Grammar

Past Simple Tense ‫زﻣن اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬

‫ ( اﻣﺎ اﻟﺷﺎذ ﻓﯾﺣﻔظ ﺗﺻرﯾﻔﮫ‬d/ed ‫) اﻟﻌﺎدي ﻧﺿﻊ ﻓﻰ اﺧره‬... ‫ﯾﺗﻛون ﻣن اﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل‬
:‫ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﺣدث اﻧﺗﮭﻲ ﻓﻲ وﻗت ﻣﻌﯾن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬- ١ : ‫¨ ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬
· I visited my aunt last week. · The ancient Egyptians invented a way of writing.
· When I was on holiday, I went to the sea every :‫ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﻣوﻗف أو ﻋﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬-٢
day.
:‫§ ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻠﻣﺎت ﻣﺛل‬
last (year, night, week, month / summer) / ago / yesterday / in ancient times / once upon a time / the other day, year (= a
few days, years ago)/ in 2000 / in the past / 'd rather + ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬/ it's time ( it's high time ) / wish + ‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺗدل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع‬
· How much bread did you buy yesterday? (‫)ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺳؤال – ﻻﺣظ اﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺻدر‬
· I didn’t know him then. (‫)ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻧﻔﻲ‬
Was / were + PP : ‫¨ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول‬
He wrote the letter a few days ago. The letter was written a few days ago.
‫ ﯾﺷﯾر اﯾﺿﺎ ﻟﻠﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﻧﺷﯾر ﻟﺣدث ﻣﻧﺗﮭﻲ‬for ‫ ﻻﺣظ ان ﺣرف اﻟﺟر‬-
- She lived in Tanta for 10 years . She lives in Cairo now .
Used to + inf.
I used to play tennis, but now I play football. He didn’t use to smoke, but now he does.
Did she use to cry a lot when she was a baby?
:‫ وﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌدھﺎ اﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺿﺎرع اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬used to ‫ ﺑدﻻ ﻣن‬no longer ‫¨ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬
:‫ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻔﻰ اﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺑﺳﯾط و ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬used to ‫ ﺑدﻻ ﻣن‬any more / any longer ‫¨ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬
He no longer stays up late. He used to live here. = He doesn’t live here any
more.
am / is / are used to + -ing :‫¨ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ھذه اﻟﺻﯾﻐﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع‬
He is used to having a cup of coffee every morning. He is used to the cold
weather.
Past Continuous Tense ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬
Was / Were + V-ing ‫ﯾﺗﻛون ﻣن‬
: ‫ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﺣدث ﻛﺎن ﻣﺳﺗﻣر أﺛﻧﺎء وﻗت ﻣﻌﯾن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬-١ : ‫¨ ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬
Between seven and half past seven this morning, I was reading the newspaper.
I was having a shower when the phone rang. : ‫ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﺣدث ﻣﺳﺗﻣر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻗطﻌﮫ ﺣدث آﺧر‬-٢
While / when / As / Just as :‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻠﻣﺎت ﻣﺛل‬
· While (When) we were doing the homework, it started to rain.
We were doing the homework when the storm : ‫ ﯾﻣﻛ ن أن ﯾ ﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌ دھﺎ ﻣﺎﺿ ﻲ ﺑ ﺳﯾط‬when ‫ﻻﺣ ظ أن‬
started.
While I was studying, my father was reading. : ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬while ‫ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﯾﻛون اﻟﺣدﺛﯾن ﻣﻊ‬
On arriving, he found the door locked. : V+ ing ‫ و ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﯾﻌدھﺎ‬when ‫ ﺑدﻻ ﻣن‬On ‫ﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﺧدام‬
He got hurt during the game. : noun ‫ و ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﯾﻌدھﺎ‬while ‫ ﺑدﻻ ﻣن‬during ‫§ ﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﺧدام‬
While I was at school, I worked to a plan. :‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬to Be ‫§ ﻻﺣظ ﻋدم اﺳﺗﺧدام‬
Past Perfect ‫زﻣن اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺗﺎم‬
:‫ وﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻟﯾدل ﻋﻠﻲ ﺣدث وﻗﻊ ﻗﺑل آﺧر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ وﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻋﺎدة ﻣﻊ اﻟرواﺑط اﻵﺗﯾﺔ‬had + PP. ‫¨ﯾﺗﻛون اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺗﺎم ﻣن‬
¨After / When / As soon as / + ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺳﯾط‬
¨ (‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺳﯾط )ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ﻣﻧﻔﻲ‬ till / until ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﺎم‬
¨Before / By the time + ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺳﯾط‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﺎم‬
After I had done the shopping, I visited a friend. As soon as I had known he was ill, I visited
him.
I didn't know about the competition until I had read the papers.
Before he cleaned the room, he had seen the film.
:after/as soon as ‫¨ﻻﺣظ أﻧﮫ ﯾﻣﻛن أﯾﺿﺎ اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط ﺑدﻻ ﻣن اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺗﺎم ﺑﻌد‬
¨As soon as I saw the robber, I tried to catch him. Having left school, he worked in a restaurant.
:v.+ing ‫ ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم‬after / before / when ‫¨ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋدم وﺟود ﻓﺎﻋل ﺑﻌد‬
● After his father's death, he left the :after / before ‫¨ﯾﻣﻛن اﺳ ﺗﺧدام اﺳ م ﺑﻌ د‬
country.
:‫ ﻓﻲ وﺳط اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ و ﻗﺑﻠﮭﺎ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط )ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ﻣﻧﻔﻲ( و ﺑﻌدھﺎ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺗﺎم‬till/ until ‫¨ﺗﺄﺗﻲ‬
¨After she had typed the letter, she posted it. She didn’t post the letter until she had typed it.

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 : ‫ داﺋﻣﺎ ﻣﻧﻔﻲ ﺑل ﻗد ﺗﻛون اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ أﺣﯾﺎﻧﺎ ﻣﺛﺑﺗﺔ‬till/until ‫¨ﻻ ﯾﻛون اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط ﻗﺑل‬
¨He stayed in bed until half past nine.
:‫ ھو اﻟذي ﺣدث أوﻻ‬because ‫ ﺑﺷرط أن ﺗﻛون اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ واﻟﺣدث ﺑﻌد‬because ‫¨ أﺣﯾﺎﻧﺎ ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺗﺎم ﺑﻌد‬
¨ He looked tired yesterday because he had slept badly the night before.
:‫ وﻣﻌﻧﺎھﺎ ﻗﺑل ذﻟك اﻟوﻗت‬By then ‫¨ﻻﺣظ اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺗﺎم ﺑﻌد‬
¨He arrived home at 11 o'clock yesterday. By then, the rain had stopped.
:‫¨ﻻﺣظ اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺗﺎم ﻣﻊ اﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾرات اﻵﺗﯾﺔ‬
It was only when + ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﺎم‬ that + ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺳﯾط‬ It wasn't until + ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﺎم‬ that + ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺳﯾط‬
:‫¨ﻻﺣظ اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺗﺎم ﻣﻊ‬
no sooner than
‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬+ had + hardly + PP when + ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺴﯿﻂ‬
Scarcely when
She had no sooner left the house than she was run over by a car.
:‫ ﺗﻛون اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻛل ﺳؤال‬، ‫§ إذا ﺑدأت اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺈﺣدى اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬
No sooner had she left the house than she was run over by a car.
‫اھم اﻷﻣﺛﻠﺔ اﻟﺧﻼﻓﯾﺔ واﻣﺛﻠﺔ اﻷﻓﻛﺎر اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻌﻠق ﺑﮭذه اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‬
1- I tried to draw their attention, but they were chatting
2- While he was climbing the ladder, the firefighter nearly dropped the small animal he was carrying
3- My mother was working in the garden, so she didn't hear the telephone when I called her yesterday.
4- I went to the dentist , before that I had made an appointment .
5- She had enrolled on an English course , after that she applied for a new job .
1- My mother made me a cake which........... of lemon.
a, tasted b. had tasted c. was tasting d. has tasted
2-I didn't see him .......... 2015
a. at b. since c. in d. for
3- A huge earthquake ........ central Japan, It happened mid-afternoon yesterday.3
a. hit b. has hit c. had hit d. was hitting
4- As he .............. to work, he remembered that his briefcase was still at home,
a. was driving b. driving c. drove d. is driving
5- Hardly ................... his meal when he left the restaurant.
a. he had finished b. had he finished c, he finished. d. had finished
6 - Sara felt ill all night because she ............. too much the day before.
a had eaten b was eating c eats d has eaten
7- You should know it's time you ………to study hard .
a. begin b. began c. have begun d. will begin
8- She'd rather I ……..her in the club .
a. meet b. met c. had met d. meet
9- He doesn't come and visit me as he ……
a. does b. used to c. do d. he always
10- This time last week , I ………….on the sea .
a. sat b. sit c. was sitting d. had sit
11- As soon as he reached the airport , Ali found out that he …….one of his suitcases at home.
a. left b. had left c. will leave d. has left
12- She was crying because she ……….. her mobile.
a. had lost b. lost c. has lost d. loses
13- My sister ………to go out until my father had given her a permission.
a. didn't allow b. hadn't allowed c. wasn't allowed d. hasn't allowed
14-He no longer ……..to the club .
a. went b. has gone c. goes d. had gone
15- I always…………….the temples in Luxor every day when I lived there.
( visited – visit – am visiting – have visited )
16- While I ….. at school, I worked to a plan.
( was being – had been – was – have been )
17- He was writing a letter and ……….to some music.
( was listened – had listened – listening – listened )
18-When I came back home , she………..the lunch yet .
( hasn't cooked – didn't cook – hadn't cooked – wasn't cooking )

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19- …………..the novel been read , he made a summary of it .
( After – Having – As soon as – Before )
20- He works for a newspaper, often............ articles about poor people.
( writes – writing- wrote – write )
21- After everyone ……..the exam was seated , the test paper was given out .
( has taken – had taken – taking – taken )
22- I was told that my friend.... a terrible accident while he was driving home.
( had had - had - was having - is having )
23- In what year........... this school?
(did you start- have you started – will you start – had you started )
24- “Would you like another cup of coffee?” - “No thanks. I ............ three cups.
a) already had b) had already had c) already have d) will already have
25- .......... I was on holiday, I enjoyed the good weather on the beach.
(While-When-Just as- During)
26- He had scarcely left the room ............ his telephone started ringing.
(before/while/than/as)
27- While …………over Cairo, the pyramids looked fantastic.
(flying – we were flying – fly – flew)
28-While ……….over Cairo, I saw all the city from the plane.
(flying – I were flying – fly – flew)
29- Hasnaa doesn`t waste her time any more. Previously, she …
(used to wasting –used to wasting – used to waste – got used to waste)
30- My brother ……………here just now.
(is – was – has been – had been)
31- We ………… better begin work now if we want to finish it in due time.
a) would b) had c) should d) have
32- He was worried because he .... a mountain before.
a. has never climbed b. had never climbed c. never climbs d. never climbing
33- Before he retired،my father.... at 7 o'clock every morning to go to work.
( had got up- was getting up_ has got up- got up)
35- Do you think I could borrow the book after you......reading it?
( Had finished- finished- have finished - will finish)
36- I always ……….my things before I went to bed . ( had arranged- arranged – arranged- have arranged )

The present perfect tense ‫زﻣن اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺗﺎم‬

have / has + P.P.
: ‫ ﺣدث ﺗم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ وﻻ ﯾزال ﻟﮫ ﺗﺄﺛﯾر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﺿر‬- :‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺗﺎم ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن‬
-My car has broken down ,so I have to go to work by bus.
: ‫ ﺣدث ﺗم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ و ﻣﺎ زال ﻣﺳﺗﻣر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﺿر‬-٢
-I have done this job for many years. = I still do this job.
-She will have to walk to school because someone has stolen her bike .
‫ وﺗﻔﺎﺻﯾل اﻟﺧﺑر ﺑﺗوﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬.. ‫ ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺗﺎم ﻟﻼﻋﻼن ﻋن اﻻﺧﺑﺎر‬-٣
A huge earthquake has hit central Japan. It happened mid-afternoon yesterday .
lately ‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﻔﻲ واﻻﺳﺗﻔﮭﺎم‬ - I haven't seen him lately.
recently ‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻲ اﻹﺛﺑﺎت واﻻﺳﺗﻔﮭﺎم‬ - I have joined a music club recently
yet ‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﻔﻲ واﻻﺳﺗﻔﮭﺎم‬ - I haven't met her yet
already ‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻲ اﻹﺛﺑﺎت واﻻﺳﺗﻔﮭﺎم‬ - I have already bought a new shirt.
ever ‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻲ واﻻﺳﺗﻔﮭﺎم‬ - Have you ever been to America?
never ‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﻔﻲ‬ - I have never been to America.
since ‫ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻣﺣدد‬ - He hasn't met her since last week.
For ‫ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻣدة ﻣﺣددة‬ - He hasn't met her for a week.
have gone ‫ﯾذھب ﻟﻣﻛﺎن وﯾظل ھﻧﺎك‬ - He has gone to Aswan = (he is still there)
have been ‫ﯾذھب ﻟﻣﻛﺎن وﯾﻌود‬ - He has been to Aswan = (he came back)
:‫& و ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم إذا وﺟد ﺑﺎﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ھذه اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت‬
¨ It’s/This is the first (second…) time.. ¨ In the last few years/months ¨ In recent years
¨ over the ages / over the years / over the centuries ‫اﻟﻘرون‬/‫ اﻟﺳﻧﯾن‬/‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣر اﻟﻌﺻور‬
¨It’s the first time I have been to this place. ¨This is the only play I have seen.

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· Egypt has made great progress in the last few years.
: PP. ‫ واﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻟﺛﺎﻟث‬have/has ‫ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﯾن‬ever/never/just/ already ‫ﻻﺣظ أن‬
· I have just written the letter.
: ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﻣﺛﺑﺗﺔ واﻻﺳﺗﻔﮭﺎﻣﯾﺔ‬already ‫ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﺄﺗﻲ‬
·Twenty million people have seen the film already.- Have you done the homework already?–You are so
quick .
: ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬never ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳؤال و‬ever ‫ﻻﺣظ اﺳﺗﺧدام‬
· Have you ever travelled by plane? · No, I have never travelled by plane.
¨Just = a short time ago/ a minute ago/ a moment ago
It is the most difficult question I have ever seen : ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺻﻔﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺗﻔﺿﯾل‬ever ‫ﻻﺣظ اﺳﺗﺧدام‬

since / for ‫& ﻻﺣظ اﺳﺗﺧدام‬

Since + ‫ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺪث‬
last week / last summer / 1999 / five o’clock / October / this morning / yesterday / then / Monday / breakfast
For + ‫ﻓﺘﺮة زﻣﻨﯿﺔ‬ ¨For a week / the last week / a year / five hours / three months / two days / a long time
: ‫ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺳﯾط و اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺗﺎم‬since ‫ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌد‬، ‫ﻓﻲ ﺣـﺎﻟﺔ وﺟـود ﻓﻌﻠﯾن‬
· I haven’t seen her since she graduated.
It’s / It's been + ‫ ﻓﺗرة زﻣﻧﯾﺔ‬+ since + + ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ last + ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺳﯾط‬
· He hasn’t visited his uncle for a long time. = It’s a long time since he last visited his uncle.
‫اھم اﻷﻣﺛﻠﺔ اﻟﺧﻼﻓﯾﺔ واﻣﺛﻠﺔ اﻷﻓﻛﺎر اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻌﻠق ﺑﮭذه اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‬
1- A- What .,…… ..falling from the sky? B- I'm not sure, perhaps it is a ball .
( has seen -has been seen- have seen -are seen )
2 - She ………to France . She enjoys her time there . ( has been – has gone – went – had gone )
3- Have you finished the experiment …… ? – You are so conscientious . ( already – yet – ever – ago )
4- This is the only play I………... ( saw - have seen – had seen – see )
5- Egypt …….a lot in the last few years. ( has changed – changed – had changed – will change )
6- Once he …….to his country , he will set up his own business . ( came – will come – has come – is
coming )
7- Nothing like this has …….happened to us. ( never – yet – ever – just )
8- Mr. Adly …………… in a bank for 15 years. Now he is a wealthy trader .
a) has worked b) worked c) will work d) works
9 - ............. your father back yet ? ( Is - Had - Were – Has )
10- It was the first time they........ by plane. ( fly -had flown- have flown – will fly)
11- My father (has gone – went- had gone – will go ) to the market just now.

Future Tenses ‫أزﻣﻧﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل‬

‫ﯾﻣﻛن اﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل ﺑﻌدة طرق وازﻣﻧﺔ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ وھﻲ‬
Will
1- To express a true fact ‫اﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﺣﻘﯾﻘﺔ‬ · I'll be 18 next week.
2- To predict events ‫اﻟﺗﻧﺑؤ ﺑﺎﻷﺣداث ﺑدون دﻟﯾل‬ · I think it will rain soon .
3- To decide something quickly. ‫اﺗﺧﺎذ ﻗرار ﺑﻌﻣل ﺷﻲء‬ · I'll have coffee, please.
4- To offer to do something ‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻌرض‬ · I'll clean the car for you.
5- To ask someone to do something ‫طﻠب ﻋﻣل ﺷﻲء ﻣن ﺷﺧص‬ · Will you look at my homework
tonight?
6- To make a threat ‫اﻟﺗﮭدﯾد‬ · I'll resign if I don't get a pay rise.
7- Promise ‫وﻋﺪ‬ I promise I will be there on time .
:‫· ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﺑﺳﯾط ﻣﻊ ﻛﻠﻣﺎت ﻣﺛل‬
Next (year/month/week / in the future / soon / tomorrow
:‫· ﻻﺣظ اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﺑﺳﯾط ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ﻣﻊ‬
I expect …/ I'm sure …/ I think / I don't think / I wonder / probably /possibly / I suppose /I hope / I
believe / I feel sure / Perhaps../ or / otherwise / if

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 am / is / are + going to
(‫· ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﻧﯾﺔ أو ﻋﻣل ﻣﺧطط ﻟﮫ أو ﻗرار ﻗﺑل ﻟﺣظﺔ اﻟﺣدﯾث )وﺗﻛون اﻟﺧطﺔ ﻗد ﺗم إﻋدادھﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌل‬
· I am going to buy a new car. - I am going to make some tea . Would you like some ?
. ‫ أو ﻟﺗﺻف ﺣدث ﻟﮫ ﺳﺑب ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﺿر‬/ ‫·ﻟﻠﺗﻧﺑؤ ﺑﺣدث ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل ﯾوﺟد ﻣﺎ ﯾدل ﻋﻠﯾﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﺿر‬
· I'm going to fail this exam. (I haven't done much work)
am / is / are + going to + inf ‫ وﻟﯾس‬will ‫ﻻﺣظ ان اﻟﺗﻧﺑؤ ﻟو ﻛﺎن ﺻﻔﺔ ﺷﺧﺻﯾﺔ ﻻ ﯾﻌﺗﺑر دﻟﯾل وھﻧﺎ ﻧﺳﺧدم‬ -
- Menna runs fast . I think she will win the race .
- Menna trains hard . I think she is going to win the race .
( plan / intend / decide ) ‫ھﻨﺎك ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ وھﻲ‬
am / is / are + going to + inf ‫ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬look out / mind out / watch out / Be careful ‫ﻟﻮ ﺟﺎءت ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﻣﺜﻞ‬
- Watch out ! A car is going to hit you .
The present continuous ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬
.‫·اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل ) و ﯾﺷﯾر أﯾﺿﺎ إﻟﻰ وﺟود ﺗرﺗﯾﺑﺎت ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﻣﺳﺑﻘﺔ( ﺧﺻوﺻﺎ اﻟﺗرﺗﯾﺑﺎت اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ واﻟﺳﻔر‬
- I am seeing the boss tomorrow. (I have an appointment with him.)
( prepare / arrange ) ‫ھﻨﺎك ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ وھﻲ‬
The present simple ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬
‫·اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺑﺳﯾط ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل )و ﯾرﺗﺑط ذﻟك ﺑﺟداول اﻟﻣواﻋﯾد اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺛﻼ ﺑوﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﻣواﺻﻼت و اﻟﻣﺳرح و اﻟﺳﯾﻧﻣﺎ و اﻟﻣدرﺳﺔ‬
‫وﺟداول اﻻﻣﺗﺣﺎﻧﺎت و ﻏﯾر ذﻟك‬
You leave Cairo International Airport at 7 p.m. and arrive in Paris at 11 p.m.
The course starts in October.
·:‫ﯾﺷﯾر اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺑﺳﯾط ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل ﻣﻊ اﻟرواﺑط اﻟزﻣﻧﯾﺔ ﻣﺛل‬
¨When we get there, we'll have dinner.
The future continuous ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬
will/shall + be + ing
:‫· ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﺣدث ﺳوف ﯾﻛون ﻣﺳﺗﻣرا ﻓﻲ وﻗت ﻣﻌﯾن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل‬
¨Between 9 and 11 a.m. tomorrow I'll be studying.
‫ ( واﻓﻌﺎل ﺗﻌﺑر ﻋن اﻻﺳﺗﻣرارﯾﺔ وﺗﺳﺗﻐرق وﻗت ﻓﻰ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل‬between+ ‫ وﻗت‬+ ‫ ( ) وﻗت‬at + ‫وﻣن اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﯾﮫ ) وﺛت ﻣﺣدد ف اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل‬
The Perfect Future ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﺗﺎم‬
will have + pp
‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﯿﺸﯿﺮ اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪث ﺳﯿﻜﺘﻤﻞ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدة وﻋﺎدة ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻊ‬
By ‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل‬ - By the end of this month I will have built a house .
in a ‫'ﻣدةزﻣﻧﯾﺔ‬s time - In 3 years' time we will have done the project .
By the time + ‫ﻣﻀﺎرع ﺑﺴﯿﻂ او ﻣﻀﺎرع ﺗﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺗﺎم‬
- By the time she comes ( has come ) , I will have cleaned the house .
‫ ﻻﺣظ اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل ﻣﻊ اﻟرواﺑط ﻛطرف ﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬-
(As soon as-after-till- if –when-before- the moment-while )
‫أداة رﺑﻂ‬ ‫ ﻣﻀﺎرع ﺗﺎم‬/ ‫ﻣﻀﺎرع ﺑﺴﯿﻂ‬ ‫اﻣﺮ \ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬
- After I finish( have finished ) my work , I will leave .
- I will not leave until I finish ( have finished ) my work
‫اھم اﻷﻣﺛﻠﺔ اﻟﺧﻼﻓﯾﺔ واﻣﺛﻠﺔ اﻷﻓﻛﺎر اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻌﻠق ﺑﮭذه اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‬
- I am going to make a cup of tea . Would you like some ?
- I am saving up . I am going to buy a car .
- Watch out ! some stones are falling from above you .
- My sister is going to have a baby .
- What are you going to do after school today ?
- there is no need to hurry. The train won't be leaving for another 30 minutes.
1- I don't think we…………..at your house by 8 o'clock.
a. won't have been b. are being c. are d. will be
2. It's going to rain. I expect, the referee ,.......... the match.
a. is cancelling b. to cancel c. would cancel d. is going to cancel
3- “ Could you please wait till he ………...? ” Yes, sure.
a) will arrive b) would arrive c) arrives d) had arrived
4- Do you think I could borrow the book after you......reading it?
a- had finished b- finished c- have finished d- will finish

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5- When I meet my friends , I ______what has happened to Murad.
(will be known - will have known - will know - will be knowing )
6- In 2030, we .......... people with diabetes.
( help - will help - helped - will be helping)
7- I will ........ chapter six next lesson next week.
( be taken - have taken - be taking - taking)
8- A) Here are my notes from the lecture. B) Thanks, I ………give them back to you tomorrow.
(will- may – would – am going to)
9- I think we all benefit from technology. – I ………… go along with that.
(will – would – am going to – shall)
10- We....... the plants by the time you arrive home. You will find nobody there.
( will water- will have watered - will be watering- water )
11- There is a train…………. at six o’clock tomorrow. I hope I'll catch it.
(will leave – leaves – is going to leave – leaving
12- I’ll have sold my old car by next month. When I …. it, I’ll write to you.
a) will sell b) sold c) have sold d) had sold
13- “ Could you please wait till he ………….,” Yes, sure.
a) will arrive b) would arrive c) arrives d) had arrived

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 Unit4 Relative Pronouns ‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋر اﻟوﺻل‬
• who • which • whom • that • whose • where • when • what
‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﺿﻣﯾر اﻟوﺻل ﻟرﺑط ﺟﻣﻠﺗﯾن و ﯾﺣل ﻣﺣل اﺳم أو ﺿﻣﯾر ﻣوﺟود ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﻟذﻟك ﻻ ﻧﻛرر اﻟﺿﻣﯾر ﻣرة أﺧرى ﻣﻊ ﺿﻣﯾر اﻟوﺻل‬
The man who was sitting with me is a millionaire:
Who = that ‫ﺗﺣل ﻣﺣل ﻓﺎﻋل ﻋﺎﻗل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬
: ‫ﯾﻠﯾﮭﺎ ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة ﻓﻌل وﯾﺳﺑﻘﮭﺎ ﻋﺎﻗل‬
- The man who robbed my flat was sent to prison.
- The man that robbed my flat was sent to prison.
•Whom = that = who ‫ﺗﺣل ﻣﺣل ﻣﻔﻌول ﻋﺎﻗل‬
: ‫ﯾﻠﯾﮭﺎ ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة ﻓﺎﻋل ) ﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ( وﯾﺳﺑﻘﮭﺎ ﻋﺎﻗل‬
• The woman whom we met at the club is a famous tennis player.
• The woman who we met at the club is a famous tennis player.
• The woman that we met at the club is a famous tennis player.
•Which = that ‫ﺗﺣل ﻣﺣل ﻓﺎﻋل أو ﻣﻔﻌول ﻏﯾر ﻋﺎﻗل‬
: ‫ﯾﻠﯾﮭﺎ ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة ﻓﻌل وﯾﺳﺑﻘﮭﺎ ﻏﯾر ﻋﺎﻗل‬
• The horse which won the race is mine. The horse that won the race is mine.
• He cut down the trees which were infected - He cut down the trees that were infected.
•Whose ‫ﺗﺣل ﻣﺣل ﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ وﺗﺳﺑق ﺑﺎﺳم ﻣﺎﻟك وﺗﻌﻘب ﺑﺎﺳم ﻣﻣﻠوك‬
" my car • his car "her car • their car •your car • its • our car
The man whose car was stolen reported the police.
•Where : The place where she works is away from her home . ‫ﺗﺣل ﻣﺣل اﻟﻣﻛﺎن‬
-
• When - We will meet on Monday when we are free . ‫ﺗﺣل ﻣﺣل اﻟزﻣﺎن‬
• What ‫ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ اول اﻟﺟﻣﻠﮫ \او ﻗﺑﻠﮭﺎ ﻓﻌل \ او ﻗﺑﻠﮭﺎ ﺿﻣﯾر‬
- I can't decide what I will do about this problem.
- I will not tell her what I know . - What you say is nonsense .
which – whom – whose ‫ﻟو ﺳﺑﻘت اﻟﻧﻘﺎط ﺑﺣرف ﺟر ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة ﻧﺧﺗﺎر‬
The house about which I told you was sold last week .
The man with whom I traveled to France phoned me yesterday .
The man about whose father I told you lost his leg in an accident .
‫ اﻻ اﻧﻧﺎ ﻻ ﯾﺟب اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮭﺎ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬who – which – whom ‫ ﺗﺣل ﻣﺣل‬that ‫ ﺑﺎﻟرﻏم ﻣن ان‬-
that ‫ ﻻ ﯾﺟب اﺳﺗﺧدام‬comma ‫ ﻟو ﺳﺑﻘت ب‬-١
My mother , whom I love most , passed away last month .
‫ ﻻ ﺗﺳﺑق ﺑﺣرف ﺟر ﺣﯾث اﻧﮭﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺣل ﻣﺣل ﻣﻔﻌول‬-٢
- The meeting at which I will discuss the project has been cancelled .
‫ ﺑﻌد‬that ‫ ﻋﺎدة ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬-
all / much / the thing / any / some / the only- something – everything – anything –
nothing
first – second – third ‫ﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﺘﻔﻀﯿﻞ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺻﻔﺔ اﻟﻌﺪد‬
Sara was the only girl that came for the exam .
:‫ ﻟﺗﺷﯾر إﻟﻲ ﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻗﺑﻠﮭﺎ‬which ‫ﻻﺣظ اﺳﺗﺧدام‬
· He got very bad marks in the test, which made his parents very sad.
‫ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻣﻛﺎن واﻟزﻣﺎن وذﻟك ﻓﻰ اﻟﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬where – when ‫ ﻣﺣل‬which ‫ﻣن اﻟﻣﻣﻛن ان ﺗﺣل‬
‫ اذا ﻛﺎن ھﻧﺎك ﺣرف ﺟر ﯾﻌود ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﻛﺎن او اﻟزﻣﺎن اﯾﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻣوﻗﻌﮫ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬-١
- The village where he lived is in Upper Egypt.
- The village in which he lived is in Upper Egypt.
- The village which he lived in is in Upper Egypt.
. ‫ اذا ﻛﺎن ھﻧﺎك ﻓﻌل ﺑﻌد اﻟﻧﻘط ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة‬-٢
- The house which collapsed last night belonged to a poor woman .
‫ اذا و ﺻﻔت اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻛﺎن او ﻣﺎ ﯾﺣدث ﻟﮫ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻊ ھذه اﻻﻓﻌﺎل‬-٣
visit – design – like – sell – buy – cost – see ….

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-Alexandria which I visit every summer is a wonderful city on the sea.
which – whom ‫ﻛﯾف ﻧﺧﺗﺎر ﺣرف اﻟﺟر ﻣﻊ‬
‫ ﯾﻣﻛن ان ﯾﻛون ﺣرف اﻟﺟر ﺟزءا ﻣن ﻓﻌل او اﺳم او ﺻﻔﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ وﺗم ﺣذﻓﮫ ووﺿﻌﮫ ﻣﻊ اداة اﻟوﺻل‬-١
The money on which I depend to pay my debts was stolen last week.
The film in which I am interested is shown on TV now .
‫ ﺣرف اﻟﺟر ﯾرﺗﺑط ﺑﺎﻻﺳم او اﻟﻔﻌل او اﻟﺻﻔﺔ اﻟﺗﻰ ﺗﺳﺑق اﻟﻧﻘﺎط‬-٢
-I don't know the reason for which she left her home .
‫ ﺣﺳب ﻣﻌﻧﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﯾﺗم ﺗﺣدﯾد ﺣرف اﻟﺟر‬-٣
- I read a very important article in which there are creative solutions to our economic problems.
- we met the girl about whom we told you .
How to shorten a relative clause ‫ﻛﯾف ﻧﺧﺗﺻر ﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟوﺻل‬
‫( وﯾﺑﻘﻰ اﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻟﺛﺎﻟث‬v. to Be) ‫إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟذي ﯾﻠﻲ ﺿﻣﯾر اﻟوﺻل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﻧﺣذف ﺿﻣﯾر اﻟوﺻل وﻛذﻟك‬
. ‫ﻓﻘط‬
The students who were chosen to represent our school are all brilliant.
The students chosen to represent our school are all brilliant.
(ing) ‫ ﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠوم ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﻧﺣذف ﺿﻣﯾر اﻟوﺻل وﻧﺿﯾف ﻟﻠﻔﻌل‬which - who ‫إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟذي ﯾﻠﻲ ﺿﻣﯾر اﻟوﺻل‬
-The boys who take part in the race will be given prizes.
-The boys taking part in the race will be given prizes.
:‫ﯾﻣﻛن ﺣذف ﺿﻣﯾر اﻟوﺻل إذا ﺟﺎء ﻣﻛﺎن اﻟﻣﻔﻌول‬
The book which I lent you yesterday belongs to my daughter .
The book I lent you yesterday belongs to my daughter .
:‫¨ ﻻﺣظ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬
- You can travel to Luxor. Luxor is where you can find a lot of monuments.
-You can travel to Luxor, which is where you can find a lot of monuments.
stage/situation/point ‫ ﺑﻌد اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت‬where ‫¨ ﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﺧدام‬
-Eventually, I reached a stage where I began to enjoy my work.
-He found himself in a situation where he was unable to pay off his debts.
- He reached the point where I will not have a discussion with him again
‫اھم اﻷﻣﺛﻠﺔ اﻟﺧﻼﻓﯾﺔ واﻣﺛﻠﺔ اﻷﻓﻛﺎر اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻌﻠق ﺑﮭذه اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‬
1-The immigration police arrested the foreigners……..stay in our country ended .
( who – whom – whose – which )
2- I don't think that ……caused him to do that was jealousy .
( which – whose – that – what )
3- Armstrong was the first man ……..on the moon.
( that walk – which walked - to walk – whose walked )
4- The teacher punished the students ……..late for the class .
( that arriving – arrived – which arrived – arriving )
5- The boy ………wants to borrow some books.
( who in the library – that in the library – which in the library - in the library)
6- The man ………in the accident was taken to hospital.
( who injured – was injured – injured – injuring )
7- I read a book about women…….made great contributions to their societies .
( who – which – whom – whose )
8- I read a book about women…….I found very interesting .
( who – which – whom – whose )
10- Sham El Nassem is a day ............ marks the beginning of spring.
( whom- which- at which- when )
11- Is this the boy with ...................father you went to school?
( that - whose - whom – which )
12- The project is at a point (where – when – who – which) the end is in sight.
13- have you ever seen someone.....with electricity?
a) had punished b) been punished c) punished d) is punished
The cafeteria............I have many drinks on is at the corner of a quiet street.
( where - whose - when - no pronoun )

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The town has reached the size..... traffic is a problem.
( Where- Which- Who-When )
They will move to a new flat (where – in which – when – at which) their baby is born.
They will move to a new flat (where –whose – when – which) their baby will be born.
All we want to know is the truth (about which – about who – in which – about whom) is to blame for this
fatal error.
1. I want to know with .... to the cinema evey Friday.
a. whom do you go , b. whom you go

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Unit 5 all, each , every , both , half , either, neither
( ‫اﺳم ﻻ ﯾﻌد )ﻣﻔرد‬ ‫ﻓﻌل ﻣﻔرد‬
All
( ‫اﺳم ﯾﻌد ) ﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻌل ﺟﻣﻊ‬
All the water in this bottle is impure. . ‫ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌدھﺎ اﺳم ﻻ ﯾﻌد ﻣﻔرد وﯾﻛون ﻓﺎﻋﻠﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ھذه اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻔرد‬
All the students are clever . . ‫ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌدھﺎ اﺳم ﯾﻌد ﺟﻣﻊ وﯾﻛون ﻓﺎﻋﻠﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ھذه اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺟﻣﻊ‬
all ‫ وھذا ﻻ ﯾؤﺛر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗرﻛﯾب اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﻌد‬all ‫ ﺑﻌد‬of the ‫ﻣن اﻟﻣﻣﻛن ان ﻧﺿﻊ‬
All of the students at this school are clever . All the water in this bottle is impure .
All of us are against terrorism. ‫ ﺑﻌدھﺎ‬of ‫ ﯾﺟب وﺿﻊ‬all ‫ ﻟو ﺟﺎء ﺿﻣﯾر ﺑﻌد‬-
. ‫ ﻛﻣﻔﻌول‬all ‫ ﻻﺣظ اﻧﮫ ﻣن اﻟﻣﻣﻛن ان ﺗﻘﻊ‬-
- I met all the players of the team . - She told all of us important information .
‫ ﺑﻌد اﻟﻔﺎﻋل وھذا ﻻ ﯾﻐﯾر اﯾﺿﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺗرﻛﯾب اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬all ‫ ﻣن اﻟﻣﻣﻛن ان ﺗﻘﻊ‬-
- They all have taken part in the competition .
‫اﺳم ﻣﻔرد ﯾﻌد‬
Each ‫ﻓﻌل ﻣﻔرد‬
of + ‫اﺳم ﺟﻣﻊ‬
Each player in the team has a responsibility to win the finals ‫ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌدھﺎ اﺳم ﻣﻔرد ﯾﻌد وﻓﻌﻠﮭﺎ ﻣﻔرد‬
‫ ( وﻓﻌﻠﮭﺎ ﻣﻔرد‬of + ‫ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌدھﺎ ) اﺳم ﺟﻣﻊ‬
Each of the girls here wears blue uniform .
. ‫ ﻣن اﻟﻣﻣﻛن ان ﺗﻘﻊ ﻣﻔﻌول اﯾﺿﺎ‬-
She greeted each of us when she passed in front of us .
.‫( ﻓﻌل ﺟﻣـــﻊ إذا ﺟﺎء ﻗﺑﻠﮭﺎ ﺿﻣﯾر ﻓﺎﻋل ﺟﻣﻊ‬each) ‫ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌد‬-
We each like to go hiking during the summer days .
Every ‫اﺳم ﻣﻔرد‬ ‫ﻓﻌل ﻣﻔرد‬
‫ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌدھﺎ داﺋﻣﺎ اﺳم ﻣﻔرد وﻓﻌل ﻣﻔرد‬-
- Every citizen in this country is responsible for its welfare and prosperity .
of ‫ ﺣرف اﻟﺟر‬every ‫ﻻﺣظ اﻧﮫ ﻻ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌد‬
‫اﺳم ﺟﻣﻊ‬
Both ‫ﻓﻌل ﺟﻣﻊ‬
( of the + ‫) اﺳم ﺟﻣﻊ‬
‫ اﺳم ﺟﻣﻊ واﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﻛل اﻻﺣوال ﺟﻣﻊ وھﻲ ﺗﻌﻧﻲ اﺛﻧﯾن‬both of ‫ او‬both ‫ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌد‬-
- Both my parents have traveled to France recently .
- Both of the teachers are very hard-working .
‫ ﺑﻌدھﺎ‬of ‫ ﯾﺟب وﺿﻊ‬both ‫ ﻣﻊ ﺿﻣﺎﺋر اﻟﻔﺎﻋل واﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﻟو ﺟﺎء ﺿﻣﯾر ﺑﻌد‬both ‫ ﻣن اﻟﻣﻣﻛن ان ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬-
-Both of us were at the party yesterday . - We both were at the party yesterday .
‫ ﻟرﺑط ﻓﺎﻋﻠﯾن او ﻣﻔﻌوﻟﯾن وﻋﻧد رﺑط ﻓﺎﻋﻠﯾن ﻓﺎن ﻓﻌﻠﮭﺎ ﺟﻣﻊ وﻓﻲ ھذه اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌدھﺎ اﺳم ﻣﻔرد او ﺟﻣﻊ‬both …..and ‫ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم‬
. ‫ﻋﺎدي‬
- Both the boy and his friends are at the playground now . - She can speak both English and
French
‫اﺳم ﻣﻔرد‬ ‫ﻓﻌل ﻣﻔرد‬
Half
( ‫اﺳم ﯾﻌد ) ﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻌل ﺟﻣﻊ‬
Half the water in this bottle is impure . . ‫ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌدھﺎ اﺳم ﻻ ﯾﻌد ﻣﻔرد وﯾﻛون ﻓﺎﻋﻠﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ھذه اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻔرد‬
Half the students are clever . . ‫ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌدھﺎ اﺳم ﯾﻌد ﺟﻣﻊ وﯾﻛون ﻓﺎﻋﻠﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ھذه اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺟﻣﻊ‬
‫ وھذا ﻻ ﯾؤﺛر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗرﻛﯾب اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﻌدھﺎ‬half ‫ ﺑﻌد‬of the ‫ﻣن اﻟﻣﻣﻛن ان ﻧﺿﻊ‬
Half of the students at this school are clever . Half of the water in this bottle is impure .
.‫ ( ﻣﻌﮭﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾرات اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻛﻣﯾﺔ واﻟﻘﯾﺎس‬of ) ‫( و ﻻ ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم‬half a/an) ‫ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬-٣
- He will take half a kilometer to reach the nearest village.
- I spent half an hour repairing the bike.

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 ‫اﺳم ﻣﻔرد‬
Either ‫ﻓﻌل ﻣﻔرد‬
( of the + ‫) اﺳم ﺟﻣﻊ‬
‫ واﺳم ﺟﻣﻊ وھﻲ ﺗﺄﺧذ داﺋﻣﺎ ﻓﻌل ﻣﻔرد وﺗﻔﯾد اﺛﻧﯾن وﻣﻌﻧﺎھﺎ اﯾﺎ ﻣن‬of ‫ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌدھﺎ اﺳم ﻣﻔرد او ﺣرف اﻟﺟر‬
- Either teacher is responsible for the students .
- Either of the teachers is responsible for the students .
‫او وﺗرﺑط ﻓﺎﻋﻠﯾن او ﻣﻔﻌوﻟﯾن وﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ رﺑط ﻓﺎﻋﻠﯾن ﻓﺎن ﻓﻌل اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﯾﺗﺑﻊ اﻗرب‬.....‫ ﻛﺄداة رﺑط ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻰ اﻣﺎ‬either ……or ‫ﯾﻣﻛن ان ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم‬
. ‫ﻓﺎﻋل ﻟﮫ‬
- You can come either on Sunday or on Monday . ( ‫) ﻣﻔﻌوﻟﯾن‬
Either the players or the coach has done their best.
Either the coach or the players have done their best .
‫اﺳم ﻣﻔرد‬
Neither ‫ﻓﻌل ﻣﻔرد‬
( of the + ‫) اﺳم ﺟﻣﻊ‬
‫ واﺳم ﺟﻣﻊ وھﻲ ﺗﺄﺧذ داﺋﻣﺎ ﻓﻌل ﻣﻔرد وﺗﻔﯾد اﺛﻧﯾن وﻣﻌﻧﺎھﺎ ﻻ وﻻ وھﻲ ﺗﻔﯾد اﻟﻧﻔﯾوﻟﻛن ﻻ ﻧﻧﻔﻲ‬of ‫ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌدھﺎ اﺳم ﻣﻔرد او ﺣرف اﻟﺟر‬
‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﮭﺎ‬
-Neither parent has come to collect the child of his school .
- Neither of the ministers visits the injured people in the hospital .
‫وﻻ وﺗرﺑط ﻓﺎﻋﻠﯾن او ﻣﻔﻌوﻟﯾن وﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ رﺑط ﻓﺎﻋﻠﯾن ﻓﺎن ﻓﻌل‬.....‫ ﻛﺄداة رﺑط ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻰ ﻻ‬neither ……nor ‫ﯾﻣﻛن ان ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم‬
. ‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﯾﺗﺑﻊ اﻗرب ﻓﺎﻋل ﻟﮫ‬
Neither the players nor the coach has done their best.
Neither the coach nor the players have done their best .
‫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ رﺑط ﺟﻣﻠﺗﯾن ﻓﺎﻋﻠﮭﻣﺎ واﺣد ﻧﻘدم اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻓﻰ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺗﯾن‬-٧
- Neither have I seen the film nor have I met my friends .
‫اھم اﻷﻣﺛﻠﺔ اﻟﺧﻼﻓﯾﺔ واﻣﺛﻠﺔ اﻷﻓﻛﺎر اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻌﻠق ﺑﮭذه اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‬
1- I have lived in Cairo for ………………..
(one and half year – one and a half year – one and a half years – one and half years)
2- My parents each ……………a watch. (has –is - have – are)
3- …………………need love and attention, and yours is no exception.
(All of the children – All the children – All children – None children)
3- ……………….....either you or I the taller ? ( Is / has / are / have )
4- There were flags flying from almost .......building. ( each - all -every –both )
5- Neither of the men took off.........coat. (their- her- his - theirs )
7- She was out ……day yesterday . ( every – each- all- either )
8- She ate the ……..pizza with her friend . ( all -each - whole – neither )
9- ………of the juice is imported . ( Each- all- both - either )
10- “I don’t like strawberry ice cream.” ( Me neither - Me either - Me too- I
too )
11- I tried to call Haneen but…………times she was out . ( neither – either – all – both )

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Unit 6
so / such ... that/ enough / too ... to

‫ ( ﺻﻔﺔ‬young- tall- difficult- easy- high – wide- strong-…..)

So ‫ ( ظرف‬carelessly- slowly – quickly – usefully – well – beautifully……)
‫ﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻛﻣﯾﺔ‬ ( many – much - little- few )
‫ ﺻﻔﺔ او ظرف اوﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻛﻣﯾﺔ‬so ‫ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌد‬-
- The girl is so young that she can't understand what you say .
- The boy behaved so rudely that all the attendants were angry with him .
- There were so many people that I thought it was a party .
So ‫ ظرف‬/ ‫ ﺻﻔﺔ‬+ ‫ ﻓﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬+ ‫…… ﻓﺎﻋل‬that + ‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬
‫ﯾﺟب وﺿﻊ اﻟﺻﻔﺔ او اﻟظرف ﺑﻌدھﺎ ﺛم ﻧﺿﻊ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﯨﺎﻟﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﻻﺳﺗﻔﮭﺎﻣﯾﺔ ﺑﺗﻘدﯾم اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋد ﻋﻠﻰ‬ so ‫ ﻟو ﺑدأﻧﺎ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ب‬-
‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬
- So young is the girl that she can't understand what you say .
- So rudely did the boy behave that all the attendants were angry with him .
‫ ( ﺑﯾن اﻟﺻﻔﺔ واﻻﺳم او ﺑﻌد اﻟﺻﻔﺔ‬a – an ) ‫ اﺳم وﻟﻛن ﯾﺟب وﺿﻊ اداة اﻟﻧﻛرة‬+ ‫ ﺻﻔﺔ‬so ‫ﻻﺣظ اﻧﮫ ﻣن اﻟﻣﻣﻛن ان ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌد‬
.‫وﻗﺑل اﻻﺳم‬
- It was so narrow a road that it doesn't take two cars side by side .
so much ‫ وﻟﻛن ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم‬so ‫ﻗﺑل ﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻻ ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم‬
- Soha is so much younger than sally that she always doesn't understand her .
Such
Such ‫ اﺳم ﺟﻣﻊ او اﺳم ﻻ ﯾﻌد‬+ ‫ﺻﻔﺔ‬
They were such lazy students that they don't study at all
Such a /an ‫ اﺳم ﻣﻔرد ﯾﻌد‬+ ‫ﺻﻔﺔ‬
It was such an interesting film that I stayed till the end .
Such a /an ‫ اﺳم ﻣﻔرد ﯾﻌد‬+ that + ‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬
- He was such an idiot that he wasted all his wealth on women .
‫ ﻟﺑﯾﺎن ﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬that ‫ وﻻ ﯾﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻌدھﺎ‬very ‫ ﻛظرف ﯾدل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟدرﺟﺔ وﺗﺳﺎوي ﻓﻰ ھذه اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬so / such ‫ﻣن اﻟﻣﻣﻛن ان ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم‬
‫اﻟﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ‬
- She is so beautiful . - She is such a beautiful girl .
3- Enough
‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ ‫ ظرف‬/ ‫ ﺻﻔﺔ‬+ enough + ( for + ‫ ) ﻓﺎﻋل او ﺿﻣﯾر ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ to + ‫ﻣﺻدر‬
. ‫ داﺋﻣﺎ ﺗﻔﯾد اﻟﺻﻔﺔ اﻻﯾﺟﺎﺑﯾﺔ وﺗﻔﯾد اﻟﻘدرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻣل اﻟﺷﻲء وﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﻗﺑﻠﮭﺎ اﻟﺻﻔﺔاو اﻟظرف‬enough ‫ ﻻﺣظ ان‬-
- The exam was easy enough for the students ( them ) to answer all the questions .
- He ran quickly enough to catch the train .
. ‫ ﻛﺻﻔﺔ ﻓﯾﺟب ان ﻧﻼﺣظ اﻧﮫ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌدھﺎ اﺳم ﻓﻰ ھذه اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ وﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻗﺑل اﻻﺳم‬enough ‫ﻟو اﺳﺗﺧدﻣت‬
- She didn't have enough money to buy the mobile she wanted .
Too
‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ too+ ‫ ظرف‬/ ‫ ﺻﻔﺔ‬+ ( for + ‫ ) ﻓﺎﻋل او ﺿﻣﯾر ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ to + ‫ﻣﺻدر‬
‫وﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺟﺪا ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻻ وھﻲ ﺗﻔﯿﺪ داﺋﻤﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺔ وﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪم اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺷﻲء‬
- The questions were too difficult to answer .
- The questions were too difficult for the student ( him ) to answer .
too ‫ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬much / far / rather ‫ ﻻﺣﻆ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﻣﺜﻞ‬-
- The chocolate was much too bitter for me to eat .

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 ‫ﻻﺣﻆ ان ھﻨﺎك ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺼﻔﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ان ﺗﻜﻮن اﯾﺠﺎﺑﯿﺔ وﺳﻠﺒﯿﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﺠﺐ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺘﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﯿﺎق اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬
- The man is too old to walk without a stick. - She is old enough to understand what you
say.
‫اھم اﻷﻣﺛﻠﺔ اﻟﺧﻼﻓﯾﺔ واﻣﺛﻠﺔ اﻷﻓﻛﺎر اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻌﻠق ﺑﮭذه اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‬
1- This question is .......... difficult for these students to answer.
a, such much b, too much c. enough d. such
2- The last question was difficult, but wasn't ............. for me to answer, '
a. a very difficult b. too difficult c. such a difficult d. difficult
enough
3- There are times when you can't work ............ to live comfortably.
a) so hard b) such hard c) hard enough d) too
hard
4- The company ………….well organized that all the people appreciate it .
a) so b) such c) enough d) too
5 - There are ………… few players to make a team.
a. to b. so c. such d. either
6- I’m a working mother, and…………., I don’t have much free time.
a. as such b. as so c. such as d. such a
7- He has …….negative attitude.
a. such a b. so c. such d.
enough
8- I’m a working mother, and…………., I don’t have much free time.
a. as such b. as so c. such as d. such a
9- The last question was difficult, but wasn't ………………….for me to answer.
(a very difficult – too difficult – such a difficult – difficult enough)
The Passive Verbs ‫ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﮭﻮل‬
‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﮭﻮل ﺗﺤﺘﺎج ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺟﯿﺪا وﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ھﻞ اﻻﺳﻢ ﻓﻰ ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ام ﻣﻔﻌﻮل وﯾﺠﺐ ﺗﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬
‫ھﻞ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل او ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﯿﺚ ان ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﮭﻮل ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﺎم اﻻول ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﻟﻐﻮﯾﺔ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺤﺪد ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ان ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ام ﻣﺠﮭﻮل ﺛﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ذﻟﻚ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ دور ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺒﺎت اﻻزﻣﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺠﮭﻮل‬
- The film …….some violent actions that doesn't suit children .
is shown was shown shows has been shown
1) THE SIMPLE TENSE ‫اﻷزﻣﻨﺔ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻄﺔ‬
· PASSIVE: object ‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬+ am/is/are + P.P. ‫ﻣﻀﺎرع ﺑﺴﯿﻂ‬
was/were + P.P. ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺴﯿﻂ‬
Ali built the house. The house was built ( by Ali ).
2) THE CONTINUOUS TENSES ‫اﻷزﻣﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮة‬
· PASSIVE: object ‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬+ am/is/are + being + P.P. ‫ﻣﻀﺎرع ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
was/were + being + P.P. ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
She is cooking rice. Rice is being cooked.
3)THE PERFECT TENSES ‫اﻷزﻣﻨﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻣﺔ‬
· PASSIVE: object ‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬+ have/ has + been+ P.P. ‫ﻣﻀﺎرع ﺗﺎم‬
had+ been+ P.P. ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﺎم‬
We have bought a car. A car has been bought.
4) Modal VERBS ‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ‬
· PASSIVE: object ‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬+ any modal + be + P.P.
He can carry the heavy box. The heavy box can be carried.
Note the following:
:‫( إذا وﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ أﺣﺪ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻵﺗﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﻮل إﻟﻲ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﮭﻮل ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺘﯿﻦ‬٣
Say, think, believe, consider, know, claim, understand ,report
People say that he is clever. It is said that he is clever. He is said to be clever.
‫ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬to ‫ ﯾﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺛﻢ ﻣﺼﺪر و ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﮭﻮل ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬make / see/ hear/ watch ‫? اﻷﻓﻌﺎل‬

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 .‫( ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺠﮭﻮل‬to be + p.p.) ‫( ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﻌﺪھﺎ‬to + inf.) ‫? اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻮﻋﺔ ﺑـ‬
I hope to be accepted at the police academy .
.‫( ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺠﮭﻮل‬being + p.p.) ‫( ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﻌﺪھﺎ‬v.+ ing) ‫? اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻮﻋﺔ ﺑـ‬
- I avoid being seen with him in public places.
: .p.p ‫ ﺛﻢ‬be ‫ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺿﻤﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﺛﻢ‬let ‫? إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ و اﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬
He doesn’t let himself be laughed at.
( to + inf ) ‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺠﮭﻮل ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻌﮭﻤﺎ‬to ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮم ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻌﮭﻤﺎ ﻣﺼﺪر ﺑﺪون‬make / let ‫?ﻻﺣﻆ ان ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬
- I made her use my mobile phone . - She was made to use my mobile phone .
v+ ing ‫ او‬to + inf ‫ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺪھﻤﺎ‬like –love prefer ‫أﻓﻌﺎل‬
-I don't like being cheated by other people . I don't like to be cheated by other people .
to + inf ‫ ﯾﺠﺐ ان ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺪھﺎ‬would ‫ ﻟﻮ ﺳﺒﻘﺖ اﻻﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬-
- I would like to be invited to the party .
‫اھم اﻷﻣﺛﻠﺔ اﻟﺧﻼﻓﯾﺔ واﻣﺛﻠﺔ اﻷﻓﻛﺎر اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻌﻠق ﺑﮭذه اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‬
1- In our country, nobody, except policemen, ......to carry a weapon in a public place
(allow - are allowed - allow - is allowed
2- All her best jewellery.....by the burglars.
(had stolen/ had been stolen/ were stolen/ have been stolen)
3- Over the past year, the econmy by the rise in prices.
(was affected – has been affected – had been affected – has affected)
4- All kids really like...in bed
( to be read - to read - reading- be reading )
5- the town ...by lots of tourists during the summer has the worst pollution.
(visited - is visited – was visited – has been visited )
6- your clothes ………….taken away.
( need to be – has to be – have – is being )

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 Unit 9 Causative ‫اﻟﺴﺒﺒﯿﺔ‬
:‫ھﺬا اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أن ﺷﺨﺼﺎ آﺧﺮ ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ھﻮ اﻟﺬي ﻗﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬
‫ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮم‬
‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ have + ‫ اﻟﺷﺧص‬+ to ‫ﻣﺻدر ﺑدون‬
- I had the mechanic repair my car .
have ‫ ﻣﺤﻞ‬make / let ‫ﻻﺣﻆ ھﻨﺎ اﻧﮫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ان ﺗﺤﻞ‬
-I made the mechanic repair my car .
‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ get + ‫ اﻟﺷﺧص‬+ to + ‫ﻣﺻدر‬
-I got the mechanic to repair my car .
get ‫ ﻣﺤﻞ‬allow / permit ‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ھﻨﺎ ان ﺗﺤﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻻﻓﻌﺎل ﻣﺜﻞ‬
-I allowed the mechanic to repair my car .
‫ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﮭﻮل‬
‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+have/ get + ‫ اﻟﺷﻲء‬+ P.P.
- I had ( got ) my car repaired .
‫ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ھذا اﻟﺗرﻛﯾب ﻓﻲ اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬
Present simple ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬ have/has / get -gets
Present cont. ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬ am having (getting) /is having (getting) /are having (getting)
Present perfect ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺗﺎم‬ have had (got ) / has had (got )
Past simple ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬ had - (got )
Past cont. ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬ was having (getting) / were having (getting)
Past perfect ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺗﺎم‬ had had (got )
Future simple ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬ will have (get )
Modals ‫اﻻﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻧﺎﻗﺻﺔ‬ Can / may / should / must / be going to + have (get )

‫ﺗﻠﺧﯾص اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‬
‫ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬+ to ‫ ﻣﺼﺪر ﺑﺪون‬- The teacher has the students answer the questions
.
Have
‫ اﻟﺸﻲء‬+ p.p. – She had the flat cleaned yesterday .

‫ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬+ to + ‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬ -The teacher gets the students answer the questions
.
Get
‫ اﻟﺸﻲء‬+ p.p. - She got the flat cleaned yesterday .
I`ll pay you double if you get the work (to finish – finished – was finished – finish) by Friday.
I hate people who have me (laugh – to laugh – laughed – laughing) at others.
I hate people who have me (laugh – to laugh – laughed – laughing) at.

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 Reported Speech
Statement
. ‫داﺋﻤﺎ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻗﻮﺳﯿﻦ ﻟﺘﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ ان اﻟﻜﻼم ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪث واﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﻊ‬
Doaa said to Donia " I haven't taken your car with me today . "
‫وﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ھﺬه اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﯾﺠﺐ ﻓﻚ اﻗﻮاس اﻟﺘﻨﺼﯿﺺ وھﻨﺎ ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﮭﺎ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ وﻛﻼم ﻣﻨﻘﻮل ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬
: ‫ﯾﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺧﻄﻮات وﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات وھﻲ‬
said to ‫ﻻ ﻧﺨﺘﺎر ﻓﻌﻞ اﻟﻘﻮل‬
promised/offered / agreed/threatened/ refused/reminded/decided/ encouraged/ invited
admit / deny / apologize for/objected to/insisted on / suggest / congratulate on / claimed
‫ادﻋﻲ‬/ complained / mentioned ‫ ذﻛر‬/ indicated ‫ أوﺿﺢ‬/ asserted ‫ أﻛد‬/ agreed / reported /
explained / shouted
He suggested watching the news on TV. He denied seeing the accident.
He denied that he had seen the accident. He promised to lend me the money I needed.
He promised that he would lend me the money I needed.
‫ ﯾﺠﺐ داﺋﻤﺎ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ازﻣﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻮﻟﺔ ) اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻢ ﻓﻚ اﻗﻮاﺳﮭﺎ ( وﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻟﻼزﻣﻨﺔ ﻟﻼﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻛﺎﻷﺗﻲ‬-٢
‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺴﯿﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺴﯿﻂ‬ ‫ ﻣﻀﺎرع ﺑﺴﯿﻂ‬-١
‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺎرع ﺗﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺎرع ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫أﻓﻌﺎل ﻧﺎﻗﺼﺔ‬
- Magda told Haneen that she ……..all the house work the following day .
a- are doing b- have done c- was going to do d- had done
‫ھﻧﺎك ﻛﻠﻣﺎت ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ ﺗﺗﻐﯾر ﻓﻲ ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷر ﻛﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬
Direct Indirect Direct Indirect
now then tonight that night
this that tomorrow the next day
these those yesterday the day before / the
previous day
here there today that day
(two days) ago (two days)before / earlier yet by then
last week the week before / the next week the following week
previous week

the day before two days before the day after in two days’ time
yesterday tomorrow
tomorrow morning the next morning this afternoon that afternoon
next Friday the following Friday
:‫ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻵﺗﯾﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺗﻐﯾر ﻓﻲ ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷر‬-
Would / should / ought / had better / might / used to / could
He said he used to clean his room every day.
:‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع‬say(s) ‫ ﻻ ﺗﺗﻐﯾر اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ إذا ﻛﺎن ﻓﻌل‬-
She says she lives in a small flat in Cairo.
:‫ﻻ ﺗﺗﻐﯾر اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ إذا ﻛﺎﻧت اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﻌﺑر ﻋن ﺣﻘﯾﻘﺔ‬-
She said that metals expand when they are heated.
:‫ﻻ ﺗﺗﻐﯾر اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ إذا ﻛﺎﻧت اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻗﯾﻠت ﻣﻧذ ﻓﺗرة وﺟﯾزة‬-
He said just now he has already seen the film.
:‫ ﯾﺗﻐﯾر اﻟزﻣن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻓﻘط‬if ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ وﺟود‬-
He said if it rained, he would stay at home.

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 Reported Questions
‫ﺑﻌد ﻓك اﻻﻗواس ﯾﺗﺣول ﻓﻌل ﻗول اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻻﺳﺗﻔﮭﺎﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻻﻓﻌﺎل اﻻﺗﯾﺔ ﺳواء ﻓﻰ اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع او اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬
He inquired / I’d like to know / I wanted to know / I want to know / I wondered
I wonder / I had no idea / I have no idea / I didn’t know / I don’t know / He asked / He asks
‫ ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل او ﻻ ﻧﺄﺧﺬ‬ask ‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ‬wonder / inquire ‫¨ ﻻﺣﻆ ﻋﺪم اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺿﻤﯿﺮ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺑﻌﺪ‬
- She wondered why I had left the party early . - She asked me why I had left the party early .
- She asked why I had left the party early .
whether / if / ‫أداة اﺳﺘﻔﮭﺎم‬..... ‫¨ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻔﮭﺎﻣﯿﺔ ب‬
- He asked me ………… my parents knew I was there.
a. who b. weather c. if d. what
‫¨ ﻻﺣﻆ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬
- She asked me ………………or not I was going out that night .
a. who b. weather c. if d. what
‫ ﯾﺠﺐ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻮﻟﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻠﮭﺎ ﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺧﺒﺮﯾﺔ‬-
- She asked rne where……………………….
a . have I eaten b. did I eat c. would I eat d. I had eaten

Order
Nada said to Ola " Take your coat with you ."
‫ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ اﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻘﻮل ﻟﻼﻓﻌﺎل اﻻﺗﯿﺔ‬-
¨Said to told/asked/advised/begged/warned /threatened/ instructed
/ recommended / suggested
:‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻔــﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬not to + inf. ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻹﺛﺒﺎت و ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬to + inf. ‫¨ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
- He told me to read the instructions before I operated the machine.
- My father asked me ………….other people .
a- to deceive b- not to deceive c- that deceive d- deceiving
Suggest
Suggest v + ing - She suggested going to the beach.
Suggest ( ‫) ﻣﺟﮭول‬ to + inf. - She was suggested to go to the beach .
Suggest that + ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ should + inf. - She suggested that he should go to the beach.
Suggest that + ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ inf. - She suggested that he go to the beach
Advise - Recommend
Advised = Recommended v + ing
Advised = Recommended( ‫)ﻣﺟﮭول‬ to + inf
Advised = Recommended ‫ ﻣﻔﻌول‬+ to + inf
Advised = Recommended that + ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ should + inf.
Advised = Recommended that + ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ inf.
‫اھم اﻷﻣﺛﻠﺔ اﻟﺧﻼﻓﯾﺔ واﻣﺛﻠﺔ اﻷﻓﻛﺎر اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻌﻠق ﺑﮭذه اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‬
1- He asked me........ or not I would meet him the next day.
(whether- if- what – that )
2- Ali said he had been at hospital ........
(the last week- the previous week – the following week – the next week )
3- Tom said that New York........more lively than London.
( was- is - had been - had to be )
4- He promised that he.......tomorrow.
(will phone_ would phone_had phoned_ was phoning)
5- Leila says that ........ she ready now to go to the shops
( was - had been - is - is being )
6- She …….me what she had told me about him was true .
(said - told – asked – wondered )
7- He ……if he went to Cairo . he would come around and visit me .
(said - told – asked – wondered )
8- I want to know with .... to the cinema evey Friday.
( whom do you go - whom you go – who do you go – that you go )

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9- could you tell me what you......this week?
( Will do- are doing- going to do-do)
10- The policeman said to me " You mustn't park in a "No Parking area "
." The policeman told me that I ……..in "No Parking area "
( mustn’t have parked- needn't have parked- shouldn't have parked – had to park )
11- She asked me Where I.......... to go that night
(would want – want – wanted- could want)
12- The director asked Peter how long he....... in his present job.
( had been- was – was being – has been )
13- Could you tell me where ………..you ?
( Could I meet you –had I met you – I can meet you – would I meet you )
14- Kamel told us that his grandfather .....him a funny story every night
( told –had told -would tell -was telling)
15- A passerby asked me whether I (have known – knew – had known – was known) the way to the hospital.
16- Dalia (said – asked – told – wondered) Ali why she usually came late for school.
17- The stranger wants to know if ( that was...that is...this is...this was) the road to the station.
18- She wants to know if he ( planned - had planned - was planning - is planning) to go to Turkey the
following year.

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Unit 13 Gerund & Infinitive
:ing ‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻵﺗﯾﺔ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌدھﺎ ﻓﻌل ﻣﺿﺎف ﻟﮫ‬
admit ‫ﯾﻌﺗرف‬ resist ‫ﯾﻘﺎوم‬
avoid ‫ﯾﺗﺟﻧب‬ resume ‫ﯾﺳﺗﺄﻧف‬
dislike ‫ﯾﻛره‬ put off ‫ﯾؤﺟل‬
enjoy ‫ﯾﺳﺗﻣﺗﻊ‬ delay ‫ﯾؤﺧر‬
finish ‫ﯾﻧﮭﻲ‬ postpone ‫ﯾؤﺟل‬
practise ‫ﯾﻣﺎرس‬ necessitate ‫ ﯾﺳﺗﻠزم‬/ ‫ُﯾﺣﺗِم‬
suggest ‫ﯾﻘﺗرح‬ can't help ‫ﻻ ﯾﺳﺗطﯾﻊ أن ﯾﻣﻧﻊ ﻧﻔﺳﮫ ﻣن‬
spend (time) ‫ﯾﻘﺿﻲ‬ fancy ‫ﯾﺗﺧﯾل‬
risk ‫ﯾﺧﺎطر‬ imagine ‫ﯾﺗﺧﯾل‬
include ‫ﯾﺷﻣل‬ complete ‫ُﯾﻛﻣل‬
miss ‫ﯾﻔﺗﻘد‬ deny ‫ﯾﻧﻛر‬
appreciate ‫ُﯾﻘدِر‬ involve ‫ﯾﺗﺿﻣن‬
consider ‫ﯾﻔﻛر ﻓﻲ‬ understand ‫ﯾﻔﮭم‬
celebrate ‫ﯾﺣﺗﻔل‬ endure ‫ﯾﺗﺣﻣل‬
:to + inf. ‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻵﺗﯾﺔ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌدھﺎ‬
agree ‫ﯾواﻓق‬ threaten ‫ﯾﮭدد‬
arrange ‫ﯾرﺗب‬ swear ‫ُﯾﻘﺳم‬
decide ‫ﯾﻘرر‬ refuse ‫ﯾرﻓض‬
expect ‫ﯾﺗوﻗﻊ‬ volunteer ‫ﯾﺗطوع‬
hope ‫ﯾﺄﻣل‬ prepare ‫ﯾﺳﺗﻌد‬
learn ‫ﯾﺗﻌﻠم‬ decide ‫ﯾﻘرر‬
offer ‫ﯾﻌرض‬ pretend ‫ﯾﺗظﺎھر‬
plan ‫ﯾﺧطط‬ fail ‫ﯾﻔﺷل‬
promise ‫ﯾﻌد‬ choose ‫ﯾﺧﺗﺎر‬
seek ‫ﯾﺳﻌﻲ إﻟﻲ‬ manage ‫ﯾﺗﻣﻛن‬
want ‫ﯾرﯾد‬ seem ‫ﯾﺑدو‬
deserve ‫ﯾﺳﺗﺣق‬ tend ‫ﯾﻣﯾل‬
request ‫ﯾطﻠب‬ wish ‫ﯾرﻏب‬
guarantee ‫ﯾﺿﻣن‬ determine ‫ﯾﺻﻣم‬
hesitate ‫ﯾﺗردد‬ hurry ‫ﯾﺳرع‬
prove ‫ ﯾﺑرھن‬/ ‫ﯾﺛﺑت‬
:‫ ﻣﻊ وﺟود اﺧﺗﻼف ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻌﻧﻲ‬ing ‫ أو ﻓﻌل ﻣﺿﺎف ﻟﮫ‬to + inf. ‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻵﺗﯾﺔ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌدھﺎ‬
hate ‫ ﯾﻛره‬like ‫ﯾﺣب‬
love ‫ ﯾﺣب‬prefer ‫ﯾﻔﺿل‬
Start = begin ‫ ﯾﺑدأ‬continue ‫ﯾﺳﺗﻣر‬
to + inf. ‫ ﻗﺑل اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻓﺎﻧﮫ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌدھﺎ‬would ‫وﻟﻛن ﻻﺣظ أﻧﮫ إذا اﺳﺗﺧدﻣﻧﺎ‬
-I'd like to finish my work early today. I'd prefer to drink coffee.
:to ‫ ﻓﻘط ﺑدون‬inf. ‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل و اﻟظروف اﻵﺗﯾﺔ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌدھﺎ‬
had better ‫ ﯾﻧﺑﻐﻲ‬would rather ‫ﯾﻔﺿل‬
let ‫ ﯾﺳﻣﺢ‬make ‫ﯾرﻏم‬
-She would rather stay at home. -Let me have a look at that letter.
:‫ ﻣﻊ وﺟود اﺧﺗﻼف ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻌﻧﻲ‬ing ‫ أو ﻓﻌل ﻣﺿﺎف ﻟﮫ‬to + inf. ‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻵﺗﯾﺔ ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌدھﺎ‬
stop ‫ ﯾﺗوﻗف‬forget ‫ﯾﻧﺳﻰ‬
remember ‫ ﯾﺗذﻛر‬regret ‫ﯾﺄﺳف‬
-Remember to + infinitive ‫ﯾﺗذﻛر أن ﯾﻘوم ﺑﻌﻣل ﺷﻲء‬
-He remembered to close the gate. ‫ﺗذﻛر أن ﯾﻐﻠق اﻟﺑواﺑﺔ‬.
¨Remember + gerund ‫ﯾﻘوم ﺑﻌﻣل ﺷﻲء ﺛم ﯾﺗذﻛر أﻧﮫ ﻓﻌﻠﮫ‬

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-He remembered seeing the man. = He saw the man and later
remembered.
¨Forget to + infinitive (‫ﯾﻧﺳﻲ أن ﯾﻔﻌل ﺷﯾﺋﺎ )ﻟم ﯾﻔﻌﻠﮫ‬
- Nadia forgot to meet the customer. = She didn't meet the customer.
¨Forget + gerund ‫ﯾﻔﻌل ﺷﯾﺋﺎ ﺛم ﯾﻧﺳﻲ أﻧﮫ ﻓﻌﻠﮫ‬ ·Nadia forgot meeting the
customer.
= She met the customer but then couldn't remember the occasion.
¨Regret to + infinitive ‫ﯾﺷﻌر ﺑﺎﻷﺳف ﻷن ﯾﻘول أو ﯾﺧﺑر ﺷﺧص ﺷﯾﺋﺎ ﻣﺎ‬
-He regretted to say that my brother had an accident.
= He was sorry that it was necessary to say it.
¨Regret + gerund ‫ﯾﺷﻌر ﺑﺎﻟﻧدم ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻲء ﺣدث‬
- He regretted saying that my brother had an accident.= He was sorry that he had said it.
¨Try to + infinitive (‫ﯾﺣﺎول ﻋﻣل ﺷﻲء )وﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ﻻ ﯾﻧﺟﺢ‬
-Try to open the door. = See if you can open the door.
-The prisoner tried to escape, but he was caught.
¨Try + gerund (‫ ﯾُﺟرب ﻋﻣل ﺷﻲء‬/ ‫)ﯾﻘوم ﺑﻌﻣل ﺷﻲء ﻟﯾري ﻧﺗﯾﺟﺗﮫ‬
A: I have a bad headache.
B: Try taking an aspirin. = Take an aspirin and see the
result.
Stop to + infinitive ‫ﯾﺗوﻗف ﻟﻛﻲ ﯾﻔﻌل ﺷﯾﺋﺎ‬
-He stopped to read his newspaper. = He stopped what he was doing to read the
paper.
¨Stop + gerund ‫ﯾﺗوﻗف ﻋن ﻋﻣل ﺷﻲء‬
- He stopped reading his newspaper. = He had read what he wanted to
read.
:not ‫ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ING ‫ﯾﻨﻔﻲ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﻀﺎف ﻟﮫ‬
Thank you for not coming late. I apologize for not posting your letter.
Prefer +V-ing+ to + ING - I prefer using the internet to watching TV.
:‫ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮات اﻵﺗﯿﺔ‬to ‫ ﺑﻌﺪ‬v + ing ‫ﻻﺣﻆ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
take to ‫ﯾﻌﺗﺎد ﻋﻠﻲ‬ object to ‫ﯾﻌﺗرض‬
be used to ‫ﻣﻌﺗﺎد‬ look forward to ‫ﯾﺗطﻠﻊ إﻟﻲ‬
be accustomed to ‫ﻣﻌﺗﺎد‬ get round to ‫ﯾﺟد اﻟوﻗت ﻟـ‬
get used to ‫ﯾﻌﺗﺎد ﻋﻠﻲ‬ in addition to ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ‬
own up to ‫ﯾﻌﺗرف ﺑـ‬ contribute to ‫ﯾﺳﮭم ﻓﻲ‬
lead to ‫ﯾؤدي إﻟﻰ‬ be opposed to ‫ﻣﻌﺎرض ﻟـ‬
due to ‫ﺑﺳﺑب‬ thanks to ‫ﺑﻔﺿل‬
owing to ‫ﺑﺳﺑب‬
:‫ ﺑﻌد اﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾرات اﻵﺗﯾﺔ‬ING ‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻌل ﻣﺿﺎف ﻟﮫ‬
be busy ‫ﻣﺷﻐول‬ Be worth ‫ﯾﺳﺗﺣق‬
have difficulty (in) ‫ ﯾﺟد ﺻﻌوﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ‬It’s a waste of money ‫ﻣﺿﯾﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺎل‬
It’s no good = It’s no use ‫ﻻ ﻓﺎﺋدة ﻣن‬ It’s a waste of time ‫ﻣﺿﯾﻌﺔ ﻟﻠوﻗت‬
There is no point in ‫ ﻻ ﻓﺎﺋدة ﻣن‬Feel like ‫ ﯾرﯾد‬/‫ﯾود‬
Can’t stand ‫ﻻ ﯾﺣﺗﻣل‬ How about ‫ﻣﺎذا ﻋن‬
What about ‫ﻣﺎذا ﻋن‬ Don't mind ‫ﻻ اﻣﺎﻧﻊ‬
·She has difficulty (in) breathing. ·It's a waste of money buying that house.
·I feel like having a cold drink.

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 Unit 14
Modal Verbs ( Obligation ) ‫اﻟﺿرورة واﻻﻟزام‬
must = have to / have got to / need to
‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن إﻟزام وﺿرورة ﻣﻔروﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﯾﻧﺎ طﺑﻘﺎ ﻟﻘواﻋد وﻟواﺋﺢ وﻗواﻧﯾن‬
- You must come on time - You have to obey the rules - You need to follow the traffic rules
must / have to ‫ھﻧﺎك ﻓرق واﺧﺗﻼف ﺑﯾن‬
‫ ﻓﮭﻲ ﺗﻔﯾد اﻟزام ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬have to ‫ اﻟزام داﺧﻠﻲ اﻣﺎ‬must ‫ﺣﯾث ﺗﻔﯾد‬
- I must buy my friends a present for his birthday party .
- I have to wear a seat built while driving my car .
‫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗوﺟﯾﮫ دﻋوة أو اﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن اﻟﺗرﺷﯾﺣﺎت‬Must ‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬
- You must come and see us at the weekend.
- You must try a piece of my cake.
- You must read this book
:must / have to / will have to ‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن اﻟﺿرورة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم‬
-I'll have to get up early tomorrow.
I'll have to send the fax tomorrow.
:‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳؤال ﺑدون ﻓﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد وﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺑداﯾﺔ اﻟﺳؤال‬Must ‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬
· Must he send the e-mail now?
:do/does/did ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳؤال ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ﻣﻌﮭﻣﺎ ﻓﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬have to / need to ‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﺳﺗﺧدام‬
· Do you have to do the job now?
· Does she need to go now?
· Did she have to borrow that money?
:‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳؤال ﺑدون ﻓﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬have got to ‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬
· Have you got to be at the office every day?
· Has that man got to carry all the boxes by himself?
had to ‫ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن اﻟﺿرورة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم‬
- We had to take a taxi as it was raining heavily.
Lack of necessity ‫ﻋدم وﺟود ﺿرورة‬
:‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﻋدم اﻟﺿرورة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع ﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬
don't ( doesn't ) have to / don't ( doesn't ) need to / needn't
- Tomorrow is a holiday, so you don't need to go to bed early.
- She has taken this exam twice before so she doesn't have to take it
:‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﻋدم اﻟﺿرورة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬
didn't have to = didn't need to
:‫ ﯾدل ﻋﻠﻲ ﺣدث ﻟم ﯾﺗم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻟﻛوﻧﮫ ﻏﯾر ﺿروري‬didn't have to + inf. ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام‬-
- I didn't have to go to school yesterday. It was a holiday.
:‫ ﯾدل ﻋﻠﻲ ﺣدث ﺗم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟرﻏم ﻣن ﻛوﻧﮫ ﻏﯾر ﺿروري‬needn't have + PP. ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام‬
-You needn't have brought your umbrella. It's not going to rain.
Prohibition ‫ اﻟﺣظر‬- ‫اﻟﻣﻧﻊ‬
:‫ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن أن ﺷﻲء ﻣﻣﻧوع أو ﻏﯾر ﻣﺳﻣوح ﺑﮫ أو ﺗﺗرﺗب ﻋﻠﯾﮫ ﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ ﺳﯾﺋﺔ إذا ﻗﻣﻧﺎ ﺑﮫ‬Must not / Mustn't ‫¨ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬

Mustn't = (be) not allowed = (be) not permitted to = (be) banned from = (be) prohibited
from = (be) forbidden to

-You mustn't drive the car over 70 on this road . You will pay a fine .
- You mustn't drink this water , it's poisonous .

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 Be to + inf.
:‫¨ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ھذا اﻟﺗرﻛﯾب ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﺧطط وﺗرﺗﯾﺑﺎت وﻛذﻟك اﻻﻟزام واﻟﺿرورة ﻛﻣﺎ ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻲ اﻷواﻣر‬
· The President is to visit Italy next month..
· Mona and Ali are to get married in June.
· You are to do your homework before you watch TV.
· I had instructions that I was to leave the door unlocked when I came home.

Unit 15 Making deductions ‫اﻻﺳﺗﻧﺗﺎج‬

1- Certainty ‫اﻟﺗﺄﻛد‬
Present ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع‬ Past ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬
Must be ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺄﻛﯾد أن‬ Must have + PP. ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺄﻛﯾد أن ﻓﻰ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬
Can’t be ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺄﻛﯾد ﻻ‬ Can’t have + PP ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺄﻛﯾد ﻻ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬
- She has just waved to me from her balcony . She must be at home
- The streets are wet. It must have rained last night.
- He was here a minute ago. He can’t have gone too far.
‫¨واذا ﻛﺎﻧت ﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺗﺄﻛد ﺗﻌﺑر ﻋن اﻻﺳﺗﻣرار ﻓﻰ اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم‬
must be / can’t be + be + V. + ing.
- Where 's Haneen ? – She must be sleeping
‫¨واذا ﻛﺎﻧت ﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺗﺄﻛد ﺗﻌﺑر ﻋن اﻻﺳﺗﻣرار ﻓﻰ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم‬
must have / can’t have + been + V. + ing.
What was he doing in the early morning? He must have been doing the exercises.
2- Uncertainty ( Doubt ) ( ‫ﻋدم اﻟﺗﺄﻛد ) اﻟﺷك‬
Present ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع‬ Past ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬
Might + inf. ‫ﻣن اﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣل ان‬ Might have + PP. ‫ﻣن اﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣل ان‬
May + inf. ‫ﻣن اﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣل ان‬ May have + PP ‫ﻣن اﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣل ان‬
Could + inf. ‫ﻣن اﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣل ان‬ Could have + PP ‫ﻣن اﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣل ان‬
‫ﺗﻌﺑر ﻋن اﻟﺷك وﻋدم اﻟﺗﺄﻛد وھﻧﺎك ﺑﻌض اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ‬
Perhaps / probably / possible / I am not sure / I am not certain / I have no idea / I haven't
decided yet / I doubt / likely / I don't know
I don't know why he doesn’t get the same train any more. He may have changed his job.
He fell off his bike yesterday . His mother said he might have broken his arm .
- might have He might have been studying.
- Advisability
‫ ﻋﺎدة ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن اﻟﻧﺻﯾﺣﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع‬should/ought to / had better + inf. ‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬
If I were you, I'd… = It’s a good idea to…. = It’s advisable to….= It’s desirable to…+ inf.

· You should look for a new job. · You shouldn't look at the sun. It's very dangerous.
· You had better not look at the sun. It's very dangerous.
‫ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن أن ﺷﻲء ﻛ ﺎن ﯾﺟ ب أن ﯾﺣ دث ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿ ﻲ وﻟ م ﯾ ﺗم وﻧ ﺳﺗﺧدﻣﮫ ﻋ ﺎدة ﻋﻧ دﻣﺎ ﻧوﺟ ﮫ‬should have + PP. ‫¨ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬
:‫اﻟﻠوم ﻟﺷﺧص ﻟﻌدم ﻗﯾﺎﻣﮫ ﺑﻌﻣل ﻣﻌﯾن‬
· You should have done your homework yesterday.
· You shouldn't have parked your car here. It's a 'No Parking' area.

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Units 16 - 18 Conditionals ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﺸﺮطﯿﺔ‬
Conditional Sentences
‫ﻣﺿﺎرع ﺑﺳﯾط‬ ‫ﻣﺿﺎرع ﺑﺳﯾط‬
‫ﻣﺿﺎرع ﺑﺳﯾط‬ will + ‫اﻟﻣﺻدر‬

if ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺳﯾط‬ would + ‫اﻟﻣﺻدر‬

‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﺎم‬ would have + PP.

‫اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺷرطﯾﺔ اﻻوﻟﻰ‬

If + Present simple will / may / can /should /had better / must + inf.
: ‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋدم وﺟود اﺣﺗﻣﺎل وﻗوع اﻟﺣدث‬
· If I earn some money, I'll go abroad.

‫اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺷرطﯾﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬

if + ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺳﯾط‬ would-could - might + ‫اﻟﻣﺻدر‬
: ‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ھذه اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﻣواﻗف ﻏﯾر ﻣﺣﺗﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺣدوث أو ﻣواﻗف ﺧﯾﺎﻟﯾﺔ أو ﻏﯾر ﺣﻘﯾﻘﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﺿر‬
. ‫ ﯾﺣول اﻟﻧﻔﻲ إﻟﻲ اﻹﺛﺑﺎت و اﻟﻌﻛس‬- ‫ ﯾﺣول اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع إﻟﻲ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺳﯾط‬-١
. ‫ ﻧﺑدأ ﺑﺎﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬because / as ‫ إذا اﺣﺗوت اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ‬-٣
it isn’t fine today . I can’t go for a swim ( if )
If it were fine , I could go for a walk .
‫اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺷرطﯾﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ‬
. ‫ ﯾﺣول اﻟﻧﻔﻲ إﻟﻲ اﻹﺛﺑﺎت و اﻟﻌﻛس‬- . ‫ﯾﺣول اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط إﻟﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺗﺎم‬
If + ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﺎم‬ would have + P.P
- he didn’t try to leave the country , so he wasn’t arrested . ( if )
If he had tried to leave the country , he would have been arrested
( should + s. + inf ) .‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻲ‬if ‫ ﻣﺣل‬should ‫ﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﺧدام‬ -١
- if he fails his exam , he will be punished . ( should )
- Should he fail his exam , he will be punished .
. ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬if ‫ ﻣﺣل‬were ‫ و ﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﺧدام‬-٢
( were + s. + ….. ) – ( were + s. + to + inf )
- if were a fish , I’d swim . - Were I a fish , I'd swim
- if he went to bed early , he wouldn’t feel sleepy in the morning
Were he to go to bed early , he wouldn't feel sleepy in the morning
. ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ أو ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ إذا ﻛﺎﻧت ﻓﻌل أﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬if ‫ ﻣﺣل‬had ‫ و ﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﺧدام‬-٣
if he had time ,he would go to the cinema . Had he time , he would go….
if you had put up your hand , the bus would have stopped.
Had you put up your hand , the bus ………
ing + ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻹﺛﺑﺎت و ﻟﻛن ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌدھﺎ اﻻﺳم أو اﻟﻔﻌل‬if ‫ ﻣﺣل‬in case of ‫و ﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﺧدام‬
if he were clever , he would solve this problem ( in case of )
In case of being clever ( his cleverness ) , he would ……
ing + ‫ و ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌدھﺎ اﻻﺳم أم اﻟﻔﻌل‬unless ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﻔﻲ أو ﻣﺣل‬if ‫ ﻣﺣل‬-( but for- without ) ‫ و ﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﺧدام‬-
- if he hadn’t behaved foolishly , we would have helped him
without + ‫…… اﺳم‬. would + ‫ = اﻟﻣﺻدر‬if it weren’t for + ‫ اﺳم‬would + ‫اﻟﻣﺻدر‬

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 without + ‫ … اﺳم‬would have +p.p. = if it hadn't been for + ‫ اﺳم‬would've + p.p.
. ‫ وﻟﮭم ﻧﻔس اﻟﻣﻌﻧﻲ‬if ‫ﻣﺣل‬providing ‫ أو‬that provided ‫ أو‬as long as ‫ وﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﺧدام‬-٧

1-First Conditional:
If + Present simple will / may / can /should /had better / must + inf.
· If we have enough time, we'll visit Ahmed.
:‫¨ وﻗد ﺗﻌﺑر ھذه اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋن ﻣوﻗف رﺑﻣﺎ ﯾﻛون ﺣﻘﯾﻘﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع‬
· If you are hot, I'll buy you a cool drink.
:‫¨ ﻻﺣظ اﻧﮫ ﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻓﻌل أﻣر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟزء اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻣن اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬
· You may come across Frank at the supermarket. If so, ask him to phone me.
If you come across Frank at the supermarket, ask him to phone me.
· She may have enough time tomorrow. If so, she will type the reports.
If she has enough time tomorrow, she will type the reports.
· She must do the job well or she will be fired.
If she doesn't do the job well, she will be fired.
: ‫ وﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌدھﺎ اﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﻹﺛﺑﺎت‬IF ‫ﺑدﻻ ﻣن‬: unless ‫¨ ُﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬
· Unless she takes a taxi, she won't be there in time.
= If she doesn't take a taxi, she won't be there in time.
:‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟزء اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻣن اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬it is + adj. + to + inf. ‫¨ ﻻﺣظ اﻧﮫ ﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﺧدام‬
· If you go to Mozambique, it is possible to find work there.
: if ‫¨ ﻻﺣظ ﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﻟﺳؤال ﻣﻊ‬
· What will you do if you find yourself in a dangerous situation?
What will happen if you lose all your money?
:‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻲ‬If ‫¨ﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت اﻵﺗﯾﺔ ﺑدﻻ ﻣن‬

As long as = If = Provided (that) / Providing (that) = only if = on

condition that = Suppose = supposing = Imagine= in case
·Y ou can borrow my car as long as you drive carefully.
Provided that you have a lot of money, you can buy this car.
:‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻲ‬IF ‫ ﺑدﻻ ﻣن‬in case of + v+ing ‫¨ﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﺧدام‬
·In case of studying hard, you'll pass the test.
:‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻲ‬IF ‫ ﺑدﻻ ﻣن‬Should ‫¨ﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﺧدام‬
Should you need anything else, please ring me.
= If you need anything else, please ring me.
Zero Conditional
¨If + present simple present simple
:IF ‫ ﺑدﻻ ﻣن‬when ‫¨ﺗﻌﺑر ھذه اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋن ﺣﻘﯾﻘﺔ أو ﻋـﺎدة وﻻﺣظ أﻧﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ھذه اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم‬
· If you heat ice, it melts. = When you heat ice, it melts.
· If a volcano erupts, it sends dust into the atmosphere. = When a volcano ….
· If you water plants, they grow. = When you water ……
· If I have time, I usually walk to school. = When I have ….

Unit 9 Conditional If
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 2) Second Conditional
If + Past simple would/could/might + inf.
‫¨ ﺗﻌﺑر اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾ ﺔ ﻋ ن ﻣوﻗ ف ﻏﯾ ر ﻣﺣﺗﻣ ل ﺣدوﺛ ﮫ أو ﺷ ﻲء ﻣﻧ ﺎﻗض ﻟﻠواﻗ ﻊ و ﺗ ﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓ ﻲ ﺣﺎﻟ ﺔ وﺟ ود ﻣ ﺿﺎرع‬
: ‫ﺑﺳﯾط‬
· If I knew his e-mail address, I’d send him an e-mail.
· I stay up late. I can’t get up early in the morning.
= If I didn't stay up late, I'd get up early in the morning.
· He lives near me. . We see each other so often.
= If he didn't live near me, we wouldn't see each other so often.

:‫¨ ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﻌﺑر اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ أﺣﯾﺎﻧﺎ ﻋن ﺷﻲء ﻣﺳﺗﺣﯾل أو ﺷﻲء ﻣﻧﺎﻗض ﻟﻠواﻗﻊ‬
· If I were ten years younger, I'd go mountaineering. · If I were a bird, I'd fly.
· He doesn’t work harder, so he doesn't earn enough money. :‫¨ ﻻﺣظ ﻋﻛس اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻹﺛﺑﺎت و اﻟﻧﻔﻲ‬
= He would earn enough money if he worked harder.
‫ ھﻲ اﻷﻛﺛ ر اﺳ ﺗﺧداﻣﺎ وﻣ ﻊ ﻛ ل‬were ‫ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ أن‬I/he/she/it ‫ ﻣﻊ‬was/were ‫¨ﻻﺣظ أﻧﮫ ﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﺧدام‬
:‫اﻟﺿﻣﺎﺋر اﻟﺟﻣﻊ واﻟﻣﻔرد‬
· If I was/were offered a ticket, I’d take it.
· She isn’t a scientist. She can’t do experiments.
= If she was/were a scientist, she could do experiments.
:if ‫ ﺗﻌود اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ إﻟﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧت ﻋﻠﯾﮫ ﻗﺑل اﺳﺗﺧدام‬if ‫ ﺑدﻻ ﻣن‬because ‫أو‬ so ‫¨ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﺳﺗﺧدام‬
· If he didn't eat so much, he wouldn't often get sick.
He eats too much, so he often gets sick.
He often gets sick because he eats too much.
: to+inf. ‫ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌدھﺎ‬were ‫¨ ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﺗﺑدأ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺑـ‬
· If he knew the address, he would give it to me.
= Were he to know the address, he would give it to me.

:if ‫ ﻣوﺟودة أﺻﻼ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻛﺎن‬were ‫¨ وإذا ﻛﺎﻧت‬

· If I were rich, I would help poor people. = Were I rich, I would help poor people.
:‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم‬If ..not ‫¨ ﺑدﻻ ﻣن‬
Without
But for + n. / v+ing would + inf.
If it weren’t for
· Without his encouragement, I would fail.
= If it weren’t for his encouragement, I would fail.
· What would you do if you saw someone robbing your house? ‫¨ﻻﺣظ ﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﻟﺳؤال‬

:‫¨ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ھذه اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن اﻟﻧﺻﯾﺣﺔ‬

· You should expand your business. If I were you, I’d expand my business.
: If ‫¨ﻻﺣظ اﻧﮫ ﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﺗرﻛﯾب اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ و اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﺑدﻻ ﻣن‬
Should + ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ inf. · If he takes more exercise, he may feel better.
Should he take more exercise, he may feel better.
3) Third Conditional
If + Past perfect (had + PP.) (would/could/might) have + PP.
‫ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻛس اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻹﺛﺑﺎت واﻟﻧﻔﻲ‬، ‫¨ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ وﺟود ﺟﻣﻠﺗﯾن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬
· I didn't know you were in hospital. I didn't go to see you.
= If I had known you were in hospital, I'd have gone to see you.

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 perhaps ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ وﺟود‬might ‫¨ ﻻﺣظ اﺳﺗﺧدام‬
· He had no friends. Perhaps that’s why he felt lonely .
If he had had friends, he might not have felt lonely.

‫¨ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ ﺗﻌﺑر ﻋن ﻣواﻗف ﻣﺳﺗﺣﯾﻠﺔ ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ﻟم ﺗﺣدث‬

· He didn't see me. He didn't say hello.
If he had seen me, he would have said hello.
: if ‫ ﺑدﻻ ﻣن‬Had ‫¨ ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﺄﺗﻲ‬
· If he had followed the instructions, the machine wouldn't have stopped.
Had he followed the instructions, the machine wouldn't have stopped.
:‫ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﺗﺻف اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﺎﻻت‬if ‫¨ ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﺄﺗﻲ‬
· He didn’t travel to New York, so he didn’t see the Statue of Liberty.
He would have seen the Statue of Liberty if he had travelled to New York.
:‫ إﻟﻰ أﺻﻠﮭﺎ‬if ‫ ﺗﻌود ﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬because ‫ أو‬so ‫¨ ﻋﻧد اﺳﺗﺧدام‬
· If he had been honest, he wouldn't have lied to her.
= He lied to her because he wasn’t honest. = He wasn't honest, so he lied to her.
:‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم‬If ‫¨ﺑدﻻ ﻣن‬
Without
But for + n. / v+ing would have + P.P.
If it weren’t for

¨Without his assistance, I would have lost my job. (If it…)

If it hadn’t been for his assistance, I would have lost my job.
if ‫ ﺑدﻻ ﻣن‬in case of ‫¨ﻻﺣظ اﺳﺗﺧدام‬
In case of + n. / (V+ing)
· If he arrives tomorrow, we’ll meet him. In case of his arrival tomorrow, we’ll meet him.
In case of his arriving tomorrow, we’ll meet him.
if ‫ ﺗﻧطﺑق ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ ﻧﻔس ﺣﺎﻻت‬unless ‫¨ﻻﺣظ أن‬
Unless = If…not
· This food tastes bad. There is too much salt in it.
If there wasn't / weren't too much salt in this food, it wouldn't taste bad.
Unless there was / were too much salt in this food, it wouldn't taste bad.
· He was careful. He didn't have an accident.
= If he hadn't been careful, he would have had an accident.
= Unless he had been careful, he would have had an accident.

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 I wish / If only
‫ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﻣوﻗف ﻏﯾر ﺣﻘﯾﻘﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع‬I wish / If only ‫¨ ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط ﺑﻌد‬
·I wish I knew. = I don't know.
·I wish you had time. = You don't have time.
·I wish the teacher did something to solve the problem.
= The teacher doesn't do anything to solve…
· If only I lived in a quiet place. = I live in a noisy place.
·I wish I knew Paul's phone number. = I don't know it.
· I have to work hard. = I wish I didn't have to work hard.
· There are a lot of people in this place.
= If only there weren't many people in this place.
: ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﻣوﻗف ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬I wish / If only ‫¨ ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺗﺎم ﺑﻌد‬
· I failed the Chemistry test. If only I hadn't failed the Chemistry test.
·I didn't know that Gary was ill. I wish I had known that Gary was ill.
·I feel sick. I ate so much cake yesterday.
I feel sick. If only I hadn't eaten so much cake yesterday.
·I didn't apply for that job. I wish I had applied for that job.
·The weather was cold while we were away.
I wish it (was - were - had been - would be) warmer.
: ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬I wish / If only ‫· ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ وﺟود ﻓﻌل آﺧر ﻣﻊ‬
· If only she hadn't told the police, everything would have been all right.
· I wish he hadn't wasted all his money. He would have bought a new house.
: I wish ‫ ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺗﺎم ﺑﻌد‬regret ‫ ﺑﻌد‬ing ‫· ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ وﺟود ﻓﻌل ﻣﺿﺎف ﻟﮫ‬
¨I regret not studying hard. = I wish I had studied hard.
would ‫ﻣ ﻊ ﻛ ل اﻟ ﺿﻣﺎﺋر وﯾﻣﻛ ن اﺳ ﺗﺧدام‬ could + inf ‫¨ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬
she / he / you / they / it ‫ﻣﻊ‬
· I wish I could ride a horse.
· I wish he would visit me next week.
· If only I could visit Honolulu next year.
¨ wish to + inf. = want to
·I wish to see the manager, please.
·If you wish to reserve a table, please telephone after 5 o’clock.
¨Hope + ‫ ﻓﺎﻋل‬+ future simple / present simple
·I hope she comes tomorrow. OR: I hope she will come tomorrow.
Wish … + n. (wish someone something)
·I wish you a speedy recovery.
·I wish you good luck.
·I wish you a happy life.

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