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Air Conditioning Analysis and Design 1
Air Conditioning Analysis and Design 1
Air Conditioning
Analysis and Design
Jose R. Francisco
Publishing, Inc.
2006
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CAE
Publishing, Inc.
was established in 1993,
and is a member of
ABAP, ALBASA, APB,
NBDB, PARRL, PLAI,
and PEPA.
ISBN 971-584-446-4
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Guidebook in
Air Conditioning
Analysis and Design
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THIS book, Guidebook in Air Conditioning, Analysis and Design, is intended for
5th year mechanical engineering students who have completed basic courses in
thermodynamics, heat transfer, fluid mechanics, refrigeration, fluid machinery, and
related prerequisite subjects. The book serves as guidebook for students; and as a
lecture book, textbook and instructional material for the instructor/ professor teaching
the subject. This may also be used as review material in air conditioning for those
who are preparing for the ME Licensure Examination. Furthermore, this may be
useful as reference to practicing engineers.
The author attempts to present the subject in a simple and summarized form
without affecting the complete substance of the subject. Principles and concepts are
discussed thoroughly using basic thermodynamics, followed by illustrative problems
with complete solutions arranged in the order of increasing difficulty. Additional
problems and student's self-test multiple-choice questions are provided at the end of
each lesson to further enhance the learning process of the students. Not all of the
problems are provided with answers so that students may check the accuracy of
their solutions independently or through the guidance of their instructor/ professor.
Answers on the self-test questions are provided at the end of the book. Students
must solve all the problems at the end of each lesson carefully and consistently for
them to really understand or master Air Conditioning.
The book starts with the discussion of basic principles, concepts, and definitions.
Definitions and applications of air conditioning, together with the reasons why air
conditioning is necessary, are discussed in this lesson. Basic schematic diagram of
the centralized air conditioning system and the methods of system operation are
presented.
v
Lessons II, III and IV cover the psychrometric properties of moist air,
psychrometric or basic air conditioning processes, and the different methods of
handling supply air to a conditioned room or space. Necessary data and values to
solve problems on these lessons are provided through the aid of psychrometric chart
and steam tables. For consistency, Carrier psychrometric chart is used for all the
solutions to illustrative problems.
Lesson V deals with the cooling loads calculation for a conditioned room. This
topic is divided into two main items such as sensible heat loads and latent heat
loads. To solve problems in this lesson, the book Refrigeration and Air Conditioning,
2nd edition by W. F. Stoecker and J. W. Jones is needed for the necessary tables,
figures and diagrams. Students may also use the necessary tables, figures and
diagrams from other references.
Lesson VI covers basic air ducting design. The lesson starts with the discussion
of the computation of pressure drops on a straight duct and duct fittings; and the
discussion of the three basic methods of air ducting design. The ASHRAE general air
ducting design procedure is adopted in this lesson. Necessary tables, figures and
diagrams in the solutions of illustrative problems are taken from the reference book
needed in Lesson IV. Students and instructors may also use necessary tables, figures
and diagrams from other references.
Lessons VII and VIII cover the other air conditioning processes applications
such as cooling towers and dryers. Solutions on illustrative problems are aided by
Carrier psychrometric chart.
At the end of the course, design project may be given by the instructor/ professor
for the students to further apply what they have learned in the subject. Sample
design problem is not included in this book.
The Author
March 2006
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...to my Wife,
Cynthia
...to my Uauyhter,
Jonah Clarice
Sons,
Jose, Jr. [Junyun]
Jonar/Cyrus
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TRBLE OF CONTENTS
Lesson II PSYCHROMETRY 14
DEFINITIONS 15
PSYCHROMETRIC PROPERTIES 16
3 Temperature 16
3 Pressure 17
3 Specific Volume 18
3 Humidity Ratio 18
3 Enthalpy 18
3 Relative Humidity 19
3 Dew-Point Temperature 20
3 Percent Saturation %, 20
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART 21
ADIABATIC SATURATION AND
THERMODYNAMIC WET-BULB TEMPERATURE 22
STRAIGHT-LINE LAW 24
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS 24
ix
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IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER 35
PROBLEMS 43
STUDENT'S SELF TEST 49
REFERENCES 54
x
3 Supply Air: Mixture of Outdoor
Air and Recirculated Air 123
3 Outdoor Air and Recirculated
Air with External By-Pass System 138
IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER 146
PROBLEMS '
149
STUDENT'S SELF TEST 157
REFERENCES 165
xi
IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER 193
PROBLEMS 197
STUDENT'S SELF TEST 203
REFERENCES 211
xii
COOLING TOWER ANALYSIS
WITH THE MAKE-UP WATER CONSIDERED 266
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS 267
PROBLEMS 277
STUDENT'S SELF TEST 28 1
REFERENCES 285
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LESSON I
BRSIC PRINCIPLES,
CONCEPTS, PND DEFINITIONS
INTRODUCTION
This lesson deals with the basic principles, concepts and definitions of air
conditioning engineering and air conditioning system design. Other topics such as
different applications of air conditioning, the necessity of air conditioning, and methods
of system operations are also introduced. Some basic schematic diagrams of
centralized air conditioning system and system operations are also included.
At the end of the lesson, questions are provided as part of students' library
works and research.
LESSON OBJECTIVES
1. define the term "air conditioning* and other terms necessaiy in the study
of air conditioning;
2. state the functions of air conditioning;
3. enumerate the common applications of air conditioning;
4. explain the limitations applied to the term "air conditioning";
5. state the reasons for air conditioning;
6. enumerate the different methods of system operation; and
7. draw the schematic diagram of practical and simple centralized air
conditioning system.
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Guidebook in Air Conditioning Design and Analysis
A. DEFINITION
According to ASHRAE
3 Metabolism is the process that the body uses to convert energy in food into
heat and work.
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2
Basic Principles, Concepts, and Definitions
Examples:
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Guidebook in Air Conditioning Design and Analysis
1. Unacceptable high internal summer air temperature may result from solar
heat gains if the building is not provided with refrigeration.
2. Heat gains occurring within the building from people; lights; electrical,
catering and mechanical equipment produce uncomfortable air temperature
for the occupants.
5. Road traffic, aircraft or train noise close to a building would cause too
much disturbance if windows were opened. A building has to be air-sealed
from the external environment to limit noise penetration and consequently
requires mechanical ventilation and possibly refrigeration.
10. Shops, hotels, and commercial buildings which cater to the customers'
needs may be air conditioned for the customers' comfort and as a marketing
advantage over competitors.
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Basic Principles, Concepts, and Definitions
11. In tropical countries, buildings, homes, vehicles and cars are air conditioned
out of necessity.
12. Close control of the internal atmosphere is required for storage and display
of works of art, antiques, furniture, fabrics, paintings and archive materials.
Cooling
Tower
Condenser
Expansion Valve
Evaporator ( Compressor 1
Exhaust
Conditioned
Air
Reheater Fan Room
Outer Air
Washer
Recirculated Air
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Guidebook in Air Conditioning Design and Analysis
V*
Air Filter
•O-
Fresh-air Fresh-air
intake grille Damper
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Basic Principles, Concepts, and Definitions
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3. Define the term "low-cost air conditioning." State the ways in which it can
be achieved.
4. List the reasons for the air conditioning of the different categories of building,
such as residence, office, retail, containment and manufacturing. Explain
each reason.
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Guidebook in Air Conditioning Design and Analysis
6. List the applications of the 16 types of air conditioning system and discuss
the suitability of each.
7. The variable "air volume system" has become very popular for office
accommodation. Explain its principles of operation and limitations. Include
the topics of room air circulation, zone volume control, economy control of
the fans, duct air static pressure modulation, and the satisfaction of users'
thermal and aural comfort.
8. State the advantages that can be gained by using a water- source heat-
pump air conditioning system capable of simultaneous cooling and heating
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