Chronology November 16, 1971-February 15, 1972

Reviewed work(s):
Source: Middle East Journal, Vol. 29, No. 4 (Autumn, 1975), pp. 434-450
Published by: Middle East Institute
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4325417 .
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 CHRONOLOGY

May 16, 1975-August 15, 1975

ArabIsraeliConflict May 20: US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger

1975
May 16: A military warehouse exploded outside of
Tel Aviv. Israeli authorities said it was not
caused by sabotage but al-Fath claimed responsi-
bility for the blast. [NYT]
Egyptian President Anwar al-Sadat left Bagh-
dad after obtaining promises by Iraq not to op-
pose publicly Egypt's diplomatic efforts to settle
the Arab Israeli conflict. Sadat flew to Jordan
and met with King I.usayn. [NYT]
US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger said
the US would supply Jordan with Hawk anti-
aircraft missiles so Jordan would not need to
enter military arrangementswith Syria. [JP]
May 17: Libya's Chairman Mu'ammar al-Qadh-
dhifi called for the formation of a "Palestine
revolution government"and said Libya would be
willing to be host while the government would
be in exile. [JP]
Twelve persons were injured in 3 separate
bomb explosions in the occupied West Bank.
[NYT]
Egyptian President Sadat flew to Syria for
talks. [NYT]
Lebanon reported that 7 children were killed
and 5 wounded when a mortar shell left behind
by Israeli raiders exploded in a field near Ay-
taruin. [NYT]
May 18: Israel reported69 persons were arrested in
the West Bank and charged with terrorist activ-
ities. [JP]
The Jerusalem Post reported that Jordan was
increasing its military forces along the ceasefire
line and that "appropriate"Israeli counter mea-
sures had been taken. [JP]
After talks in Damascus Sadit said he had ob-
tained a mandate to speak for the Arab states
in talks scheduled for June 1 with US President
Gerald Ford in Austria. [NYT]
met with Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gro-
myko in Vienna. Reporters were told later by
Kissinger's party that a framework for recon-
vening the Geneva Conference was agreed to in
principleby both sides. [NYT]
May 21: Syria agreed to a 6 month extension of
the UN peace force in the Jawlin region. [NYT]
May 22: The United Nations Relief Works Agency
(UNRWA) said it was facing the worst finan-
cial crisis since it was founded and warned that
it would soon be forced to cut back essential
services. [NYT]
May 24: Kissinger said President Ford would at-
tempt to narrow differences between Israel and
Egypt in talks in June with Sadat and Israeli
Premier Yitzhak Rabin. If this failed, Kissinger
said, the US would put forward its own plan
for progress because a continuedstalemate would
lead to "catastrophe."[NYT]
May 25: The WashingtonPost quoted King Khalid
of Saudi Arabia as saying: "We are doing our
duties vis-a-vis Arab brothers and will also ful-
fill our obligations toward the Palestinian state
once it is established.. . At such time when these
things have been accomplished and Israel has
withdrawn from all the occupied territories, in-
cluding Jerusalem, she can live within her 1967
borders."[JP]
Israeli troops clashed with Lebanesetroops for
12 hours inside Lebanon. Artillery and Israeli
jets were used in the fighting which killed 2
Israeli and 7 Lebanese soldiers. Israel called it
an "4accidental"encounter. [NYT]
May 26: Egyptian Premier Mahmfid Salim said
the Arab League had received "satisfactory"
assurances aboit the EEC-Israel accord of May
11 and that the EEC-League talks would begin
as scheduledin June. [MEES]
Sadat said he favored including European rep-
resentatives in the proposed Geneva peace con-
ference to prevent polarization of the talks.
[NYT]

List of Abbreviations
ARR, Arab Report and Record; AW, The Arab World; B, Brief; CSM, The Christian Science
Monitor; CB, Cyprus Bulletin; E, The Economist; FBIS, Foreign Broadcast Information Service
Daily Report-Middle East and Africa; G, The Guardian (weekly internationaledition); JP, The Jeru-
salem Post; KT, The Kabul Times; KI, Kayhan (international edition); MEED, Middle East Eco-
nomic Digest; MEES, Middle East Economic Survey; LM, Le Monde (weekly English edition);
NYT, The New York Times; PO, Platt's Oilgram; TDN, Turkish Daily News; WP, The Washington
Post.

434
 CHRONOLOGY
May 27: The US State Department said the US
regretted incursions into Lebanese territory
"particularly . . . at a time when Lebanon is
beset by internal tensions. We hope that at this
sensitive moment everyone will exercise maxi-
mum restraint."[NYT]
May 28: The UN Security Council approvedthe 6
month extension of the peace force in Jawlan by
a vote of 13 to 0 with China and Iraq abstaining.
[NYT]
May 31: Sadat flew to Salzburg, Austria, to meet
with Ford. [NYT]
June 2: Israel announced she would thin out her
troop and artillery forces along the Suez front in
response to Egypt's planned opening of the Suez
Canal. Sadat called the announcementa "step to-
ward peace." [NYT]
Sadat and Ford concluded 2 days of talks in
Salzburg, Austria. Ford said an American plan
for peace would be announced after Ford talks
with Israeli Premier Rabin. The 2 sides an-
nounced that relations between Egypt and the
US had been put on a basis of longterm friend-
ship. [NYT]
June 3: Israeli Defense Minister Shimon Peres said
the thinning out of Israeli forces near the Suez
would be completed on June 4. The Soviet Tass
news agency called the withdrawal a propaganda
move. [NYT]
June 4: Israel completed its partial pullback from
the Suez front. [NYT]
June 5: Palestinian guerrillas fired 2 rockets into
Qiryat Shemona near the Lebanese border.
[NYT]
The New York Times reportedthat Egypt told
Ford in Salzburg that Egypt would resume talks
for an interim Sinai agreement and would offer
new concessions if Israel was prepared to with-
draw from Abul Rudays and the Mitla and Gidi
passes. [NYT]
June 6: Kissinger warned the UN that the US
would "strongly oppose"any effort to oust Israel
from the UN. [NYT]
June 8: Israel returned 3 Egyptian soldiers cap-
tured a week earlier while on a mission behind
Israeli lines. [WP]
June 9: The Israeli Cabinet voted against offering
new concessions to Egypt but said it would re-
examine Israel's stand if Egypt would make new
offers. [NYT]
An Israeli spokesman said the thinning out of
troops on the Suez line was a "bona fide with-
drawal involving over 3,000 men as well as tanks
and artillery" and he denied reports that the
forces had been withdrawn much earlier. [NYT]
June 10: Kissinger said a Middle East settlement
would require "some sort of American assurance"
to Israel. [NYT]
Syrian President 1jifiz al-Asad arrived in
Jordan for talks with King H.usayn on military
cooperationagainst Israel. [NYT]
435
June 11: Libyan Premier 'Abd al-Salam Jalliid de-
nouncedEgypt's reopeningof the Suez Canal and
said popular demonstrationsin Libya proved the
peoples' rejection of a peaceful solution to the
Arab Israeli conflict. [JP]
Rabin began talks in Washington with Presi-
dent Ford on the Mideast problem.[NYT]
June 12: The UN's InternationalLabor Organiza-
tion admitted an observer delegation from the
PLO and the US and Israeli trade union delega-
tions walked out of the meetings. [NYT]
Rabin said of his talks in the US that both
sides agreed that an interim Sinai accord be-
tween Israel and Egypt was desirable. Kissinger
said the US "told both sides that if an interim
agreement is to be reached both sides will have
to modify their positions." [NYT]
Syrian President Asad concluded his visit to
Jordan and it was announced that a permanent
Joint High Commissionwould be formed to co-
ordinate military, political, economic and cultural
policies. [NYT]
June 13: Israeli Defense Minister Peres called the
Syrian-Jordaniancooperation agreement an "ag-
gressive alignment"against Israel. [NYT]
June 14: The New York Times reported that the
PLO sent messages to the Arab states appealing
for funds to help UNRWA. [NYT)
June 15: Rabin concludedhis talks in the US and
said there were still differenceswhich would have
to be resolved with Egypt before a new round of
Sinai talks could begin. [NYT]
Two Israelis and 4 Palestinian guerrillas were
killed when the Arabs raided the village of Kfar
Yuval near Lebanon. Later, Israeli jets bombed
a Lebanese village Kafr Shuba, in retaliation.
Lebanonreported 1 person killed and 3 wounded.
[NYT]
June 16: An Israeli patrol crossed into Lebanon
after they were allegedly fired on by Palestin-
ians. [NYT]
June 17: Beirut's al-Nahar quoted Sadat as urging
the PLO to form a provisional government. He
said of his talks with Ford: "We were told on
several occasions that the United States could
not possibly hold contacts with a revolutionary
movement as a matter of principle. But Wash-
ington could initiate contacts with a provisional
government."[NYT]
June 18: Beirut's al-Anwar quoted Egyptian For-
eign Minister Isma'il Fahmi as saying a return
to the UN's 1947 partition plan was the "only
solution" to the Mideast problem. [MEED]
The New York Times quoted Soviet sources as
saying Moscow's campaignto convenethe Geneva
conferencewas halted pending the results on new
US diplomaticefforts. [NYT]
June 19: Israel's Labor Party said sovereignty over
the West Bank was negotiable, but that the Jor-
dan River must remain Israel's "securityborder."
The party platform announced that the Gaza
436 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
Strip and the Golan Heights were "within the
Israeli map." [NYT]
June 20: Ford met with Syrian Foreign Minister
'Abd al-Ijalim Khaddam in Washington to dis-
cuss moves toward peace. [NYT]
June 22: A Soviet delegation led by Boris Pono-
marev began meetings in Damascus with Syrian
and Palestinian leaders on the Middle East situa-
tion. [NYT]
June 23: US Ambassadorto Egypt Hermann Eilts
conveyedto Sadat the results of Ford's talks with
Rabin. [NYT]
June 25: The New York Times quoted Israeli of-
ficials as saying Israel offered Egypt new terms
for a disengagementagreement through the good
offices of the US. The offer included Israeli
withdrawal to the western ends of the Gidi and
Mitla passes, an Egyptian land corridor to Abu
Rudays and Israeli retentionof an electronic sur-
veillance site in the Gidi Pass. [NYT]
Egypt returned to Israel the bodies of 2 Jew-
ish terrorists executed in Cairo in 1945. Israel
released to Egypt 20 Arabs held as terrorists.
[NYT]
Iraq announcedthat a conferenceof Palestinian
groups which reject any settlement with Israel
began meeting in Baghdad with Ba'thist officials.
The "rejectionfront" included the Popular Front
for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), the
Arab Liberation Front, the Popular Struggle
Front and the PFLP General Command.[JP]
June 26: Israel denied US charges that there were
"competitive leaks" of confidential diplomatic
exchanges by Israel regarding the terms of a
new interim agreement. [NYT]
June 27: US spokesmen said the differences be-
tween Egypt and Israel had now been narrowed
sufficientlyto make possible a new interim accord
in Sinai. [NYT]
Israeli Chief of Staff Mordechai Gur said
Jordan was undertakinghectic military prepara-
tions on the front with Israel. [NYT]
June 29: The Israeli Cabinet postponed a decision
on a new Sinai accord and said it would seek
"preparatoryclarifications"from the US. [NYT]
July 3: Palestine Liberation Organization leader
Yasir 'Arafat said the PLO had escalated its
attacks "in the occupied territories" and would
continue to "escalate more and more." [NYT]
It was announced that Israeli Ambassador to
the US Simcha Dinitz met with Kissinger for
2 days, July 1-2, in the Virgin Islands to discuss
the terms of the Sinai negotiations. [NYT]
July 4: A bomb exploded in Jerusalem's main
square killing 13 Israelis and wounding 72.
[NYT]
July 5: Kissinger called on Israel to "takea chance"
on territorial concessions to Egypt because "any
other approachis going to lead to war sooner or
later. . ." [NYT]
July 6: Dinitz reported to the Israeli Cabinet on
his talks with Kissinger and Israel said it would
seek further "clarificationsand elucidations"on
the terms of a Sinai accord with Egypt before
making a decision.
July 7: Israeli planes and ships attacked Pales-
tinian refugee camps in southernLebanon.[NYT]
July 8: Rabin said: "We must firmly adhere to
Israel's policy of not entering into any negotia-
tions with the terrorist organizations. The only
language they understand is that of the sword
and it is in that language we shall talk to them."
[NYT]
July 9: Rabin said differences between Israel and
Egypt still existed on the key issues of the line of
Israeli withdrawal, Egyptian political concessions
and the duration of a new Sinai accord. [NYT]
The Eilat to Ashkelon pipeline was damaged
by an explosion. The PLO claimed responsibility.
[MEES]
July 10: Beirut's al-klawddithquotedJordan'sKing
Husayn as saying he was buying sophisticatedUS
weapons to guard against an Israel flanking at-
tack against Syria through northern Jordan.
Ford notified the US Congress that the US was
selling Hawk anti-aircraft missiles to Jordan.
[NYT]
July 11: Ford told Congress the value of the pro-
spective arms sales to Jordan was $350 million.
[NYT]
July 12: Rabin met in Bonn with Kissinger. [NYT]
July 13: The Israeli Cabinet met with Rabin to
hear the results of his talks in Bonn and decided
to seek further "clarifications"on a Sinai agree-
ment. [NYT]
Israeli planes raided a Palestinian refugee
camp near Saida, Lebanon,and Palestinians fired
rockets at 3 Israeli villages. Lebanon reported
3 Arabs were killed and at least 1 Israeli plane
shot down. Israel said all planes returned safely.
[NYT]
Jutly14: Kissinger warned that "arbitrarytactics"
in the UN General Assembly were eroding
American support of the UN and endangering
its survival. A State Department spokesman
said one of the purposes of the speech was to
caution against an effort to expel Israel from the
UN. [NYT]
Israel's Haaretz reported that Kissinger as-
sured Rabin of $1.8 billion in aid of Israel and
Egypt reach a new Sinai accord. [NYT]
July 15: Egypt said it would not renew the man-
date of the UN force in Sinai, due to expire
July 24, unless the Security Council took steps
to assure Israel's withdrawal from Arab terri-
tories. Egyptian Foreign Minister Fahmi said
Israel was "procrastinating"in the search for
peace. [NYT]
July 16: Rabin warned that Egypt's threat not to
renew the UN mandatein Sinai could jeopardize
negotiations. [NYT]
Kissinger called the Egyptian announcementon
 CHRONOLOGY
the UN Sinai force "extremely unfortunate."
[NYT]
The 6th Conferenceof Islamic Nations meeting
in Saudi Arabia adopted a resolution calling
for the UN to expel Israel. [NYT]
July 17: Israeli Ambassador to the US Dinitz met
with Kissinger in Washington to convey Israel's
latest proposals for a Sinai accord. Both parties
said "progress"was made. [NYT]
Iraq's President Ijasan al-Bakr called for the
formationof a joint front between Iraq and Syria
against Israel. [JP]
July 18: Israel reported killing 3 Arab guerrilla
infiltrators near the Lebanese border. The Popu-
lar Struggle Front said in Beirut that its com-
mandos seized Israeli hostages in Metulla.
[NYT]
July 21: The UN Security Council agreed to ap-
peal to Egypt to extend the term of the Sinai
peace force. [NYT]
Kissinger received Egypt's response to Israel's
latest proposal and a US spokesmansaid negoti-
ations were "very intense and delicate." [NYT]
July 23: Rabin said a new interim accord could not
be signed without "face to face negotiations be-
tween Egyptian and Israeli delegations." [NYT]
Kissinger conveyed to Dinitz the Egyptian
response to Israel's latest proposals. [NYT]
Israeli Foreign Minister Yigal Allon called on
"enlightened' members of the UN to publicly
reject any efforts to oust Israel from the UN.
[NYT]
Israel said its forces crossed into Lebanon and
captured 7 Arabs for questioning and blew up
2 houses in Kafr Kila. [NYT]
July 25: UN Secretary.General Waldheim met in
Cairo with Sidat and said later he was con-
vinced of Sadit's desire for a negotiated peace
and of Sadat's impatiencewith the pace of talks.
[NYT]
Rabin said Egypt's new proposals for a Sinai
accord were "substantially not acceptable" but
that they were better than those put forward by
Egypt in March and that Israel would offer
counter proposals. [NYT]
July 28: Peres said Israel had made its final offer
to Egypt and that Egypt was asking "us to give
them a tremendousamount for absolutely nothing
on their part." [NYT]
July 29: Peres said Israel would consider negoti-
ating an interim agreement with Syria after one
is concluded with Egypt. [JP]
Allon said he would favor Israel's suspending
all activities in Israel if the General Assembly
rejected Israel's credentials. [NYT]
July 31: The Boston Globe reported that Israel
had manufacturedand stockpiled more than 10
nuclear weapons. [NYT]
Kissinger warned that the US would take
"definite and clear action" if the UN suspended
Israel "in violation of the Charter." [NYT]
437
Aug. 1: The Organizationof African Unity adopted
a resolution calling for the UN to "reinforce
the pressure exerted on Israel at the United Na-
tions, and its specialized agencies, including the
possibility of eventually depriving it of its mem-
bErship."[NYT]
Aug. 2: A meeting in Sweden of 11 European So-
cialist heads of government announcedthat they
would oppose any effort to oust Israel from the
UN. [JP]
Kuwayt's Al-Ray al-Am quoted Saudi Crown
Prince Fahd as saying: "My country will use all
means at its disposal, including the oil weapon,
if the Arab nation finds itself forced to launch a
war to recover its territories and to liberate the
Holy City." [MEED]
Auig. 3: Rabin met UN Secretary General Wald-
heim in Stockholm to discuss the Arab Israeli
conflict. [NYT]
'Arafat criticized Egypt's opposition to efforts
to expel Israel from the UN and to Egypt's
supportfor the Aug. 1 OAU resolutionon Israel.
[NYT]
Aug. 4: Ford met in Yugoslavia with Tito and
discussed the Middle East question. Tito said:
"Our views are quite identical . . . especially
after I hear what President Ford said about the
actions the United States intends to take in the
future." [NYT]
Aug. 5: Israeli forces raided targets near Tyre.
Lebanon said 16 people were killed and 28
wounded. Palestinian guerrillas attacked the Is-
raeli village of Qiryat Shemona. [NYT]
Kissinger met Dinitz in Washingtonand it was
announcedthat progress was being made in the
negotiations but that "substantial"differences re-
mained. [NYT]
Aug. 7: Dinitz deliveredto Kissinger Israel's latest
response to Egypt's proposals. [NYT]
Israeli troops crossed into Lebanon and blew
up a house in Hanin. [NYT]
Ford warned that a new AMiddleEast war
would risk a confrontationbetween the US and
USSR. [NYT]
Aug. 8: The New York Times reportedthat Dinitz
gave Kissinger Israel's latest proposals on Aug.
7 and that optimism was growing that an interim
accord could be reached. [NYT]
Aug. 9: Twenty Arab demonstratorswere arrested
in Hebron during Arab demonstrationsprotesting
an Israeli governmentdecision to divide the tomb
of Abraham between Muslim and Jewish wor-
shippers. [NYT]
Aug. 11: Israel said it would boycott a UN con-
ference on crime scheduledin Geneva. [NYT]
Aug. 12: The US reported to Israel on Egypt's
latest proposals and Dinitz said the negotia-
tions were continuing. [NYT]
Aug. 14: The New York Times reportedthat talks
began in the US between Israel and the US on
the terms of an American guarantee to meet
438 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
Israel's oil needs if Israel gives up the Abfi July 24: Pakistan's Finance Minister Muhammad
Rudays field to Egypt. [NYT]
Aug. 15: Israeli troops preventeda mass demonstra-
tion by Arabs in Hebron. [NYT]
The US and Israel completed the drafting of
language for a new Sinai agreement. [NYT]
General
1975
May 16: The Arab League protested to the Euro-
pean Economic Community over the signing of
an EEC Israeli trade agreement. [JP]
May 20: Kuwayt's Premier Shaykh Jabir al-Ahmad
al-$abah completed a 4 day tour of Bahrayn,
Qatar and the United Arab Amirates (UAA)
for talks on Gulf unity and agreements "in prin-
ciple" were reached with Bahrayn and the UAA
to unify their currencies and transport systems.
[MEES]
May 24: EEC Ministerial Council President Gar-
rett Fitzgerald met in Cairo with Arab League
leader MahmuidRiyid to discuss the terms for
opening an EEC-League dialogue. [MEES]
June 1: It was announcedin Kuwayt that an "Arab
Organization for Encouragementof Investment"
was set up to encourage the movementof capital
between the members and to provide guarantees
against "non commercial losses." The founding
members were Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan,
Kuwayt, Mauritania, Morocco, Lebanon, Libya,
Qatar, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAA and Yemen.
[MEED]
June 4: The Arab Economic Unity Council con-
cluded a meeting in Cairo after drawing up a 5
year plan for economic coordination until 1980.
[MEED]
An Arab summit meeting scheduled to con-
vene in Mogadishu was postponed at the re-
quest of 11 states. [APS]
June 10: The Arab League and the EEC began
negotiations in Cairo on general economic coop-
eration between the 2 sides. [MEES]
June 15: Representatives of Bahrayn, Kuwayt,
Qatar and the UAA concluded talks in Abiu
Dhabi with a resolution in principleto unify their
currencies. [MEED]
July 9: Foreign Ministers of 24 Arab and African
nations began meeting in Cairo to discuss prin-
ciples for better relations. [NYT]
July 16: The 6th Conference of Islamic Nations
concluded its meetings in Saudi Arabia. [NYT]
July 22: The second round of Arab League-EEC
talks opened in Rome. [MEES]
Hanif said the Islamic Development Bank, with
$1 billion in capital and 73 member states, would
open on Oct. 20 to extend loans to Islamic coun-
tries. [MEED]
July 26: Finance Ministers of 20 Muslim countries
met in Riyadh to prepare for the opening of the
Islamic Bank in October. [CSM]
July 29: The US Congress approved plans to im-
prove military facilities on Diego Garcia in the
Indian Ocean. [JP]
Aug. 10: The Arab League announcedthat agree-
ment was reached with the EEC on a list of
priorities for joint industrial projects in the Arab
states using Arab money and European technol-
ogy. [MEES]
Afghanistan
(See also Pakistan)
1975
May 1: The governmentannouncedthe nationaliza-
tion of all banks and banking affairs. [FBIS]
June 25: Saudi Arabia granted an interest free loan
of $65 million for a dam and electric power proj-
ect in the western region. [MEES]
July 11: Deputy Foreign Minister 'AbdallahWahid
flew to Saudi Arabia to attend the Islamic For-
eign Ministers Conference. [MEED]
July 28: It was reported that security forces cap-
tured a terrorist group in Pankshi which was al-
legedly armed by Pakistan. [FBIS]
Algeria
(See also General, Morocco)
1975
May 17: The First National Congress on Arabiza-
tion closed after 4 days of meetings in Algiers.
May 24: The government lifted restrictions on
5,000 bank accounts of non-resident foreigners,
permitting the funds to be removed from the
country. [MEED]
May 26: North Korean President Kim II Sung met
with President Houari Boumedienneat the be-
ginning of a 1 week visit to Algeria. [MEED]
June 14: Foreign Minister Abdul Aziz Bouteflika
left Iraq after concludinghis mission of mediation
between Iraq and Iran. [MEED]
 CHRONOLOGY
June 19: Boumedienne said elections for the Na-
tional Assetibly would be held within a year and
that a Presidential election would be held also.
[MEED]
June 23: Iraq's Foreign Minister Sa'duinIlamadi
met with President Boumedienne.[MEED]
June 29: Libya's Premier 'Abd al-Salam Jalluid
ended a 2 day visit and it was announcedthat the
2 countries agreed on the need to raise oil prices.
[MEES]
July 18: Tunisia's President Habib Bourguiba ar-
rived for talks with Boumedienneon bilateral and
regional relations. [MEED]
July 20: In a joint communiquewith Tunisia the
2 countries expressed regret that the EEC was
not taking full "account of the fundamental in-
terests of Tunisia and Algeria." [MEED]
July 30: Le Monde of Paris reported that Minister
of State Cherif Belkacem was relieved of his post June 8: Turkish Cypriots held a referendumon a
by Presidential decree. [MEED]
Bahrayn
(See also General, Iran, Iraq, Jordan)
1975
May 25: The National Assembly ratified the 60- July 1: Turkish Community leader
40% participation agreement with Bahrayn Pe-
troleum Company (BAPCO). [MEES]
July 18: Middle East Economic Digest reported
that Monetary Agency Director Malcolm Ward
warned that unificationof Arab currencies in the
Gulf region would have serious economic and
social effects in Bahrayn. [MEED]
July 20: Crown Prince and Defense Minister
Shaykh Ijamad ibn 'Isa al-Khalifah flew to Syria
for a 4 day official visit. [MEED]
Aug. 8: Middle East Economic Digest reported
that Turkish Foreign Minister Sabri Saglayangil
proposed a bilateral technical cooperation agree-
ment during an officialvisit to Manama. [MEED]
Cyprus
(See also Egypt, Iraq, Libya, UAA)
1975
May 17: President Archbishop Makarios said there
could be no settlement of the Cyprus problem
without the return of all Greek refugees to their
439
homes in the Turkish held sector. Greek spokes-
man Glafkos Clerides said "We are not on the
threshhold of an agreement . . ." [NYT]
May 23: President Makarios began a tour of Arab
states in the Persian Gulf to obtain economic aid
and diplomaticsupport. [MEED]
May 28: Makarios returned from his tour of 5
Persian-Gulf states. [MEED]
June 4: Greek Cypriot negotiator Clerides threat-
ened to walk out of the Vienna talks if the Turk-
ish sector should hold a planned referendumon
a draft constitution for the Turkish sector.
[NYT]
June 5: The second round of talks in Vienna began
with UN Secretary General Kurt Waldheim in
attendance. [NYT]
June 7: The talks in Vienna concludedwith agree-
ment to resume negotiations on July 24. [NYT]
draft constitution for northern Cyprus. [NYT]
June 9: An election spokesman said the draft con-
stitution was approved by 99.4% of the voters.
[NYT]
June 10: UN Secretary General Waldheim said
Cyprusnegotiationswere deadlockedand he asked
the Security Council for a 6 month extension of
the UN force on Cyprus. [NYT]
June 13: The UN Security Council voted to ex-
tend for 6 months the Cypruspeace force. [NYT]
June 16: Makarios left for a tour of Egypt, Syria,
Iraq and Libya to win support for the Greek
Cypriot position on Cyprus. [MEED]
Rauf Denkta?
warned that Greek Cypriots would be expelled
from the northern sector if Turks wanting to
leave the Greek region were not allowed to do so.
[JP]
July 2: The governmentreported that the Turkish
leaders in the north gave assurances that the
expulsion of Greeks from the north would be
halted. [NYTI
Ambassador to the UN Nicos Dimitriou
charged that Turkey was settling mainlandTurks
in the northern sector "at a rate of 1,500 Turks
a week" and that nearly 1,000 Greeks had been
displaced from their homes since June 27. The
Turkish Embassy in Washington, D. C., called
the charges "fictitious."[NYT]
Jutly10: Cleridessaid a plot to assassinateMakarios
was discovered in Athens and Nicosia. [MEED]
July 19: Denktaa proposedthe formation of a joint
transitionalgovernmentwith equal representation
for Greeks and Turks. The Greek side called the
proposal "completelyunacceptable."[JP]
July 26: The Turkish administrationin the north
announcedthat it was closing 2 American radio
installations in the Turkish sector. [NYT]
Aug. 1: Denkta? and Clerides agreed at a meeting
in Vienna to allow Turks in the south to move
north, Greeks in the north to remain there and
for 800 Greeks expelled from the north in June
440 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
to return. [NYT]
Aug. 9: UN troops escorted 250 Turks from the
south into the northern sector as the beginning
of the population exchange agreed in Vienna.
[NYT]
Egypt
(See also Arab Israeli Conflict, General, Cyprus, Aug. 1: The European Economic Communityan-
Iran, Iraq, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Sudan)
1975
May 24: The Suez Canal Authority announcednew
transit fees almost double those in 1967. It was
explained that world inflation was the reason for
the increase. [MEES]
May 25: Agreements were signed with Saudi Ara-
bia to establish joint industrial investment and
housing constructioncompaniesin Egypt. [APS]
May 28: Cairo's Al-Akhbar reported that police
arrested in early May a group of religious
fanatics and charged them with plotting to over-
throw the government. [NYT]
May 29: President Anwar al-Sadat flew to Yugo-
slavia for 1 day of talks with President Tito.
[NYT]
May 31: Three people were given death sentences
and 29 others were sentenced to prison for an
attack on a military academy in 1974. [NYT]
June 5: The Suez Canal was officially reopened.
[NYT]
June 8: The People's Assembly passed some lib-
eralization measures intended to stimulate the
private sector of the economy. [MEED]
June 10: Foreign Minister Isma'il Fahmi arrived in
Britain for a 3 day visit. [MEED]
June 11: Vice President Husni Mubarak said in
France that Britain and France were competing May 18: The Shah denied reports that there were
to set up an arms industry in Egypt. [MEED]
June 12: It was announcedthat Britain would sell
the government?400 million to 450 million worth
of arms for funds supplied mainly by Saudi
Arabia and Kuwayt. [JP]
June 14: Foreign Minister Fahmi met in Spain with
General Francisco Franco. [JP]
June 16: Cypriot President Archbishop Makarios
arrived for a 4 day official visit. [JP]
June 24: Police reported breaking up a ring of
saboteurs backed by Libya and training to as-
sassinate political leaders. [JP]
June 28: Sudan's President Ja'far al-Numayri ar- May 27: After meetings with the Shah in Tehran,
rived for talks with Sadat. [JP]
July 6: Sadat signed a decree granting general
amnesty to all prisoners convicted to political
offenses before May 15, 1971. [JP]
July 15: The Soviet Union's Pravda accused the
Egyptian press of anti-Soviet propagandaaimed
at depicting the USSR as an enemy of the Arabs.
[NYT]
July 17: Saudi King Khalid arrived for an official
visit. [JP]
July 20: King Khalid ended his visit and a joint
communiquesaid Saudi Arabia pledged $600 mil-
lion in credits to Egypt and would help finance a
housing project in Helwan. [NYT]
July 23: The Arab Socialist Union voted unani-
mously to nominate Sadat for another term as
President. [MEED]
nounced a contract to supply Egypt with $300
million in farm produce. [MEED]
Aug. 2: Cairo's Akhbar al-Yawm reportedthat the
World Bank would loan the government $400
million for industrial projects including a steel
rolling mill, roads and a rural electrificationproj-
ect. [MEED]
Aug. 7: Mexican President Luis Echeveria arrived
for talks on bilateral relations and the Middle
East situation. [JP]
A Presidential decree established a "Supreme
Council for the Use of Nuclear Energy," to be
headed by Sadat, to draw up plans "for the use
of nuclearenergy for various purposes."[MEES]
Aug. 8: A 35 memberUS Congressionaldelegation
arrived for a 3 day visit. [MEED]
Iran
(See also Algeria, Iraq, Petroleum Affairs)
1975
May 16: The Shah inspected American military
aircraft while on a visit to the US. [NYT]
40,000 political prisoners in Iran. He said there
were less than 3,000 persons in prison, not for
their political views, but for "terrorist" acts.
[NYT]
May 21: Two US military officers were killed by
terrorists in Tehran. [NYT]
May 24: Bahrayn's Premier Shaykh Khalifah bin
Sulman al-Khallfah arrived for an official 4 day
visit. [MEED]
A 60 membertrade team from Holland arrived
for talks on building up economic cooperation.
[MEED]
US Senator Edward Kennedy said that an "un-
regulated"flow of arms to the region might not
be in Iran's interest or in the interest of the re-
gion. [NYT]
 CHRONOLOGY
May 30: An economic cooperation agreement was
signed with Holland including projects in agri-
culture, shipping, natural gas and electricity.
[MEES]
May 31: The New York Times reported that a
"multi-million dollar" contract was signed with
Rockwell International of the US to build a
"communications intelligence" base in Iran.
[NYT]
June 2: Turkey's President Fahri Koruturk ar-
rived for a 5 day visit and talks on political and
economic cooperation. [MEED]
June 6: An economic cooperation agreement was
signed with Turkey providing for joint projects
in communications,energy, tourism, defense and
agriculture. [MEED]
June 7: The Shah warned of an "unholy union"
between "black reactionists and stateless reds"
opposing national policy. [NYT]
A tourism agreement was signed with Egypt.
[MEED]
June 9: The New York Times reported that Iran
would purchase 3 used submarinesfrom the US.
[NYT]
June 10: Security officials reported that religious
conservatives rioted in Qum on June 5 and 7 to
protest changes promoted by the government's
national policies. [NYT]
June 15: Director of the Plan and Budget Organi-
zation 'Abd al-Majid Majidi warned that lessen-
ing oil revenues, inflation, manpower shortages
and economic bottlenecks were forcing a reas-
sessment of development priorities. [MEES]
June 28: An Iraqi delegation arrived for talks on
cooperation in telecommunications.[MEED]
June 29: Police reported that 4 political saboteurs
were killed in a gun battle near Tehran on June
28. [JP]
Egyptian War Minister 'Abd al-Ghani Gamasi
arrived for talks with military leaders. [MEED]
June 30: Indonesian President Suharto ended a 4
day visit. A joint communiquesaid the 2 coun-
tries express concern over the increase of super
power naval activity in the Indian Ocean. [JP]
July 2: The National Iranian Oil Companyreported
that oil exports had dropped 22.7% in the past
year. [JP]
July 3: Saudi Crown Prince Fahd ibn 'Abd al-'Azlz
ended a 3 day visit and talks on regional issues.
[MEES]
July 6: The Shah met with Arab League General
Secretary MahmuidRiyad. [MEED]
July 18: Finance Minister Huishang 'Ansarl said
320 private companies worth $1.5 billion would
put 49% of their shares on the public market by
Oct. 22. [MEED]
July 20: An Iran Air official said a $300 million aid
package to Pan American Airways was dropped
since Iran "has other priorities for its develop-
ment projects." [NYT]
July 21: Mexico signed a protocol for $800 million
441
in joint investnent projects. It was signed by
Mexican President Luis Echeveria at the end of
an official visit. [MEES]
July 27: The Shah said falling oil productionand
rising import prices could cause a $4 billion trade
deficit in 1975. [MEES]
July 29: It was announced that 2 terrorists re-
sponsibile for killing 2 US Air Force Colonels
on May 21 were arrested. [NYT]
July 31: West German Economy Minister Hans
Friderichs concluded a visit after signing an
agreement calling for $5.5 billion in joint invest-
ment projects. [MEES]
Aug. 4: The government reported that more than
7,750 persons had been arrested in a crackdown
on "profiteering."[NYT]
Aug. 11: Police said they arrested 4 more terrorists
involved in the killing of 2 US military advisors.
[NYT]
Iraq
(See also Arab Israeli Conflict, General, Algeria,
Cyprus, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria)
1975
May 16: Egyptian President Anwar al-Sadat left
Baghdad after an officialvisit. He obtainedprom-
ises of Iraqi aid to Egypt in the form of oil sup-
plies. [NYT]
May 20: Foreign Minister Sa'duin Iatamadicon-
cluded 3 days of border negotiations in Algeria
with his Iranian counterpart'Abbas 'All Khal'at
'bar!. [MEES]
May 21: It was announcedthat the Planning Coun-
cil approved$3.3 billion for developmentprojects
for the last 9 months of 1975. [MEES]
May 22: Bahrayn's Defense Minister Ilamid bin
'Isa al-Khallfah ended a 4 day visit after talks
on means of "coordinatingsolidarityaction among
the Gulf states." [MEED]
June 2: Saudi Oil Minister Shaykh Ahmad Zaki
Yamani arrived in Baghdad in an effort to re-
sume mediation of the Euphrates water dispute
with Syria. [JP]
June 8: The Irrigation Ministry said 70% of Iraq's
winter crop was lost because Syria withheld
Euphrates River water. [MEED]
June 12: Saudi Crown Prince Fahd ended a 4 day
visit, the first by a member of the Saudi royal
family in 15 years. Fahd said there was "complete
agreement" on the issues discussed during the
visit. [JP]
June 13: A treaty was signed with Iran including
a comprehensivedelineationof the border. [NYT]
442 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
June 17: Libyan Premier 'Abd al-Sal,n Jalluidar-
rived for a 1 day visit. [FBIS]
June 22: Cypriot President Archbishop Makarios
arrived for an official visit. [JP]
July 2: An agreement was signed with Saudi Ara-
bia to divide the neutral zone by a straight border
line through the middle "where possible."
[MEES]
July 6: The Soviet Tass agency reported Iraq
signed a multilateral economic and scientific co-
operation pact with Comecon. [MEED]
Vice President Tihi Ma'riuf ended a 3 day
visit to Peking after signing several economic
agreements. [MEED]
July 7: The government closed the office of the
Iraqi military attache in Damascus. [MEED]
July 8: The government protested to the Arab
League against "continued Syrian encroach-
ments" on the Iraqi border. [MEED]
July 10: The Boston Globe reportedthat the USSR
had halted arms deliveries in June to protest the
government'sforeign policy. [MEED]
July 24: The governmentmade a second floor com-
plaint to the Arab League against alleged Syrian
violations of the border. [MEED]
July 27: An agreementwas signed with Saudi Ara-
bia to increase air services between the 2 coun-
tries. [MEED]
July 28: Saudi Oil Minister Yamani left after talks
on the Euphrates dispute with Syria. [MEED]
Israel
(See also Arab Israeli Conflict, General, Petro-
leum Affairs)
1975
May 18: Premier Yitzhak Rabin appointed Major
General Rehavam Zeevi to a new post of special
intelligence advisor to the Cabinet. [NYT]
May 19: Police Minister Shlomo Hillel said crime
was increasing and that police were solving a
smaller percentageof domestic crime because the
campaign against terrorists was taking more of
their time. [JP]
May 21: A letter was delivered to US President
Gerald Ford signed by 75 US Senators calling for
a Presidential aid request to Congress that would
"be responsiveto Israel's urgent military and eco-
nomic needs." [NYT]
May 23: The New York Times cited "well placed
informants"in Washington as saying Soviet and
Israeli diplomats had held several meetings in
Washington to discuss their bilateral relations.
[NYT]
A former Finance and CommerceMinistry of-
ficial, Michael Tzur, was sentenced to 15 years
in prison after being found guilty of corruption.
[NYT]
May 28: Police clashed with striking oil pipeline
workers in Ashkelon. [APS]
May 30: US Senator Edward Kennedy arrived for
a visit at the end of a Middle East tour. [APS]
June 1: Foreign Minister Yigal Allon concludeda
4 day visit to Rumania. [NYT]
Major General Ariel Sharon was appointed
Advisor to the Premier by Rabin. [NYT]
June 6: Defense Minister Shimon Peres began arms
talks in France. [APS]
June 8: Port workers at Ashkelon ended a 19 day
strike which had closed the port and the Ash-
kelon oil pipeline. [WP]
June 10: Premier Rabin met in Londonwith Prime
Minister Harold Wilson. [NYT]
Junte11: It was announcedthat Israel had acquired
a fleet of hovercraft that could be used to com-
bat any blockade at the Bab al-Mandeb strait.
[NYT]
June 17: The government decided to devalue the
Israeli poundby 2%. [JP]
July 8: Rabin arrived in West Germanyfor a 4 day
official visit. [NYT]
July 14: Demonstrators stoned the American Em-
bassy to protest US pressure for an interim
agreement between Israel and Egypt. [NYT]
July 29: The Knesset approveda law providing for
the direct election of mayors. The vote was 78 to
6 with 2 abstentions. [JP]
Aug. 1: A tax reformbecameeffective cutting rates
but making fringe benefits taxable. [NYT]
Rabin flew to Sweden for a meeting of Euro-
pean Socialist leaders. [JP]
Aug. 5: The Israeli Pound was devalued by 2%
making the new exchange rate IL 6.24 to the US
dollar. [JP]
Aug. 7: Mexico's President Luis Echeveria arrived
for a 4 day visit. [JP]
Aug. 12: Former Minister of Commerce and Fi-
nance Pinhas Sapir died of a heart attack. [NYT]
Jordan
(See also Arab Israeli Conflict, General, Morocco,
Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, UAA)
1975
May 21: Iraq signed an agreementto increase their
bilateral trade in 1975 to JD 6 million. [APS]
June 12: Syria's President 1Afi; al-Asad ended a
3 day visit and it was announced that a joint
 CHRONOLOGY
High Commissionwould be formed to coordinate
military, political, economic and cultural policies.
[NYT]
June 22: King Ijusayn returned from a tour of
Bahrayn, Kuwayt, Qatar and the United Arab
Amirates. [MEED]
June 26: An Iraqi delegation led by Economy Min-
ister Hikmat al-'AzzAw! concluded 2 days of
talks on economic cooperation. It was decided
that Iraq would help finance new road construc-
tion and expansion of Aqaba Port. [MEED]
July 10: King Ilusayn was quoted by Beirut's al-
Hawddith as saying military reorganizationwould
be completed by 1976 making Jordan a strong
military deterrent to Israel. [MEED]
July 12: Syrian Information Minister Ahmad Is-
kandar arrived for talks. [MEED]
July 13: Crown Prince Hasan returned from a 6
day visit in Egypt. [MEED]
July 19: Premier Zayd Rifa'i said Jordan's troops
in Oman would be withdrawn by the end of
Sept. and their duties taken over by Omani
troops. [JP]
July 23: King Ijusayn warned the US Congress
against reducing the scale of a proposed $350
million sale of US air defense systems, "otherwise
we shall not hesitate to seek weapons we need
from other sources" and this would have "ad-
verse effects on US-Jordanian relations alto-
gether." [NYT]
July 26: Syria signed an agreement to set up an
industrial free zone on the border. [MEED]
July 31: Syrian Premier MahmuidAyyiibi ended a
4 day visit. A joint communiquewas issued say-
ing the 2 countries agreed on joint industrial
projects worth $64 million, establishing a free
trade zone and coordinating transportation and
communication.[JP]
Aug. 7: King HIusaynsaid Jordan would probably
seek a missile defense system from the USSR if
the US Congress blocked the sale of 14 Hawk
missile batteries to Jordan. [NYT]
Kuwayt
(See also General, Egypt, Jordan, South Yemen,
UAA, Yemen)
1975
May 26: Ruler Shaykh Salim al-Sabah al-Salim
arrived in France for talks including possible
arms sales. [JP]
June 10: Saudi Crown Prince Fahd concluded an
official visit and a joint communiquesaid the 2
sides stressed their determination to strengthen
their cooperation. [MEES]
443
June 19: Oil Minister 'Abd al-Muttalib al-Qasimi
said agreement was reached in principle with the
oil companies on how much Kuwayt would pay
for the 40% of the companies not yet owned by
the government. [MEED]
July 4: Middle East Economic Digest reportedthat
a general cooperationagreement was signed with
Hungary. [MEED]
July 20: Turkish Foreign Minister Sabri Cag-
layangil ended a 2 day visit after signing a cul-
tural cooperationagreement. [MEED]
July 31: The governmentagreed to loan Yugoslavia
$125 million to finance a 456 mile long oil pipe-
line from the Adriatic coast to Hungary and
Czechoslovakia. [MEES]
Mexico's President Luis Echerveria concluded
a 3 day visit and it was agreed to a committee
to study joint developmentprojects. [MEES]
Lebanon
(See also Arab Israeli Conflict, General)
1975
May 16: Three Phalangist Party members were
abductedto a Palestinian refugee camp and then
released. The Phalangist Party threatened re-
taliation. [NYTI
President Sulayman Franjiyyah began con-
sultationsto find a new Premier to replace Rashid
al-Sulh who resigned May 15. [NYT]
May 20: Fighting resumed between Palestinians
and Phalangists in Beirut. Two people were re-
ported killed and 20 wounded. [NYT]
May 21: Fighting continued in Beirut for the 3rd
day but was confinedto the suburbof Dikwaneh.
[NYT]
May 22: The governmentannouncedthat an agree-
ment was reached to station army security forces
between Palestinianand Phalangist militia. Police
said 28 persons were killed and 100 woundedafter
4 days of clashes. [NYT]
May 23: President Franjiyyah appointeda military
Cabinet to restore order:
Gen. Nur al-Din al-Rifa'1: Premier, Justice,
Health and Industry & Oil
Gen. MuisaKanan: Deputy Premier, Information
and Education
Gen. Iskandar Ghanim: Defense and Water &
Electricity
Gen. Sa'id Nasrallah: Interior and Housing
Gen. Fawzi al-Khatib: Economy, Trade and
Planning
Gen. Francois Jinadri: Labor and PTT
Lucien Dahdah: Foreign, Finance and Tourism
Col. Zayn Makki: Public Works, Transport and
Agriculture
444 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
Five people were killed in the 5th day of fight-
ing in Beirut. [NYT]
May 24: Muslim political and religious leaders de-
nounced the military Cabinet and called for its
resignation. [NYT]
May 26: Fighting continuedin Beirut. The military
Cabinet announced its resignation at noon.
[NYT]
May 27: Fighting died down in Beirut as President
Franjiyyah met with political leaders to discuss
forming a new Cabinet. [NYT]
May 28: Rashid Kar&miwas chosen to form a new
Cabinet. [NYT]
May 30: Shooting incidentswere reportedin Beirut
and Karami met with political leaders to discuss
forming a new government. [NYT]
May 31: The Interior Ministry said an agreement
was reached between Phalangists and Pales-
tinians to create "demilitarizedzones" in areas
where they have clashed. [NYT]
Ju-ne2: Sniper fire continued in Beirut. [NYT]
June 3: Abui Najm, a leader of the National Lib-
eration Party, was kidnapped in Beirut but re-
leased by evening. Reports said traffic and com-
merce in Beirut were near normal. [NYT]
June 5: Karimt said the civil strife was over and
urged all parties to rebuild trust and cooperation.
[NYT]
June 16: Syrian Foreign Minister 'Abd al-Halim
Khaddam arrived for talks with Franjiyyah.
[MEED]
June 23: Sunni religious leader Shaykh IHasan
Khalid called for abrogation of the National
Covenent. [JP]
June 24: Fighting broke out in Beirut after several
weeks of calm. Two people were reported killed.
[CSM]
Sporadic fighting resumed in Beirut. [NYT]
June 25: Two persons were,reportedkilled in street
fighting. In early evening the government an-
nounced that a truce was arranged between all
parties concerned. [NYT]
June 26: Sporadic fighting continued in Beirut de-
spite efforts of army security forces to stop it.
[NYT]
June 27: The Phalangist Party mobilizedits militia
after rockets damaged its downtown Beirut head-
quarters. Police said the death toll in 4 days of
fighting rose to 30. [NYT]
June 28: Street fighting continued in Beirut. A
government spokesman accused a "third party,"
representing neither "the will of the Lebanese
people nor that of the sincere Palestinians," of
prolonging the crisis. [NYT]
June 30: It was announcedthat a 6 man Cabinet
was formed which excluded members of the
Phalangist and Progressive Socialist Parties.
Rashid Karami: Premtier,Interior and Finance
Camille Sham'uan:Defense, Water & Electricity,
PTT and Public Works
Ghassan Tuwayni: Information, Education and
Planning
'Adil 'Usayran: Justice, Agriculture and Labor
Majid Arslan: Health and Industry & Oil
Philip Taqla: Foreign Affairs and Tourism
Fighting continuedin Beirut. [NYT]
July 1: Karami said the mission of the new gov-
ernment was to reestablish law and order in a
period of transition. [MEED]
A ceasefire was declaredbut sporadicskirmish-
ing continued. [NYT]
July 2: Fighting in Beirut tapered off as army
units occupied neighborhoodswhere fighting was
heaviest. [NYT]
The US reported that a US Army Colonel,
Ernest Morgan, was missing in Beirut and may
have been abducted. [NYT]
July 3: The US requesteda full report on the dis-
appearanceof Col. Morgan. [NYT]
Press reports said Beirut was quiet. [NYT]
July 6: A group calling itself the Socialist Revolu-
tionary Action Organization delivered a ransom
note to the US Embassy for the return of Col.
Morgan. [NYT]
July 7: Karami announced that the government
had made contact with the group which kid-
napped Col. Morgan and was demanding food
and constructionsuppliesin return for his release.
[NYT]
July 9: The PLO accused left wing extremists of
the kidnappingof Col. Morgan. [NYT]
July 10: A US Embassy spokesman said the US
would not pay ransomfor Col. Morganand would
leave the handling of the problem to the "host"
government. [NYT]
The PLO said it had demandedthe release of
the captured US Army Colonel but that the
militant kidnappers refused to comply. [NYT]
July 12: Food was distributed in poor areas of
Beirut as ransom for Col. Morgan. The US said
the donors were anonymousand did not include
the US. [NYT]
Col. Morgan was set free. [NYT]
July 15: Karimi's Cabinetwon a vote of confidence
in the Parliament. [MEED]
July 16: France signed an agreement for technical
cooperationin military affairs to include training
of personnel. [MEED]
Aug. 10: Saudi Oil Minister Shaykh Ahmad Zaki
Yamani said "completeagreement" was reached
between Lebanonand Saudi Arabia on terms for
resuming oil shipments through the Trans Ara-
bian Pipeline to Lebanon. [MEED]
Libya
(See also Arab Israeli Conflict, General, Algeria.
Cyprus, Egypt, Iraq, Oman, Syria)
 CHRONOLOGY 445
1975 Aug. 7: Turkish Foreign Minister Sabri 9ag'-
layangil arrived for a 5 day visit to discuss eco-
May 19: The governmentinformedthe Arab League nomic cooperation. [MEED]
that Libya would boycott the negotiations be- Aug. 8: A plane from Malaysia commandeeredby
tween the League and the European Economic 5 Japanese terrorists with hostages arrived in
Community scheduled for June 10. [MEES] Tripoli. The government said it was permitted
May 23: The New York Times quoted '2Commu- entry for humanitarianreasons. [NYT]
nist Bloc sources" in Cairo as saying the USSR Aug. 9: Deputy Foreign Minister Ali Treki flew
agreed to sell Libya $800 million in arms but to Lagos, Nigeria, for talks with the new head
that Libya had not agreed to allow Soviet bases of state, Rufai Mohammed. [NYT]
on Libyan territory. [NYT] Aug. 10: The government banned Egyptians from
Cairo's al-Ahram charged that the USSR entering the country. [MEED]
agreed to supply Libya with $4 billion in military
aid in exchange for bases on Libyan territory.
[NYT]
May 26: Revolution Command Council Chairman Morocco
Mu'ammar al-Qadhdhafi ratified the Nuclear
NonproliferationTreaty. [JP]
May 27: The USSR's Communist paper Pravda (See also General,Libya)
denied that Libya agreed to provide the USSR
with military bases. [NYT] 1975
June 2: The governmentannouncedthat the USSR
agreed to sell Libya a nuclear power plant for May 16: The Spanish Ambassadorwas recalled to
peaceful purposes. [NYT] Spain for consultations on the Spanish Sahara
June 4: The Revolution CommandCouncil met to question. The Spanish governor in the Sahara
discuss the opening of the Suez Canal and con- territory, Federico Gomez de Salazar, said Mo-
demned Egypt's action as "high treason." rocco had deployed25,000troops along the border
[MEED] and that the situation was "serious." [NYT]
June 5: Popular Front for the Liberation of Pal- Spain said 4 Moroccan infiltrators were taken
estine leader George Habash arrived for an of- prisoner after they attacked a border post in
ficial visit. [APS] Spanish Sahara. [JP]
June 7: Demonstrations were reported protesting May 23: Spain announced that it was "prepared"
the reopening of the Suez Canal. [MEED] to transfer sovereignty of the Saharan territory
Jutne 13: South Yemeni Premier 'All Nasir Mu- in the shortest period possible." [NYT]
hammad concluded a 4 day visit and it was an- June 10: UN Secretary General Kurt Waldheim
nounced that Libya would provide aid for fishing, arrived for talks with King Hasan on the future
power and educationalprojects in South Yemen. of the Sahara. [NYT]
[MEES] June 25: The World Court began hearing the rival
June 19: ChairmanQadhdhafitold Moroccanjour- claims of Morocco and Mauritaniato the Spanish
nalists that Libyan forces were at Morocco's dis- Sahara. [FBIS]
posal "to liberate"the Spanish Sahara. [MEED] July 1: Spain sent tanks and 1,000 troops to face
June 26: Qadhdhafimet in Benghazi with Cypriot Moroccan forces over the border of the Spanish
President Archbishop Makarios. [JP] enclave at Melilla after some bombing incidents
June 28: Beirut's al-Diyar reported that Libyan in the city. [JP]
military units were being trained in the USSR. July 4: Algerian Foreign Minister Abdel Aziz
[MEED] Bouteflika ended a 4 day visit. He told King
July 13: It was announced that 'Umar al-Madani Hasan that Algeria was satisfied with an alleged
was named Minister of Communicationsand Taha agreementbetween Morocco and Mauritaniaover
bin 'Amir was made Minister of State for the the future of the Spanish Sahara. [MEED]
RCC. [MEED] July 8: King Hasan said the opening battles in the
July 16: An economic cooperation agreement was struggle for the Sahara had been won and that
signed with Hungary. [MEED] differenceswith Mauritaniaand Algeria over the
July 19: An oil and technicalcooperationagreement matter had been narrowed. [MEED]
July 15: French Economy Minister Jean Pierre
was signed with India. [MEES]
Fourcade signed 3 agreements providing French
July 23: North Korea's Deputy Premier Bak Sung aid and mutual protection of foreign investment.
Jul arrived for a 5 day visit to discuss bilateral [MEED]
cooperation. [MEED] July 28: An agreement for cultural and technical
Aug. 4: An agreement was reported by Reuters cooperationwas signed with Qatar. [MEED]
under which Yugoslavia would purchase Libyan July 30: Tunisian Foreign Minister Habib Chatti
oil. [MEED] concludeda 4 day official visit. [MEED]
446 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

Aug. 3: A charteredJordanianjet carrying Moroc-
can workers home from France crashed near Ag-
adir killing all 188 aboard. [NYT]
Spanish Sahara reported that Moroccan troops
raided Spanish outposts 70 kms. inside the Sa-
haran territory. [JP]
Oman
(See also Saudi Arabia)
1975
May 28: The International Herald Tribune re-
ported that Saudi Arabia loaned Oman $100 mil- July 29: The government denied Afghani charges
lion "last week" after a visit to Riyadh by For-
eign Minister Qa'ls Zawawi. [MEES]
June 11: Libya's Premier 'Abd al-Salam Jalluid Aug. 15: The governmentextended diplomaticrec-
said Libya would turn the Gulf region into a war
zone "similar to what happened in South East
Asia" unless Iranian troops were withdrawnfrom
Oman. [JP]
June 27: Middle East Economic Digest cited Lon-
don sources as saying Oman was trying to raise
$100 million in loans in the Europeanmoney mar-
kets. [MEED]
military clashes with India on the Kashmir bor-
der. [FBIS]
June 22: A trade delegation returned from China
after concluding an agreement.
Oil Minister of the United Arab Amirates,
Sa'id al-'Utaybah, arrived for talks on energy
supplies. [FBIS]
June 26: It was announced that a joint company
was formed with Libya to finance agricultural,
industrial and banking projects in Pakistan.
[EBIS]
June 29: A clash between Afghan police and tribes-
men in Pakistan was reportedon the mutual bor-
der. [FBIS]
July 20: Foreign Secretary Agha Sahi concludeda
visit to France and talks on economic coopera-
tion. [FBIS]
that Pakistan was involved in sabotage activities
in Afghanistan. [FBIS]
ognition to the new government in Bangladesh
which overthrew Shaykh Mujib al-Rahman on
Aug. 14. [NYT]
Qatar

(See also General,Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia)

Pakistan
1975
(See also General,Afghanistan) June 5: Jordan's King Ilusayn ended an official 2
day visit. [JP]
1975 July 9: Ruler Shaykh Khallfah ibn Ijamad al-
Thdni began a visit to Iraq to discuss economic
May 21: The government reported uncovering a cooperation. [MEED]
cache of arms near Mastung in Baluchistanalong July 11: Middle East Economic Digest reported
with literature "of Afghan origin." [NYT] that Yemen's head of state Ibr4him al-Hamdi
May 22: After a 2 day visit by Turkish Foreign paid an official visit to Qatar. [MEED]
Minister Sabri Caglayangil a joint communique July 24: Ruler Shaykh Khallfah arrived in Mo-
called for resolution of the Kashmir question by rocco for an official visit. [MEED]
adherence to UN resolutions and said the 2 Aug. 1: Great Britain signed an agreement to ex-
countries explored means of increasing economic pand economic cooperation. [MEES]
cooperation. [FBIS]
May 31: The Ministry of Agriculture said that the
government ordered that self-sufficiency in food
be obtained within 2 years at any cost. [FBIS] Saudi Arabia
June 2: It was announcedthat 152 schools and 13
colleges run by cantonment boards throughout
the country were nationalized. [FBIS] (See also Arab Israeli Conflict, General, Egypt,
June 5: Soviet Ambassador S.A. Azimov said re- Iran, Iraq, Kuwayt, Oman, UAA, Yemen, Petro-
lations between the 2 countries did not suffer leum Affairs)
from any basic differences "whatsoever."[FBIS]
June 16: Premier Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto said Pakis- 1975
tan played no part in India's constitutionalcrisis
and denied Indian leader Indira Gandhi'scharge May 18: The Council of Ministers approved a 5
that the crisis pleased Pakistan. [FBIS] year developmentplan calling for $140 billion in
June 18: The Defense Ministry denied reports of government investment expenditure. [NYT]
 CHRONOLOGY
May 27: Oil Minister Shaykh Ahmad Zak! Yamani
said that the US had assured the government
that there would be no military confrontationbe-
tween the two countries. [MEED]
Qatar's ruler Shaykh Khallfah bin H.amadal-
Thin! arrived for an official state visit. [MEED]
June 3: Jordan's King Hfusaynand Premier Zayd
al-Rifd'! arrived for talks with King Khalid.
[JP]
June 7: Egypt's Foreign Minister Isma'il Fahmi
arriyed for a 1 day visit. [MEED]
June 8: King Khalid met with Oman'sruler Sultan
Qabuis. [MEED]
June 18: Prince Faysal bin 'Abd al-'Azlz was ex-
ecuted for the assassination of King Faysal.
[NYT]
July 2: An agreement was initialed with Iraq to
divide the neutral zone between them by a
straight line "as far as possible." [MEES]
July 4: Beirut's al-Anwar quoted Crown Prince
Fahd as saying: "We want good relations with
both East and West on the same footing, and ac-
cording to their policies." [MEES]
July 6: Two days of talks with ARAMCO in Ge-
neva were concluded. Oil Minister Yamani said
negotiations for a 100% takeover of ARAMCO
were nearing a conclusion. [MEES]
July 9: King Khalid announceda record budget of
$30.3 billion for 1975-76. [NYT]
July 21: Crown Prince Fahd flew to France for an
official visit. [JP]
July 22: Deputy Premier and Crown Prince Fahd
met in Paris with President Valery Giscardd'Es-
taing about oil sales and French investment in
Saudi Arabia. [NYT]
July 24: An economic cooperation agreement was
signed with France which included provisions to
develop nuclear energy "for peaceful purposes."
[MEED]
Central Planning Organization head Hisham
Nazer flew to Britain for a 7 day visit to discuss
economic cooperation. [MEED]
Aug. 4: Mexican President Luis Echeveria ended
a 4 day visit after agreeing to expand coopera-
tion in agriculture, fishing, irrigation and indus-
try. [MEES]
Aug. 11: Cairo's Rose al-Yuisuf quoted Crown
Prince Fahd as saying a "consultative council"
would be appointedwithin 2 months to share the
responsibilitiesof government. [MEED]
South Yemen
(See also Libya, UAA)
1975
May 29: It was announcedthat the World Bank
447
and Kuwayt Fund for Arab Economic Develop-
ment agreed to loan the government $15.5 mil-
lion for a Mukallah to Sayun road. [APS]
July 2i: An oil exploration agreementwith Siebans
Oil Ltd. of Canada was ratified by the govern-
ment. [MEES]
Sudan
(See also General,Egypt)
1975
May 16: It was announcedthat Jamal Muhammad
Ahmad was appointedForeign Minister. [FBIS]
May 25: President Ja'far al-Numayri announced
that the 1975/76 public developmentbudget would
exceed S?218 million compared with S?231 mil-
lion in 1974/75. [APS]
May 27: President al-Numayri announcedthat the
Ethiopian government and Eritrean rebels ac-
cepted a Sudanese plan for peace talks. [NYT]
May 30: The Ministry of Egyptian Affairs said a
joint agricultural company with a capital of $25
million was formed with Egypt. [MEED]
June 1: It was announcedthat the European Eco-
nomic Communityagreed to loan Sudan $25 mil-
lion for developmentprojects. [MEED]
June 16: Sahafa quoted Numayri as saying a com-
munist plot to overthrow the government was
uncovered "a few months ago." [FBIS]
July 14: Talks on coordinating economic develop-
ment with Egypt began in Khartuim.[MEED]
July 17: The governmentsaid all imports from In-
dia were bannedbecause India failed to abide by
a trade agreement and purchase long staple cot-
ton. [MEED]
July 27: Numayri met for the 2nd day with Egyp-
tian President Anwar al-Sadat in Khartfimto dis-
cuss increasing bilateral cooperation. [MEED]
July 29: The WashingtonPost reportedmore than
10,000 Sudanese refugees had crossed into Ethi-
opia allegedly to escape renewed conflict between
government forces and rebels which began with
a clash on Mar. 3 in Akobo. [WP]
July 31: A governmentspokesmandenied press re-
ports of renewed fighting in the south but con-
firmedthat an armed skirmish occurredin Akobo
in March. [MEED]
Aug. 4: An agreementwas signed with Iraq to ex-
pand economic relations. [MEED]
Aug. 7: Beirut's al-Hawadith quoted Numayri as
saying oil had been discovered in central Sudan
and in the Red Sea. [MEED]
An agreement was signed with Egypt for con-
struction of a canal to drain the Nile swamps in
southern Sudan. [MEES]
448 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
Syria
(See also Arab Israeli Conflict, General, Cyprus,
Iraq, Jordan, Yemen)
1975
May 17: Oil Minister 'Adnan Mustafa said Syria
would soon join the Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries. [JP]
May 19: Jordan's Premier Zayd al-Rifa'i met in
Damascus for 6 hours with President Hafiz al-
Asad during a surprise 1 day visit. [JP]
May 21: Irish Foreign Minister Garret Fitzgerald
arrived for a 1 day visit. [JP]
May 25: Iraq reported that Syria closed down the
Iraqi consulate in Aleppo and expelled its per-
sonnel. [JP]
June 3: The governmentannouncedthat additional
water would be released from the Tabqa Dam to
flow to Iraq. [NYT]
June 16: Libyan Premier 'Abd al-Salam Jallfid ar-
rived for an official visit. [FBIS]
June 27: It was announcedthat Iraqi agents tried
to assassinate an official of the Syrian Ba'th
Party, Ahmad al-'Aziwwi, who was himself an
Iraqi. [NYT]
June 30: The US agreed to loan Syria $58 million
for the purchase of US machinery for water ir-
rigation projects. [MEES]
July 5: Jordanian Senate President Bahjat Tal-
hfini arrived for talks on political cooperation.
[MEED]
July 6: The Interior Ministry announced that 20
membersof the "Arab CommunistOrganization"
were arrested in connection with recent bombing
incidents in Damascus. [JP]
July 14: Saudi Oil Minister Ahmad Zaki Yamani
arrived in an attempt to mediate further the Eu-
phrates dispute with Iraq. [MEED]
July 19: US Ambassador Richard Murphy deliv-
ered a note from President Gerald Ford to Pres-
ident Asad. [MEED]
July 29: A security court issued death sentences on
5 persons accused of sabotage for the Arab Com-
munist Organization. [JP]
July 30: A trade agreement with Turkey signed in
June 1974 was ratified. [MEED]
Aug. 1: Demonstrations were held in Aleppo to
protest water shortages. [MEED]
Aug. 2: Lebanese Premier Rashid Kardmi paid a
1 day visit to discuss increasing cooperation in
military defense and trade and transport.
[MEED]
Aug. 12: Saudi Crown Prince Fahd concluded a
visit and it was announced that Syria had ac-
cepted a Saudi proposal for sharing Euphrates
water with Iraq and that an agreement would be
signed with Iraq at a later date. [MEES]
Tunisia
(See also General,Algeria, Morocco)
1975
Junse 4: A trade protocol was signed with the
United Arab Amirates. [MEED]
July 3: The African Development Bank agreed to
a loan of TD 2.6 million to build a railroad to
the new phosphate mine at Sehib scheduled for
completion in 1978. [MEED]
Interior Minister Tahar Belkhoja returned
from talks in Libya on educational and agricul-
tural cooperation. [MEED]
July 8: Premier Hedi Nouira said there were no
problems in relations with France and that the 2
countries were "confident"of future cooperation.
[MEED ]
July 10: Premier Nouira concludeda 4 day visit to
France. [MEED]
July 14: A special envoy arrived from North Korea
to discuss establishing diplomatic relations.
[MEED]
July 17: Ethiopia severed diplomatic relations in
protest against Tunisia's alleged support for
Eritrean rebels in Ethiopia. [MEED]
July 28: An agreement to coordinate information
was signed with the United Arab Amirates.
[MEED]
July 29: Economy Minister Aziz Lasram said the
government would buy out and take over the
Italian (ENI) owned Bizerta refinery on Aug.
3. [MEED]
Turkey
(See also Bahrayn, Iran, Kuwayt, Llbya, Pakistan,
Syria)
1975
May 17: Foreign Minister Ihsan Sabri (:aglayangil
met in Rome with Greek Foreign Minister Dimi-
trios Bitsios to dscuss Cyprus and the dispute
over oil rights in the Aegean. [NYT]
May 18: Talks with Greece went into their second
day of meetings in Rome and a Turkish spokes-
man said there was "no reason not to be satis-
fied" with the talks. [NYT]
May 20: Premier Siileyman Demirel announced
measures to improve the country's export perfor-
mance including special credits to export oriented
industries. [MEED]
May 22: Atnerican diplomats in Ankara warned
that Turkey was planning to close down several
 CHRONOLOGY
American military facilities in the near future.
[NYT]
May 23: US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger
met in Ankara with Premier Demirel and with
oppositionleader Bulent Ecevit to discuss Cyprus.
When asked later if Turkey was ready to with-
draw from the ceasefire line in Cyprus, Demirel
said: "No such thing. We are not making any
concessions." Kissinger said he thought there
was a "basis for making progress." [NYT]
May 31: Demirel met in Brussels with Greek Pre-
mier ConstantineCaramanlis.The 2 sides agreed
that their differences should be "resolved peace-
fully" and reported agreement on guidelines for
future negotiations. [NYT]
June 12: Greece said it was applying for full mem-
bership in the European Economic Community
and urged Turkey to do the same. [NYT]
June 15: After a National Security Council meet-
ing, an NSC spokesmansaid the Council decided
the US arms embargo was "a unilateral violation
of the bilateral agreementswith Turkey." [NYT]
June 16: Public service and transport workers held
an 8 hour strike in Izmir.
June 17: The governmentnotified the US that the
status of US bases in Turkey would be changed
unless the arms embargo were lifted or the US
entered new negotiations in 30 days. [NYT]
June 18: Turk-ta held a general strike in Izmir
shutting down all water, electricity and transport
services. [MEED]
June 19: West German Foreign Minister Hans Aug. 4: Ecevit called on the government to send
Dietrich Genscher met with government officials
in Ankara to discuss NATO and the Cyprus
problem. [NYT]
A group of industrialists staked a demonstra-
tion in Izmir to protest wildcat strikes by work-
ers. [MEED]
June 21: Over 20 people were injured when right
wing supportersof the National Salvation Party
(NSP) attacked a political rally in Greece at-
tended by Republican People's Party (RPP)
leader Ecevit. [MEED]
June 23: Supportersof the RPP and NSP clashed
in Diyarbakir. [MEED]
Kissinger warned American allies that they are May 25: Archbishop Makarios, the President of
not "doing us a favor by remaining in alliance
with us . . . Any ally whose perception of its na-
tional interest changes will find us ready to adapt
or change our treaty relationship." [NYT]
July 9: The USSR signed an agreementto provide
$700 million in aid for industrial projects.
[MEED]
July 11: The US House of RepresentativesInter-
national Relations Committee approved a bill to July 4: Shaykh Zayd met in Paris with French
release $184.9 million in arms sales to Turkey.
The bill was called a compromise because it
would not restore aid grants. The vote was 16
to 11. [NYT]
July 17: Talks opened with the US in Ankara on
the future of American bases in Turkey. [NYT]
449
July 19: Turkey announced the formation of an
Aegean army to defend the west coast against
Greece. [JP]
July 24: The US House of Representativesvoted
not to lift the arms ban against Turkey. The
vote was 223 to 206. [NYT]
July 25: Ford said it was "essential"that the Con-
gress reverse the arms embargo. [NYT]
The governmentannouncedthat it was closing
all US military installations as of July 26, with
the exception of tncirlik "reserved for NATO
talks alone." [NYT]
July 26: Construction of the Turkish section of
the Iraqi Turkish oil pipeline from Kirkuk to
D6rtyol was inaugurated. [MEES]
July 28: The New York Times cited Turkish offi-
cials as saying some US bases would remain
closed even if the US embargo were lifted.
[NYT]
July 29: Representative to NATO, Orhan Eralp,
said Turkey might turn to sources other than
the US for military hardware. [NYT]
July 30: The government passed restrictions on
American vessels using Turkish ports and on
military overflights. [NYT]
July 31: The government rejected a US offer of
$50 million in military aid in return for reopen-
ing US military bases. [NYT]
Aug. 2: Premier Demirel returned from Helsinki
where he met with Ford to discuss the US arms
embargo. [NYT]
home US military personneland design a foreign
policy more in line with East-West detente.
[NYT]
UnitedArabAmirates
(See also General,Jordan, Pakistan,Tunisia)
1975
Cyprus, met with UAA President Shaykh Zayd
bin Sultdn in Abiu Dhabi to discuss the Middle
East and Cyprus problems. [JP]
June 5: Jordan's King Ijusayn arrived for an offi-
cial visit. [JP]
July 1: London'sFinancial Times reportedthat the
UAA agreed to finance a mineral exploration
program in South Yemen. [MEES]
President Valery Giscard d'Estaing. [MEED]
Middle East Economic Digest reported that
military advisors from Jordan, Kuwayt and
Saudi Arabia had arrived to help draw up plans
to integrate the Amirate's defense forces.
[MEED]
450 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

July 10: Dubay announced that agreement was advisors in Yemen to train Yemenis in the use
reached with the operating oil companies provid- of US weapons. [WP]
ing for "new arrangements"to "take over the Aug. 6: Premier 'Abd al-'Azlz al-Ghani returned
assets" of the companies. [MEES] from a visit to Saudi Arabia after Riyadh agreed
July 11: Middle Est Economic Digest reported to extend loans of $273 million to cover the bud-
that Yemeni leader Ibrahim al-Hamdi paid an get deficit and develop roads and electric power.
official 2 day visit. [MEED] [MEES]
July 19: Dubay's offshore oil productionwas halted
by a well blowout. [MEED]
July 20: Information Minister Shaykh Ahmad bin
HIamadarrived in Tunisia for an official visit.
[MEED]
PetroleumAffairs

Yemen
(See also General,Qatar, UAA)
1975
June 13: CommandCouncil ChairmanIbrahim al-
Hamdi said all political prisoners were released
except those that present security problems.
[MEED]
Middle East Economic Digest reported that
Holland would build a road linking Zadar and
Rada'. [MEED]
July 2: Kuwayt's Daily News quoted al-Hamdi
during a 1 day visit to Kuwayt as saying Yemen
was treated like a pro-Israel state by Arab oil
countries despite its need for economic aid.
[MEED]
July 3: Kuwayt's Oil Minister said Yemen had
been helped by a special fund set up by the Or-
ganization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Com-
panies. [MEED]
July 22: Muhsin al-Yuisufi was appointed Interior
Minister replacing Yahya al-Mutawakkil.
[FBIS]
Aug. 1: Middle East Economic Digest reported
Syria signed an agreement to give Yemen "all
possible help" in economic and social develop-
ment. [MEED]
Aug. 3: Hamdi told a Washington Post reporter
that "military relations with the Soviet Union
are frozen at the moment" and that Yemen was
seeking US arms and would accept US military
1975
May 17: The Shah of Iran said he expected oil
prices would be raised late in 1975 because of
worldwide inflation. [NYT]
May 19: US News and World Report quoted
US Defense Secretary James Schlesinger as say-
ing the US would be "less likely to be tolerant
of a renewed [oil] embargo than we were of the
initial one in 1973." [MEES]
May 21: A labor strike shut down the Eilat to
Ashkelon pipeline in Israel. [MEES]
May 28: Saudi Information Minister Hasan ibn
Sa'id said his country was fighting against every
effort to raise oil prices and that oil prices would
fall if a peace were achieved with Israel.
[MEED]
June 5: Saudi Oil Minister Shaykh Ahmad Zaki
Yamani said a surplus oil producing capacity
would not lead to lower prices by OPEC.
[MEES]
June 7: The Head of Iran's Central Bank, Moham-
med Yeganeh, said "an early upward revision of
oil prices has become an economic imperative."
[MEES]
June 9: OPEC agreed to end the line between oil
prices and the US dollar and to begin quoting
prices in Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) of the
World Bank. [NYT]
June 11: OPEC announcedthat the oil price freeze
would end on Oct. 1, 1975. [NYT]
Aug. 14: Saudi Arabia said it was opposed to the
call by some OPEC members to raise oil prices
by 35%. [MEES]

SOURCES
AAR, Arab Report and Record (84-86 Chancery Lane, London WC2A 1DL. England). CSM, The
ChristianScience Monitor (1 Norway St., Boston, Mass. 02115). CB, Cyprus Bulletin (Public Informa-
tion Office, Nicosia, Cyprus). E, The Economist (54 St. James's Street, London, SWIA 1JT, England).
FBIS, Foreign Broadcast InformationService Daily Report Middle East and Africa (Washington, D.C.).
G. The Manchester Guardian Weekly (164 Deansgate, Manchester, M60 2RR, England). JP. The
Jerusalem Post (6 Rehov Aristobulus, Jerusalem). KI, Kayhan International (Ave. Ferdowsi, Tehran,
Iran). MEED, Middle East Economic Digest (84-86 Chancery Lane, London, WC2A 1DL, England).
MEES, Middle East Economic Survey (P.O. Box 1224, Beirut, Lebanon). LM, Le Monde (English
Section, 5 rue des Italiens, 75 Paris 9E, France). NYT, The New York Times (229 W. 43 Street, New
York, N.Y. 10036). PO, Platt's Oilgram (1221 Ave. of the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10020). WP, The
Washington Post (1515 L St., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20005).