Reading and Writing

Reading and Writing

Quarter 1 – Module 7: Patterns of Paragraph Development by Cause and Effect
First Edition, 2020

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 Reading and Writing

Quarter 1
Self-Learning Module 7
Patterns of Paragraph Development by
Cause and Effect
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the Reading and Writing Self-Learning Module on Patterns of

Paragraph Development by Cause and Effect.

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed, and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st-century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:

Welcome to the Reading and Writing Self-Learning Module on Patterns of

Paragraph Development by Cause and Effect.

The hand is one of the most symbolized parts of the human body. It is often
used to depict skill, action, and purpose. Through our hands, we may learn, create,
and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies
and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS

This is your self-instructional learner module in Reading and Writing.

All the activities provided in this lesson will help you learn and understand:
Patterns of Paragraph Development by Cause and Effect.
Specifically, you will learn about the following:
1. Determine the purpose and structure of cause and effect in writing.
2. Identify cause and effect in sentences or paragraphs.
3. Understand how to write a cause-and-effect essay.

PRETEST

Directions: Identify the cause and effect in each of the statement below.
Write your answer on the space provided.

1. The growing childhood obesity epidemic is a result of technology.

Cause:___________________________________________________________
Effect:___________________________________________________________
2. Much of the wildlife is dying because of the oil spill.
Cause:___________________________________________________________
Effect:___________________________________________________________
3. The town continued programs that it could no longer afford, so it
went bankrupt.
Cause:___________________________________________________________
Effect:___________________________________________________________
4. More young people became politically active as use of the Internet
spread throughout society.
Cause:___________________________________________________________
Effect:___________________________________________________________
 5. While many experts believed the rise in violence was due to the poor
economy, it was really due to the summer-long heat wave.
Cause:___________________________________________________________
Effect:___________________________________________________________

RECAP

We have learned that different patterns of development can help

organize our written works. Some of these are narration, description
definition, exemplification, classification and comparison and contrast.
Previously, we tackled comparison in writing which focuses on elements
that are similar. While contrast in writing focuses on elements that are
different. A compare-and-contrast essay, then, analyzes two subjects by
comparing them, contrasting them, or both. Another pattern to consider is
the cause and effect.

LESSON

A cause is something that produces an event or condition; an effect is

what results from an event or condition. The purpose of the cause-and-effect
essay is to determine how various phenomena relate in terms of origins and
results. Sometimes the connection between cause and effect is clear, but often
determining the exact relationship between the two is very difficult.
For instance, the following effects of a cold may be easily identifiable: a
sore throat, runny nose, and a cough. But determining the cause of the
sickness can be far more difficult. A number of causes are possible, and to
complicate matters, these possible causes could have combined to cause the
sickness. That is, more than one cause may be responsible for any given
effect. Therefore, cause-and-effect discussions are often complicated and
frequently lead to debates and arguments.

The Structure of a Cause-and-Effect Essay

The cause-and-effect essay opens with a general introduction to the

topic, which then leads to a thesis that states the main cause, main effect, or
various causes and effects of a condition or event.
The cause-and-effect essay can be organized in one of the following two
primary ways:
1. Start with the cause and then talk about the effects.
2. Start with the effect and then talk about the causes.

For example, if your essay is on childhood obesity, you could start by

talking about the effect of childhood obesity and then discuss the cause or
you could start the same essay by talking about the cause of childhood obesity
and then move to the effect.
Regardless of which structure you choose, be sure to explain each
element of the essay fully and completely. Explaining complex relationships
requires the full use of evidence, such as scientific studies, expert testimony,
statistics, and anecdotes.
Because cause-and-effect essays determine how phenomena are linked,
they make frequent use of certain words and phrases that denote such
linkage. Such terms are as follow:

as a result consequently
because due to
hence since
thus therefore

The conclusion should wrap up the discussion and reinforce the thesis,
leaving the reader with a clear understanding of the relationship that was
analyzed.
Writing a Cause-and-Effect Essay

Choose an event or condition that you think has an interesting cause-

and-effect relationship. Introduce your topic in an engaging way. End your
introduction with a thesis that states the main cause, the main effect, or both.
Organize your essay by starting with either the cause-then-effect
structure or the effect-then-cause structure. Within each section, you should
clearly explain and support the causes and effects using a full range of
evidence. If you are writing about multiple causes or multiple effects, you may
choose to sequence either in terms of order of importance. In other words,
order the causes from least to most important (or vice versa), or order the
effects from least important to most important (or vice versa).
Use the phrases of causation when trying to forge connections between
various events or conditions. This will help organize your ideas and orient the
reader. End your essay with a conclusion that summarizes your main points
and reinforces your thesis.

Here's a sample of cause-and-effect essay.

Earthquakes are one of the most powerful events on the earth. When
large sections of underground rock break and move suddenly, an earthquake
occurs. This causes the ground to shake back and forth. Small earthquakes do
not cause much damage, but large ones do. Some earthquakes have cause
buildings and bridges to fall. Others have cause rivers to change their paths.
Earthquakes near mountains and cliffs can cause landslides that cover up the
house and roads below. If a large earthquake occurs under the oceans, it can
cause giant waves which flood the seashore. When large earthquakes occur in
a city, there is danger of fire from broken gas lines and electric lines. Broken
telephone lines and damage roads make it difficult for rescue workers to help
people who are in need. Scientist are trying to find ways to predict when an
earthquake will happen so that people can be warned ahead of time.
 ACTIVITIES

Activity 1
Use the following cause/effect transition words to complete the sentences
below.
due to as a result when
because of lead to consequently

1. There was flooding _______________ the heavy rains.

2. Some people built their houses very close to the beach. _______________
they have had to spend a lot of money trying to protect them from the
sea during storms.
3. A tornado blew the roof off the house, and _______________ the family
had to find another places to live.
4. Tsunamis happen _______________ tectonic plates shift.
5. _______________ the bad weather the match was cancelled.

Activity 2: Write a Cause-Effect Essay

We all face personal troubles in our lives. Think about a recent challenging
situation in your life at home, at work, at school, or with friends. What were
the causes of this situation? What were its effects? Although you will discuss
both causes and effects, remember to emphasize either the causes of the
situation or the effects of the situation. Be guided by these rubrics.

RUBRICS:
Content - 35%
Organization - 30%
Language and Style - 20%
Format and Mechanics - 15%
_____
100%
 WRAP-UP

The following are the things I have learned about the lesson:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.

VALUING

We cannot prevent a disaster from happening, but we certainly can do

many things to lessen or prevent some negative impact of those disasters.

POSTTEST

Read the cause and effect passage below. Then fill in the chart below.

Environmentalists have been concerned about the impact that

individuals have on our planet, and many people wonder what they can do to
help protect the environment. A good place to start is by reducing one’s
ecological footprint. An ecological footprint is an estimate of how much land,
water, and other natural resources are being used by a person or a group.
Because resources are easily accessible in developed countries like the United
States, people in these countries tend to have large ecological footprints. For
example, they may take long showers, leave their computers on for the whole
day, and buy new things they do not need because the items are on sale. The
consequences of large ecological footprints can be disastrous.1 One of the
worst effects of large ecological footprints is the loss of natural resources, such
as oil, water, and wood. These resources are being consumed so fast that the
Earth does not have time to renew them. According to Adam Grubb (2011,
para. 1), co-founder of Energy Bulletin, 85 million barrels of oil are produced
daily in the world. People use oil to run their cars, heat their homes, and
create products such as clothes, paint, and plastic. In “Forest Facts,” the
United Nations Environment Programme (2011) reveals that “36 million acres
of natural forest are lost each year” (para. 2). As more people consume
products like oil and wood, these natural resources will become even scarcer.2
Large ecological footprints also lead to higher greenhouse gas emissions. The
mining of oil, natural gas, and coal, as well as the use of these resources in
electrical power plants and automobiles, releases dangerous gases into the
air, where they trap3 heat. As a result, the Earth gets warmer. Another result
of large ecological footprints is the increased pollution of rivers and streams.
A great deal of waste is thrown into rivers and streams daily. Because of
pollution, the water in many bodies of water is becoming or has already
become unsuitable for human consumption.
It is our responsibility to find ways to decrease our impact on our
planet. Even small changes can make a difference and help to protect the
environment. If we do not start reducing our ecological footprints right away,
it may be too late for future generations to contain4 the damage.

Effect:

Cause:
Effect:

Effect:
content/uploads/2014/08/Grammar-and-Beyond-level-4-Unit-1.pdf
Cause https://www.cambridge.org/grammarandbeyond/wp-
Cause and Effect1: Sentence Structure; Common Patterns with Nouns that Show
effect.html
https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_writing-for-success/s14-08-cause-and-
Schmitz, Andy. Organizing Your Writing, Saylor Academe
Web Sources
References
Pre-test
1. Cause: technology
Effect: childhood obesity
2. Cause: oil spill
Effect: wildlife is dying
3. Cause: programs that could no longer afford
Effect: bankrupt
4. Cause: use of internet spread
Effect: became political active
5. Cause: summer-long heat wave
Effect: rise in violence
Activity 1
1. Because of
2. consequently
3. as a result
4. when
5. due to
Activity 2
Students’ answer varies.
Post Test
1. The loss of natural resources such as oi, water and wood
2. The loss of natural resources because of mining of
oil, natural gas and coal
3. Increased pollution of rivers
KEY TO CORRECTION