Frequently Used Statistics Formulas and Tables

Chapter 2

highest value - lowest value

Class Width = (increase to next integer)
number classes

upper limit + lower limit

Class Midpoint =
2

Chapter 3 Chapter 3

n = sample size Limits for Unusual Data

N = population size Below : µ - 2σ
f = frequency Above: µ + 2σ
Σ =sum
w = weight Empirical Rule
About 68%: µ -σ to µ + σ
∑x About 95%: µ -2σ to µ + 2σ
Sample mean: x =
n About 99.7%: µ -3σ to µ + 3σ
∑x
Population mean: µ =
N s
Sample coefficient of variation: CV =  100%
∑( w • x) x
Weighted mean: x =
∑w σ
Population coefficient of variation: CV =  100%
∑( f • x) µ
Mean for frequency table: x =
∑f
highest value + lowest value Sample standard deviation for frequency table:
Midrange =
2 n [ ∑( f • x 2 ) ] − [ ∑( f • x) ] 2
s=
n (n − 1)
Range = Highest value - Lowest value
x−x
Sample z-score: z =
∑( x − x ) 2 s
Sample standard deviation: s =
n −1 x−µ
Population z-score: z =
∑( x − µ ) 2
σ
Population standard deviation: σ =
N
= Q3 − Q1
Interquartile Range: (IQR)
Sample variance: s 2
Modified Box Plot Outliers
Population variance: σ 2 lower limit: Q1 - 1.5 (IQR)
upper limit: Q3 + 1.5 (IQR)
Chapter 4 Chapter 5

Probability of the complement of event A Discrete Probability Distributions:

P (not A) = 1 - P ( A)
Mean of a discrete probability distribution:
Multiplication rule for independent events µ =∑[ x • P( x)]
P ( A and= B) P ( A) • P ( B )
Standard deviation of a probability distribution:
General multiplication rules
=
P ( A and B) P ( A) • P ( B, given A) σ = ∑[ x 2 • P( x)] − µ 2
=
P ( A and B) P ( A) • P ( A, given B )

Addition rule for mutually exclusive events Binomial Distributions

P ( A or B ) = P ( A) + P ( B ) r = number of successes (or x)
p = probability of success
General addition rule q = probability of failure
= P ( A or B ) P ( A) + P ( B ) − P ( A and B )
q= 1− p p + q=1

Binomial probability distribution

Permutation rule: n Pr =
n! P ( r ) = n Cr p r q n − r
(n − r )!
Mean: µ = np
n!
Combination rule: n Cr = Standard deviation: σ = npq
r !(n − r )!

Poisson Distributions
Permutation and Combination on TI 83/84
r = number of successes (or x)

µ = mean number of successes

n Math PRB nPr enter r (over a given interval)

Poisson probability distribution

n Math PRB nCr enter r
e− µ µ r
P(r ) =
r!
e ≈ 2.71828
Note: textbooks and formula
sheets interchange “r” and “x” µ = mean (over some interval)
for number of successes σ= µ

σ2 = µ

2
Chapter 6 Chapter 7

Normal Distributions Confidence Interval: Point estimate ± error

x zσ + µ
Raw score: = Point estimate = Upper limit + Lower limit
2
x−µ
Standard score: z =
σ Error = Upper limit - Lower limit
2
Mean of x distribution: µ x = µ  Sample Size for Estimating

σ means:
Standard deviation of x distribtuion: σ x =
z σ 
2
n n =  α /2 
(standard error)  E 

x −µ
Standard score for x : z = proportions:
σ/ n z 
2

ˆ ˆ  α / 2  with preliminary estimate for p

n = pq
 E 
Chapter 7
2
z 
One Sample Confidence Interval n = 0.25  α / 2  without preliminary estimate for p
 E 

for proportions (p) : (np > 5 and nq > 5) variance or standard deviation:
*see table 7-2 (last page of formula sheet)
pˆ − E < p < pˆ + E
p(1 − p) Confidence Intervals
where E = zα / 2
n
r Level of Confidence z-value ( zα / 2 )
pˆ =
n
70% 1.04
for means (µ ) when σ is known:
75% 1.15
x−E <µ < x+E
80% 1.28
σ
where E = zα / 2
n 85% 1.44
for means (µ ) when σ is unknown: 90% 1.645

x−E <µ < x+E 95% 1.96

s
where E = tα / 2
n 98% 2.33
with d . f .= n − 1
99% 2.58
(n − 1) s 2 (n − 1) s 2
for variance (σ 2 ) : < σ2 <
χ R2 χ L2
with d . f .= n − 1

3
 Chapter 8 Chapter 9

One Sample Hypothesis Testing Difference of means μ1 -μ 2 (independent samples)

Confidence Interval when σ 1 and σ 2 are known
pˆ − p (x1 − x2 ) − E < ( µ1 − µ2 ) < (x1 − x2 ) + E
for p (np > 5 and nq > 5) : z=
pq / n σ 12 σ 22
=
where E zα / 2 +
where q =
1 − p; pˆ =
r/n n1 n2

x −µ Hypothesis Test when σ 1 and σ 2 are known

for µ (σ known): z =
σ/ n ( x − x ) − ( µ1 − µ2 )
z= 1 2
x −µ σ 12 σ 22
for µ (σ unknown): t= with d . f .= n − 1 +
n1 n2
s/ n
(n − 1) s 2 Confidence Interval when σ 1 and σ 2 are unknown
for σ 2 : χ 2= with d . f .= n − 1
σ2 (x1 − x2 ) − E < ( µ1 − µ2 ) < (x1 − x2 ) + E

s12 s22
=E tα / 2 +
Chapter 9 n1 n2
with d . f . = smaller of n1 − 1 and n2 − 1
Two Sample Confidence Intervals
and Tests of Hypotheses
Hypothesis Test when σ 1 and σ 2 are unknown
Difference of Proportions (p1 − p2 ) ( x1 − x2 ) − ( µ1 − µ2 )
t=
s12 s22
Confidence Interval: +
n1 n2
(pˆ1 − pˆ 2 ) − E < ( p1 − p2 ) < (pˆ1 − pˆ 2 ) + E with d .=
f . smaller of n1 − 1 and n2 − 1

pˆ1qˆ1 pˆ 2 qˆ2
=
where E zα / 2 + Matched pairs (dependent samples)
n1 n2 Confidence Interval
pˆ1 =
r1 / n1 ; pˆ 2 =
r2 / n2 and qˆ1 =
1 − pˆ1 ; qˆ2 =
1 − pˆ 2 d − E < µd < d + E
s
=where E tα / 2 d with d.f. = n − 1
n
Hypothesis Test:
Hypothesis Test
( pˆ1 − pˆ 2 ) − ( p1 − p2 )
z= d − µd
pq pq t= with d . f .= n − 1
+ sd
n1 n2
n
where the pooled proportion is p
Two Sample Variances
r +r Confidence Interval for σ 12 and σ 22
p = 1 2 and q = 1 − p
n1 + n2  s2 1  σ 12  s12 1 
 12 • < 2 < 2 • 
=  s 2 Fright  σ 2  s 2 Fleft 
pˆ1 r1=
/ n1 ; pˆ 2 r2 / n2    

s12
Hypothesis Test=
Statistic: F where s12 ≥ s22
s22
numerator d . f . =
n1 − 1 and denominator d . f . =
n2 − 1

4
Chapter 10 Chapter 11
(O − E ) 2 (row total)(column total)
Regression and Correlation χ2 =
∑ where E =
E sample size

Linear Correlation Coefficient (r)

Tests of Independence d . f . =( R − 1)(C − 1)
n ∑ xy − (∑ x)(∑ y )
r=
n( ∑ x 2 ) − ( ∑ x ) 2 n( ∑ y 2 ) − ( ∑ y ) 2
OR =
Goodness of fit d . f . (number of categories) − 1
Σ( z x z y )
r = where z x z=
score for x and z y z score for y
n −1
Chapter 12
explained variation
Coefficient of Determination: r 2 =
total variation One Way ANOVA
∑( y − yˆ ) 2 = =
Standard Error of Estimate: se = k number of groups; N total sample size
n−2
∑ y 2 − b0 ∑ y − b1 ∑ xy (∑ xTOT ) 2
or s e = SSTOT =
∑ xTOT
2
−
n−2 N

Prediction Interval: yˆ − E < y < yˆ + E  (∑ xi ) 2  (∑ xTOT ) 2

=SS BET ∑  n  −
all groups  
i N
1 n( x0 − x ) 2
=
where E tα / 2 se 1 + +
n n ( Σx 2 ) − ( Σx ) 2  (∑ xi ) 2 
SS=
W ∑  i  ∑ x 2
− 
all groups  
ni
Sample test statistic for r
t=
r
with d . f .= n − 2 =
SSTOT SS BET + SSW
1− r2
n−2
SS BET
MS BET = where d . f .BET = k − 1
d . f .BET
Least-Squares Line (Regression Line or Line of Best Fit)
SSW
y=
ˆ b0 + b1 x note that b0 is the y-intercept and b1 is the slope MSW = where d . f .W= N − k
d . f .W
n ∑ xy − (∑ x)(∑ y ) sy MS BET
where b1 = or b1 r F= where d . f . numerator = d . f .BET = k − 1
n( ∑ x ) − ( ∑ x )
2 2
sx MSW
and
d . f . denominator = d . f .W= N − k
(∑ y )(∑ x 2 ) − (∑ x)(∑ xy )
where b0= or b0= y − b1 x
n( ∑ x 2 ) − ( ∑ x ) 2
Confidence interval for y-intercept β 0 Two - Way ANOVA
b0 − E < β 0 < b0 + E
1 x2 = =
r number of rows; c number of columns
where E = tα / 2 se + MS row factor
n (∑ x) 2 Row factor F :
∑ x2 − MS error
n
MS column factor
Column factor F :
Confidence interval for slope β1 MS error
b1 − E < β1 < b1 + E MS interaction
Interaction F :
se MS error
where E = tα / 2 •
(∑ x) 2 with degrees of freedom for
∑ x2 −
n row factor = r − 1
column factor = c − 1
interaction = ( r − 1)(c − 1)
error = rc(n − 1)

5
   

  

          

 

 
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
            
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
            
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           
           

    


  
  
  
  
 
   

          

          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
           
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
           
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
 

   
  
    
   
   
 
 critical z-values for hypothesis testing

α = 0.10 α = 0.05 α = 0.01

c-level = 0.90 c-level = 0.95 c-level = 0.99

≠ ≠ ≠
0.05 0.05 0.025 0.025 0.005 0.005

z = - 1.645 z=0 z = 1.645 z = - 1.96 z=0 z = 1.96 z = - 2.575 z=0 z = 2.575

< <
<
0.01
0.10 0.05

z = - 2.33 z=0
z = - 1.28 z=0 z = - 1.645 z=0

> > >

0.01
0.10 0.05

z=0 z = 2.33
z=0 z = 1.28 z=0 z = 1.645

Figure 8.4
    

    

 
     

     

     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
  


  





          

          

          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
 


   
    
       
    
 Greek Alphabet

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