King Abdulaziz University

Faculty of Engineering
Department of Chemical and
Materials Engineering

Introduction to Chemical Engineering

ChE 201
Chapter 4
MATERIAL BALANCES WITHOUT RXN

Dr. Belal Al Zaitone Zuriqat

eMail: balzaitone@kau.edu.sa http://balzaitone.kau.edu.sa Office: Building No. 40, Room No. 24G58
Chapter 4: Mixing Process

Two methanol-water mixtures are flowing into mixing unit. The first
mixture contains 40.0 wt% methanol, and the second contains 70.0
wt% methanol. If 200 kg/hr of the first mixture is combined with
150 kg/ of the second, what are the mass and composition of the
product?
Solution: Input (2)
𝑚2 = 150 (kg/hr)
Input (1) 𝑥2,𝑚 = 0.70
𝑥2,𝑤 = 0.30
𝑚1 = 200 (kg/hr)
Mixing Unit
𝑥1,𝑚 = 0.4 𝐾𝑔 𝑀/𝑘𝑔
𝑥1,𝑤 = 0.6 𝐾𝑔 𝑤/𝑘𝑔 Output

𝑚3 (kg/hr)
𝑚3,𝑤 𝐾𝑔 𝑤/ℎ𝑟
𝑚3,𝑚 𝐾𝑔 𝑀/ℎ𝑟
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Chapter 4: Mixing Process

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Chapter 4: Air Humidification and Oxyg. Process
An experiment on the growth rate of certain organisms requires an environment
of humid air enriched in oxygen.
Three input streams are fed into an evaporation chamber to produce an output
stream. The input streams are:
1: Air (21 mole% O2, the balance N2)
2: Pure oxygen, with a molar flow rate one-fifth of the molar flow rate of stream 1.
3: Liquid water, fed at a rate of 20.0 cm3/min

The output stream gas is analyzed and is found to contain 1.5 mole% water.
Draw and label a flowchart of the process, and calculate all unknown stream
variables.
Solution:

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Chapter 4: Air Humidification and oxyg. Process

Input,2
𝑛2,𝑂2 = 0.20 𝑛1,𝑎𝑖𝑟 (mol O2 /min)

Input,1 2

𝑛1,𝑎𝑖𝑟 (mol air/min) 1 3

𝑦1,𝑁2 = 0.79 mol N2/mol
Air Humid. Input,3
𝑦1,𝑂2 = 0.21 mol O2/mol Unit
𝑉𝑤,3 = 20 cm3 W/min
Output 𝑛𝑤,3 (mol W/min)

𝑛4 (mol/min)
𝑦4,𝑤 = 0.015 mol W/mol
𝑦4,𝑂2 (mol O2/mol)
𝑦4,𝑁2 (mol N2/mol)

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Chapter 4: Air Humidification and oxyg. Process

6
Chapter 4: Extraction of Streptomycin
Example 4.1: Streptomycin is used as an antibiotic to fight bacterial
diseases, and is produced by the fermentation of a bacterium in a biological
reactor with a nutrient of glucose and amino acids. After the fermentation
process. Streptomycin is recovered by contacting the fermentation broth
with an organic solvent in an extraction process. The extraction process is
able to recover the Streptomycin because Streptomycin has a greater affinity
for dissolving in the organic solution than in the aqueous solution.
Determine the mass fraction of Streptomycin in the exit organic solvent
assuming that no water exits with the solvent and no solvent exits with
the aqueous solution. Assume that the density of the aqueous solution is
1 g/cm3 and the density of the organic solvent is 0.6 g/cm3.
Solution:

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Chapter 4: Extraction of Streptomycin

Organic Solvent
Input,2
V2,S =10 L/min (Organic Solvent)
S= 0.60 g/cm3
Input,1
m2,S (kg S/min)
Aqueous Solution Output 3
Extraction Organic Solvent
𝑉1,𝐴𝑞 = 200 L/min (Aq)
Process Extracted Strep
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐. 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑝1 = 10𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑝/𝐿
Aq= 1.0 g/cm3 m3,S (kg S/min)
m1,Aq (kg Aq/min) Output 4 m3,Strep (kg Strep/min)
Aqueous Solution
𝑉4,𝐴𝑞 L/min (Aq)
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐. 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑝4 = 0.2𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑝/𝐿
m4,Aq (kg Aq/min)

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Chapter 4: Extraction of Streptomycin

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Chapter 4: Separation of Gases Using a Membrane
Example 4.2: Membranes represent a relatively new technology for the
separation of gases. One application that has attracted attention is the
separation of nitrogen and oxygen from air. The Diagram illustrates a
nanoporous membrane that is made by coating a very thin layer of polymer
on a porous graphite supporting layer.
What is the composition of the waste stream if the waste stream amounts
to 80% of the input stream?
Solution:

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Chapter 4: Separation of Gases Using a Membrane

Membrane
Input,1 Output 3
Process
𝑛1,𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑚𝑜𝑙) 𝑛3,𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑚𝑜𝑙)
𝑦1,𝑁2 = 0.79 mol N2/mol 𝑦3,𝑁2 = 0.75 mol N2/mol
𝑦1,𝑂2 = 0.21 mol O2/mol 𝑦3,𝑂2 = 0.25 mol O2/mol
Output 2
𝑛2,𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑙 =0.80 𝑛1,𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑦2,𝑁2 = mol N2/mol
𝑦2,𝑂2 = mol O2/mol

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Chapter 4: Separation of Gases Using a Membrane

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Chapter 4: Analysis of Distillation Column
Example 4.3: A new manufacturer of ethyl alcohol (denoted as EtOH) for
gasohol is having a bit of difficulty with a distillation column. The process
is shown in the flow chart.
It appears that too much alcohol is lost in the bottoms (waste).
Calculate the composition of the bottom and the mass of the alcohol lost in
the bottom based on the data shown in the flow chart that was collected
during 1 hour of operation.
Solution:

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Chapter 4: Analysis of Distillation Column

Distillation
Input,1 Output 3(product)
Column
m1 = 1000 kg feed m3 (kg)
𝑥𝑒𝑡𝑜𝐻 = 0.10 𝑥3,𝑒𝑡𝑜𝐻 = 0.6
𝑥𝑤 = 0.90 𝑥3,𝑤 = 0.40
m1,etoH (kg) Output 2(waste) m3,etoH (kg)
m1,w (kg) m2 (kg) m3,w (kg)
m2,etoH (kg)
m2,w (kg) m3 = 1/10 m1

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Q 7.14: A drier takes in wet timber (20.1% water) and reduces the water content to
8.6%. You want to determine the kg of water removed per kg of timber that enters
the process.
Solution:
Input,1 Dryer Output 2
m1 = ?? kg m3 = ?? kg
𝑥1,𝑤 = 0.201 𝑥3,𝑤 = 0.086
𝑥1,𝑡 = 0.799 𝑥3,𝑡 = 0.914
m1,𝑤 (kg) Output, 3 m3,𝑤 (kg)
m1,t (kg) m3,t (kg)
m2,w (kg)

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Chapter 4: Mixing of Battery (Sulfuric) Acid
Example 4.4: You are asked to prepare a batch of 18.63% battery acid as
follows:
A tank of old weak battery acid (H2S04) solution contains 12.43% H2S04
(the remainder is pure water).
If 200 kg of 77.7% H2S04 is added to the tank, and the final solution is to be
18.63% H2S04, how many kilograms of battery acid have been made?
Solution:

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Chapter 4: Mixing of Battery (Sulfuric) Acid

Input,1 Tank Output 3

m1 = 200 kg soln m3 (kg)
𝑥1,𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 = 0.777 𝑥3,𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 = 0.1863
𝑥1,𝑤 = 0.223 𝑥3,𝑤 = 0.8137
m1,𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 (kg) Input 2 m3,𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 (kg)
m1,w (kg) m2 (kg) m3,w (kg)
𝑥2,𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 = 0.1243
𝑥2,𝑤 = 0.8757
m2,𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 (kg)
m2,w (kg)

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18
Chapter 4: Unsteady state process
Time = t1 Then we added 200 kg Time = t2

𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 - 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡

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Chapter 4: Drying
Example 4.6: In the processing of the fish, after the oil is extracted, the fish
cake is dried in rotary drum dryers, finely ground, and packed.
The resulting product contains 60% protein. In a given batch of fish cake
that contains 80% water (the remainder is dry cake), 100 kg of water is
removed, and it is found that the fish cake is then 40% water.
Calculate the weight of the fish cake originally put into the dryer.
Solution:

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 Rotary Drum
Input,1 Output 3
Dryer
m1 = ?? kg fish m3 = ?? (kg)
𝑥1,𝑤 = 0.80 𝑥3,𝑤 = 0.40
𝑥1,𝐵𝐶𝐷 = 0.20 𝑥3,𝐵𝐶𝐷 = 0.60
output 2
m2,w= 100 kg water

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Chapter 4: Hemodialysis
Example 4.7:. Dialysis solution, the cleansing solution, is pumped around these
fibers. The fibers allow wastes and extra fluids to pass from your blood into the
solution that carries them away.
This example focuses on the plasma components of the streams: water, uric acid
(UR), creatinine (CR), urea (U), P, K, and Na. You can ignore the initial filling of the
dialyzer because the treatment lasts for an interval of two or three hours. Given the
measurements obtained from one treatment, calculate the grams per liter of each
component of the plasma in the outlet solution.
Solution: Dialysate in

Blood in Blood out

Dialysate out
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Chapter 4: Hemodialysis
Input,2
V2,water =1700 mL/min
Input 1, Blood
Output 4, Blood
𝑉1,𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1100 mL/min
𝑉4,𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1200 mL/min
dialyzer
𝐶1,𝑈𝑅 = 1.16 g/L w
Process 𝐶4,𝑈𝑅 = 60 mg/L w
𝐶1,𝐶𝑅 = 2.72 g/L w
𝐶1,𝑈 = 18.0 g/L w 𝐶4,𝐶𝑅 = 120 mg/L w
𝐶1,𝑃 = 0.77 g/L w 𝐶4,𝑈 = 1.51 g/L w
𝐶1,𝑘 = 5.77 g/L w Output 3 𝐶4,𝑃 = 40.0 mg/L w
𝐶1,𝑁𝑎 = 13.0 g/L w 𝐶4,𝑘 = 2.10 mg/L w
𝑉3,𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ?? mL/min 𝐶4,𝑁𝑎 = 5.21 g/L w

𝐶3,𝑈𝑅 = ?? g/L w
𝐶3,𝐶𝑅 = ?? g/L w
𝐶3,𝑈 = ?? g/L w
𝐶3,𝑃 = ?? g/L w
𝐶3,𝑘 = ?? g/L w
𝐶3,𝑁𝑎 = ?? g/L w
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Chapter 4: Hemodialysis

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Chapter 4: Scale-up Process 1

A 60-40 mixture (by moles) of A and B is separated into two

fractions. A flowchart of the process is shown below.
It is desired to achieve the same separation with a continuous feed of
1250 lb-moles/h.
Scale the flowchart accordingly.
Solution:
Input Output
𝑛2 = 50 (mol/hr)
𝑛1 = 100 (mol/hr) 𝑦2,𝐴 = 0.95 mol A/mol
𝑦1,𝐴 = 0.6 mol A/mol Separation 𝑦2,𝐵 = 0.05 mole B/mol
𝑦1,𝐵 = 0.4 mole B/mol Unit

Output
𝑛𝐴3 = 10.5 mole A/hr
𝑛𝐵3 =39.5 mole B/hr

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Chapter 4: Scale-up Process 1

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Chapter 4: Scale-up Process 2

Consider the distillation of Benzene-Toluene mixture.

Scale-up to flow rate of 100 Ibm/s.
Solution:
Input Output
𝑚2 = 1.0 g/s
𝑚1 = 2.5 g/s 𝑥2,𝑇 = 0.9 g T/g
𝑥1,𝑇 = 0.6 g T/g Distillation 𝑥2,𝐵 = 0.1 g B/g
𝑥1,𝐵 = 0.4 g B/g Unit

Output
𝑚3 = 1.5 g/s
𝑥3,𝑇 = 0.3 g T/g
𝑥3,𝐵 = 0.7 g B/g

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Chapter 4: Scale-up Process 2

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Chapter 4: Gas Mixing
Q1:. Tank A containing 90% nitrogen is mixed with Tank B containing 30%
nitrogen to get Tank C containing 65% nitrogen. You are asked to determine the
ratio of the gas used from Tank A to that used from Tank B.
Solution:

Tank Tank Tank

A C B

nA = ?? mole nC = ?? mole nB = ?? mole

𝑦𝑁2 = 0.9 𝑦𝑁2 = 0.65 𝑦𝑁2 = 0.3
𝑦𝑔 = 0.1 𝑦𝑔 = 0.35 𝑦𝑔 = 0.7

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Chapter 4: Quartz Diffusion Tube

Q2: A gas containing 80% CH4 and 20% He is sent through a quartz
diffusion tube to recover the helium. Twenty percent by weight of
the original gas is recovered, and the composition of the recovered
stream is 50% He. Calculate the composition (mole fraction) of the
waste stream gas if 100 kmoles of gas are processed per minute.
Solution:

quartz
Input,1 diffusion Output 2 recoverd
Tube
n1 = 100 kmole/min n2 = ?? kmole/min
𝑦1,𝐶𝐻4 = 0.80 𝑦2,𝐶𝐻4 = 0.50
𝑦1,𝐻𝑒 = 0.20 𝑦2,𝐻𝑒 = 0.50
Output, 3 waste
n3 = ?? kmole/min
𝑦13𝐶𝐻4 = ??
𝑦3,𝐻𝑒 = ??
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