 2

Bus - Section

Bus -
Coupler
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 Utilities Power Systems

Four Switch Mesh (Ring System)

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 Utilities Power Systems

Substations Can Be:

Air Insulated (A.I.S.)

Gas Insulated (G.I.S.)

Blend into the Environment

Stick Out Like a Sore Thumb

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 Utilities Power Systems

Spot the Substation?

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 Utilities Power Systems

Now spot the

substation!!
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