A: Nucleic Acids Metabolism C: Respiration

A1: RNA polymerase I

# 4: PA-fungicides (PhenylAmides)
A2: adenosin-deaminase
# 8: hydroxy (2-amino)-pyrimidines
Mode of Action of Fungicides C1: complex I NADH
Oxido-reductase
# 39 pyrimidinamines,pyrazole-MET1, quinazoline
pyrimidinamine pyrazole -5-carboxamide quinazoline cyano-imidazole
C4: complex III
cytochrome bc1(ubiquinone reductase) at Qi site
# 21 QiI fungicides (Quinone inside Inhibitors)
sulfamoyl-triazole picolinamide
C8: inhibition of complex III
cytochrome bc1(ubiquinone reductase)
at Qo site stigmatellin binding sub site)
# 45 QoSI-fungicide (stigmatellin binding
triazolo-pyrimidylamine
C6: inhibitors
of oxidative
phosphorylation,
ATP synthase

O
O

N
O O

O
O

N
O

N
O
S
O
FRAC classification on mode of action 2018 (www.frac.info) Cl
H
O F
Cl
N
N
F

O
S
O

N
NH2
# 30 organo tins

N F N N N
O N N N
S O N
N N O N N
N Br N
O O NH S O Sn
O

B: Cytoskeleton and Motor Proteins C: Respiration

O tolfenpyrad N
benalaxyl O O
metalaxyl bupirimate diflumetorim fenazaquin cyazofamid amisulbrom fenpicoxamid ametoctradin O
N

O O fentin acetate
B1:  ß-tubulin assembly in mitosis
O O O
HO B2: B4: C2: complex II: succinate-dehydrogenase C3: complex III C7: ATP transport
furalaxyl
 ß-tubulin assembly cell division
O N O N
# 1: MBC fungicides # 7 SDHI (Succinate DeHydrogenase Inhibitors) (proposed)
N N
(= Methyl Benzimidazole Carbamates)
cytochrome bc1 (ubiquinol oxidase) at Qo site (cyt b gene) oxazolidine-
N
benzimidazoles
in mitosis* (unknown site) methoxy- # 11 QoI fungicides ( Quinone outside Inhibitors ) diones
# 38 thiophene- Sn
acylalanines N O
benalaxyl-M metalaxyl-M dimethirimol # 10 N-phenyl # 20 phenylureas acrylates oximino- methoxy- carboxamides Cl
pyrazole - 4 - acetamides
N H
carbamates O carboxamides F
F
O
F
carbamates
H S N O fentin chloride
O fluxapyroxad N fluindapyr methoxy- NH
O N N H O
N N H
N fuberidazole N N NH
S
O
O O N N N
acetamides oximino-
O N O
O HO H
N
Cl N Cl O
N
O O O O O O F O O O O acetates O
O S H O F
F O Cl N N H
N N N N N O H O
N H H S N O S F O O Cl
N
S
H N N N O N
N O H
H N furametpyr Cl F O sedaxane N O N
N
Si
O N O N
O N
H
O N H N
N
H bixafen O O
N O
NH N thiophanate NH O Cl N N
O
Sn
benomyl H
thiabendazole S O F N
N
H
O
famoxadone
N
ethirimol N azoxystrobin orysastrobin silthiofam OH
N O N N O diethofencarb pencycuron pyraclostrobin
H H
H O imidazolinones fentin hydroxide
ofurace oxadixyl O thiophanates thiophanate- penflufen phenyl-oxo-ethyl penthiopyrad isopyrazam inpyrfluxam
O O
methyl thiophene amide N
carbendazim * negative cross-resistance to B1 mandestrobin
butyrolactones oxazolidinones O
O
NH
C5: uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation
kresoxim-methyl
benzovindiflupyr nzovindiflupyr O
H
N
O
S N O # 29
isoflucypram N
thiazole - N N N O
O N dinitrophenyl crotonates
A3: DNA / RNA synthesis (prop.) A4: DNA topoisomerase B3: B5: B6: carboxamides
F F Cl
F
N-methoxy-(penyl- dimoxystrobin
O
O
2,6-dinitro-aniline

ß-tubulin assembly in mitosis F O F N-cyclopropyl-N- picoxystrobin F F

delocalisation F
ethyl)-pyrazole- pyrametostrobin
# 32: heteroaromatics type II (gyrase) actin/myosin/fimbrin function N N benzyl-pyrazole- F F
fenamidone F
H carboxamides O Cl

# 31: carboxylic acids # 22 benzamides and of spectrin-like F

F Br O F isofetamid
carboxamides I O
F N
O O N
O

F O N O HN O
thiazole carboxamides F fluopyram flufenoxystrobin + + O O

proteins # 47 cyanoacrylates # 50 aryl-phenyl-ketones N

S
N
H
Br
F N
H
O O
O
O
N N
O N
+

# 43 benzamides pyridinyl - ethyl - N H

trifloxystrobin
Cl
ethylamino-thiazole O O O N +
toluamide benzamides pydiflumetofen
Cl N F F N
carboxamide pyridinylmethyl-benzamide aminocyanoacrylates benzophenone benzoylpyridine benodanil O
O dihydro- F
O O
thifluzamide fluazinam meptyl dinocap
H O O
oxathiin - metominostrobin dioxazines
N pyridine - O enoxastrobin
O HO
O
N carboxamides triclopyricarb benzyl-carbamates O
O O carboxamides pyraziflumid O
N O O O
O N Cl O Cl O O N
S H O O
Cl N Br O N O +
N Cl N H N S O pyrazine - H N
H S S H Cl O coumoxystrobin N N O
oxolinic acid O
Cl
N F O O O O carboxamides N Cl
O O
N N N
hymexazole octhilinone (bactericide) Cl H F
F H oxycarboxin O
F F O
N Cl F O O
+
N
O N
zoxamide ethaboxam O N F mepronil HN O N O O
fluopicolide phenamacril metrafenone pyriofenone H N O
binapacryl
S O H
N
H
O
O
isoxazoles isothiazolones phenyl- fluoxastrobin
fenaminstrobin pyribencarb
Cl furan - benzamides pyraoxystrobin
boscalid carboxin carboxamides fenfuram flutolanil

D: Amino Acid and Protein Synthesis E: Signal Transduction F: Lipid Synthesis or Transport / Membrane Integrity or Function I: Melanin Synthesis in Cell Wall
F4: cell membrane F6: microbial disrupters of I1: reductase in I2: dehydratase in I3: polyketide
D1: methionine biosynthesis D2: D3: E1: signal transduction (mechanism unknown) E3: osmotic signal transduction F2: phospholipid biosynthesis F3: cell peroxidation (prop.)
melanin biosynthesis melanin biosynthesis synthase in melanin
(cgs gene) (proposed) protein synthesis protein synthesis #13 azanaphthalenes  MAP / histidine kinase (os-1, Daf1)  methyltransferase # 14 aromatic hydrocarbons & heteroaromatics permeability, pathogen cell membranes
# 16.1 Melanin Biosynthesis # 16.2 Melanin Biosynthesis biosynthesis
# 9 Anilino-Pyrimidines (ribosome, termination step) # 2 dicarboximides # 6 phosphorothiolates & dithiolanes fatty acids (prop.) # 44 Microbial (Bacillus sp.)
(ribosome, initiation step) aryloxyquinoline quinazolinone aromatic O
N
+ O Inhibitors: Inhibitors: # 16.3 Melanin Biosynthesis
( AP fungicides ) # 23 enopyranuronic acid # 28 carbamates Reductase (MBI-R) Dehydratase (MBI-D) Inhibitors: Polyketide
# 24 hexopyranosyl antibiotics hydrocarbons
Bacillus sp. and carboxamide synthase (MBI-P)
OH isobenzo-furanone
F
HN Cl Cl O O
O
O
the fungicidal lipopeptides produced
O O +
Cl
NH H2N NH
NH
N
phosphorothiolates O + O NH2 N O trifluoroethyl-carbamate
Cl O I O S N S N N O N N
O Cl Cl H H Cl
H2N N O N N P
Cl Cl dicloran N
N N N O
O Bacillus Cl
N O O O O O N O O
O NH2 NH2 N amyloliquefaciens H
O
N N NH
HO OH N O Cl Cl O
(synonym B. subtilis) N
H O O
Cl Cl prothiocarb propamocarb Cl
HO O Cl N Cl strains:
HO OH O O N O Cl
cyprodinil O Cl Cl
pyrazophos quintozene H Cl
OH iprodione S
P
O tecnazene I QST 713
quinoxyfen proquinazid O
N
O
(TCNB) (PCNB) FZB24 fthalide diclocymet
blasticidin-S kasugamycin O
MBI600 pyrrolo-quinolione
Cl iodocarb cyclopropane carboxamide
NH Cl Cl
O
Cl D747 tolprocarb
O iprobenfos S O
N N D4: protein synthesis D5: protein synthesis E2: osmotic signal transduction chlozolinate O
N
O S
P S
O
P
O
biphenyl
(ribosome, initiation step) (ribosome, elongation step)  MAP / histidine- kinase (os-2, HOG1) O
Cl
O O F7: cell membrane F8: ergosterol F9: lipid homeostasis N O Cl

# 25 glucopyranosyl # 41 tetracycline antibiotics # 12 phenylpyrroles (PP- fungicides) Cl Cl

Cl
disruption (prop.) binding and transfer/storage N
mepanipyrim O
N O edifenphos tolclofos-
antibiotics vinclozolin chloroneb # 46 plant extract # 49 OSBPI
Cl
dithiolanes methyl # 48 polyene Cl O

Cl Oxysterol binding protein pyroquilon carpropamid

NH
HO
Chiral
H H Cl Cl Cl Cl Melaleuca homologue inhibition
HO O N N alternifolia triazolobenzo-thiazole propionamide
O
HO OH O OH O O procymidone O
N N
N N
HO
OH
N N O S
(Tea Tree Extract)
O NH2
O
OH
S
NH
Cl
O OH
NH2 OH F O
O S
O Plant oils (mixtures) N

OH OH N O eugenol, geraniol N O Cl
pyrimethanil HN N NH
Cl
F O N
OH
H
dimethachlone etridiazole thymol natamycin N N
O
HN NH2 oxytetracycline iso- piperidinyl- H
fenpiclonil fludioxonil (pimaricin)
streptomycin (bactericide) prothiolane S Cl
(bactericide) 1,2,4-thiadiazole oxathiapiprolin thiazole -
isoxazoline tricyclazole fenoxanil

G: Sterol Biosynthesis in Membranes H:Cell Wall Biosynthesis P: Host Plant Defence Induction M: Chemicals with Multi-Site Activity
#M6 sulphamides
H4: chitin synthase P1: salicylate related P4:polysaccharide P5:anthraquinone #M02 inorganic #M09 anthraquinones
G1: C14-demethylase in sterol biosynthesis (erg11/cyp51) G2: 14-reductase and  8  7-isomerase in sterol H5: cellulose synthase P3:salicylate related
elicitors elicitors (electrophiles) (electrophiles)
#M05 chloronitriles
# 19 Polyoxins # 40 Carboxylic Acid Amides # P01 benzothiodiazole BTH #P03 thiadiazole carboxamide (unspecified mechanism)
# 3 DMI-fungicides (DeMethylation Inhibitors) biosynthesis (erg2, erg 24) #P04 polysaccharide #P05 plant extract
(SBI : Class I) (CAA fungicides) O S N
# 5 Amines(“Morpholines”) (SBI : Class II) Reynoutria O
OH
#M01 inorganic S
N
S O Cl Cl
Cl O sachalinensis (electrophiles)
S
HO OH
HO
N S OH
triazoles O piperazines N N
OH
O
O
OHO OH
N H OHO O S
O NH2
HO
O
O
OH
OH (Giant Knotweed N Cl
N
Cl
O
Cl O
OH Cl Cl
H OH n

Extract) #M08 triazines O N

Cl
N
Cl O
O HO acibenzolar- N
laminarin
Cl
HN O
sulphur
(unspecified mechanism) dithianon chlorothalonil
N
HO
Cl HO
H2N N OH S-methyl isotianil
O etaconazole N N piperidines H
.
O N
N
O
O

N
OH
dimethomorph Cu Cl
N
N
Cl N Cl
N
HN
P2: salicylate related P6:microbial elicitors P7:phosphonates Cl N
H
N
#M04 phthalimides #M06 sulphamides
N NH
#P02 benzothiazole copper (electrophiles) (electrophiles)
Cl
Cl
Cl
O OH
#P06 Bacillus cereus group #P07 phosphonates preparations N N
azaconazole N ipconazole
HO pyridines triforine O
(CH2) 11 N O O N
Polyoxin B O
#M10 quinoxalines
Cl N H3 C fenpropidin Cl
flumorph Cl O
O
O
Bacillus Cl O (electrophiles)
OH N O S O
N
N N
O
N S mycoides Cl N
Cl
N
H
O
Cl N N
anilazine S S
N Cl Cl O
N S N
O HO Cl H O
Cl Cl
N
fenbuconazole tebuconazole
pyridines aldimorph N
O
peptidyl pyrimidine nucleoside cinnamic acid O N
(Isolate J) #M03 dithiocarbamates & relatives F
N Cl
N N N
N
O piperalin pyrimorph amides mandipropamid H - (electrophiles) O Cl
N tiadinil O O Al +++
P
F
Cl Cl mandelic acid probenazole O dichlofluanid
O Cl
F
O
Cl Cl
(CH2) n N O
fenpropimorph 3 captan
bitertanol F metconazole F
N
pyrifenox
amides N S 3+
H3 C Fe
N F
spiroketal- fosetyl-al O
chinomethionat
Cl O N
Br
N
N N
N
n = 10 to 13
n = 12: ~ 70%
amines BM : Biologicals with Multiple Modes of Action ethyl-
S
3
Cl
S
N
S
N Cl O
N
phosphonates N S
N
pyrimidines tridemorph O
Cl ferbam
febram zinc thiazole Cl F
#M11 maleimides
fluquinconazole tetraconazole pyrisoxazole Cl
O Cl
N
N O
H
N O N
H
N BM 01: BM 02: O Cl (electrophiles)
O H Cl
N
O
N
O N
H O O polypeptide lectin Trichoderma spp. metabolites
Cl O O
N F N
N N Cl O H3PO3 S captafol tolylfluanid
O H S H S
mancozeb
mancozeb
N OH morpholines dodemorph N S N S H
bromuconazole myclobutanil N
N O iprovalicarb valifenalate Extract from the N S
Mn
2+
Si
N
F O N F Trichoderma N S
Zn (NH3)-
N S S N
H
F H
N cotyledons of H S 3 H S
S
spiroxamine O N S atroviride x O
N
N
N
H
O
lupine plantlets phosphorous
Cl
Cl
N
N Cl valinamide acid S
Cl (strain SC1) metiram maneb N S
flusilazole triadimefon nuarimol OH
benthiavalicarb carbamates (BLAD) H
N S 2+ Cl
HO Cl S N Zn fluoroimide
Phosphorous acid H Cl
N S O Cl .
N Cl
HO N
N
N F N N S
propineb
propineb
folpet #M12 thiocarbamates
N
G3:3-keto reductase G4: squalene epoxidase in
cyproconazole F
HO
penconazole N
N
N
O
imidazoles fenarimol
in C4-de-methylation sterol biosynthesis (erg1) Unknown Mode of Action
Action NC : Not Classified N S
S

S
N N

S
S

2
Zn
2+
HN
NH2

N
H
NH
(electrophiles)

N
O
N
Cl Cl (erg27) # 18 (SBI : Class IV) HN
H
N O
N Cl Cl thiram S
H
ziram NH2
O
S
O
flutriafol O triadimenol # 17 (KRI fungicides N S 2+ mixture of O
O
O N Zn O
O Cl S H iminoctadine iminoctadine
N
Cl O KetoReductase O O HO O
O N
+
Cl
Cl
H O F
F
Cl S
and other N S
N Cl N N H
N N
N
Cl N
N N Inhibitors) (SBI : Class III) O N N
Cl
N Cl
S
F Mineral oils, organic oils, polyamines
H H H O O
N HO Cl N N
O + zineb methasulfocarb
difenoconazole OH
propiconazole imazalil
O Cl
hydroxyanilides allylamines Cl Cl N
N
O
Cl N
H
N inorganic salts #M07 bis-guanidines
N
N N Cl Cl material of biological (membrane disruptors, detergents)
N N N
N
origin guazatine
Cl N cymoxanil teclofthalam triazoxide
N Si F F
flusulfamide diclomezine cyflufenamid
N HO
O O O
N Cl F
OH Cl
hexaconazole HO F triticonazole triflumizole Cl N N
terbinafine
#27 cyanoacetamide- #34 phthalamic #35 benzotriazines #U06 phenyl
Legend:
N Cl
N H oxime acid
#36 benzene- # 37 pyridazinones
N O
Cl (antimycotic) acetamides
N
triazolinthione sulfonamides mode of action group
C: Respiration
N O
Cl N N
N N Mode of action of fungicides based on the FRAC fungicide list
Cl O fenhexamid (published at www.frac.info/publications )
diniconazole N S
simeconazole Cl Cl Cl
thiocarbamates sub-group
pefurazoate N naftifine
S
HO
amino-pyrazolinones (antimycotic) The groupings can change when new results become known. C2: inhibition of complex II:  target site of action
 succinate-dehydrogenase
N N O H
N
N
N N N OH
OH HO
H Yellow zones represent accepted mode of action groups or in (where known) or putative
N Cl N
HN
HO O OH H2N N cases where resistance is known, cross resistance groups. In spite
F O Cl N O O N N O N # 7 SDHI (Succinate dehydrogenase target site (=prop.)
imibenconazole N oxpoconazole HO
O
HO OH
+ of this general classification, cases of incomplete or even lacking
N NH2
prothioconazole N O Cl Cl
S
HO
OH
H
OH O cross resistance are known within some groups with some inhibitors) FRAC code no. (#)
N
Cl N pathogens. and group name
N ferimzone tebufloquin O
N flutianil picarbutrazox validamycin
pyributicarb dodine Although details presented herein are accurate to our knowledge at chemical (sub-) group
epoxiconazole prochloraz
(herbicide) #U13 cyano- #U14 pyrimidinone- #U17 tetrazolyloxime the time of publication, neither FRAC nor its member companies
fenpyrazamine methylene thiazolidine #U16 4-quinolyl #U18 glucopyranosyl #U12 guanidines make any representation or warranty with regard to the content of
hydrazones thiazole carboxamides
acetate antibiotic •Temporary status; information on mode of action and this presentation, in particular with regard to its correctness and
/ or resistance risk is still uncertain completeness. Neither FRAC nor its member companies assume
any liability for the content of this presentation or its use.
FRAC Mode of Action Poster ©
This version updated March 2018