Yildiz Technical University

Department of Marine Engineering

[Wind and Solar Energy Combined Renewable System]

Authors:
130A3058 Cem A. Dansık
120A3034 Ayberk Ardıç
120A3046 Fuat T. Ergin

Instructor:
Dr. Oktay Yılmaz
Abstract
The need for the energy has been increased with the advancement of technology and industry. Energy
sources we have been using for the last century became insufficient. This caused a search for new
energy types in the whole world, especially renewable and sustainable energy. Another cause of the
search for a sustainable energy is the global warming. Researches shows us fossil fuels like coal and
petrol is the biggest cause for global warming. This made scientists to find more eco-friendly,
renewable and sustainable energy sources like wind, sun and geothermal. In this experiment we are
going see how wind and sun energy works and how efficient they are.

Keywords: Solar, sustainable energy, wind, renewable

Cem A. Dansık
Yildiz Technical University, Turkey, lA313058@std.yildiz.edu.tr,
Ayberk Ardıç
Yildiz Technical University, Turkey, lA312034@std.yildiz.edu.tr,
Fuat T. Ergin
Yildiz Technical University, Turkey, lA312046@std.yildiz.edu.tr,

Team Member Roles and Responsibilities

Member Responsibilities
Cem A. Dansık The necessary calculations, the experiment report
Ayberk Ardıç The necessary calculations, the experiment report
Fuat T. Ergin The necessary calculations, the experiment report

1. Introduction
Air moves faster than most of the other fluids and covers the container it is in very fast. The process of
converting this property of aid into kinetic energy is called wind energy. Power plant that uses the
wind to make energy is called wind farm. In the wind warms; wind spins the fan and this fan is
connected to a shaft. Then a generator turns this spinning energy of the shaft to electric energy.
Wind turbines basically has three parts. Fan, shaft and a generator. When wind hits a fan’s wing this
causes fan to spin. Fan is connected to shaft so shaft spins too. Shaft is in the generator and when it
spins there is a movement in the generator. Generator is where we turn this spinning energy to electric
energy. The place where shaft is spinning has a part with wires wrapped around it. When the shaft
spins, magnets outside of the wires creates alternative currency.

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Sunlight consists of photons. Photons have different wavelengths and energy. When photons hit a
solar panels it can go through the panel, it can get absorbed or reflect from the panel. We can only
create energy with the absorbed photons by the panels. When a photon hits, its energy transfers in to
the cell’s electron. This electron then moves and makes a currency. This means we created electricity.
This is a direct currency and we can change this to alternative currency by using an inverter.
Solar energy systems have; solar panels, inverter, battery and battery regulator. Solar panel absorbs the
energy from the sun and transfers this energy to cells electron. We store this generated energy in
batteries. Inverter turns DC to AC and makes it usable for our needs. Battery regulator prevents battery
to fully charge and it also prevents it from fully emptying. Principle of a semiconductor is shown in
Figure 1 and the structure of solar panel is shown in Figure 2.

Fig. 1. Principle of Semiconductor

Fig. 2. Structure of Solar Panel

2. The Method of Experiment

In this experiment setup we have; solar panels and a light too simulate the sun, a wind turbine, inverter
changes direct current to alternative current, a regulator, 2 voltmeters one for DC other one for AC, for
ampere meters we also have the same setup, one for DC other one for AC. We also have electric using

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devices both in DC and AC side. In DC side we have a fan, a lightbulb and a siren. In AC side we have
halogen lightbulb, a fan and a lightbulb. Each part has a positive and a negative outlet to connect with
each other. We connect and make a circuit by using wires. There is also a battery in it. The experimental
setup we are using is shown in the Figure 3.

Fig. 3. Experimental setup

2.1. Experiment Procedure

Experiment No: WS-01

Name of the Experiment: Wind turbine working principle connection diagram
Aim of the Experiment: To learn the connection of wind turbine
Required Tools: Cable connection jacks
Experimental Procedure:
1. Main switch is on.
2. Wind turbine gets connected to DC voltmeter. It is a parallel setup so positive end to positive
negative end to negative.
3. Ampermeter gets added to circuit. It is serial so, voltmeter’s negative to ampermeter’s
positive.
4. Fan is added to circuit. Ampermeters negative to DC fan’s positive.
5. To end the circuit fan’s notr gets connected to DC voltmeter’s positive side.
6. Wind turbine gets started. It is set for 18hertz.
7. Fan gets started so circuit is complete.
8. Values in DC ampermeter and voltmeter are noted.

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 9. After we noted these values hertz is changed to 22.
10. We also write ampermeter and voltmeter values for 22 hertz.

Experiment No: WS-02

Name of the Experiment: Solar panel working principle connection diagram
Aim of the Experiment: To learn the connection of solar panel
Required Tools: Cable connection jacks
Experimental Procedure:
1. Main switch is on.
2. Solar panels gets connected to DC voltmeter. It is a parallel setup so positive end to positive
negative end to negative.
3. Ampermeter gets added to circuit. It is serial so, voltmeter’s negative to ampermeter’s
positive.
4. Fan is added to circuit. Ampermeters negative to DC fan’s positive.
5. To end the circuit fan’s notr gets connected to DC voltmeter’s positive side.
6. We open the lights over the solar panels. It is set for 0 degrees
7. Ligthbulb gets switched on so circuit is complete.
8. We note the values on the ampermeter and voltmeter.
Note: DC ampertmeter is not sensitive enough to read values under 0,3A. It shows any value
under 0,3-0.
9. Ligthbulb gets switched off.
10. Solar panel’s degree with the light is set to 60 degrees.
11. We disconnect the lightbulb wire.
12. The fan gets add the circuit. Ampermeter exit to fan’s notr. Fans’s exit to voltmeter’s negative.
13. Fan’s switch gets on.
14. Values on the ampermeter and voltmeter are noted.

Experiment No: WS-03

Name of the Experiment: The calculation of electrical power of solar cell
Aim of the Experiment: Examination of current and voltage values of solar cells at certain angles
Required Tools: Cable connection jacks
Experimental Procedure:
1. Battery is connected to regulator in serial mode.
2. DC voltmeter is added to circuit.
3. DC amper meter is added to circuit.
4. Inverter is added to circuit. It is in serial mode.
5. AC voltmeter is connected to circuit.
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 6. AC ampermeter is connected to circuit.
7. AC halogen is added to circuit.
8. Ligthbulb gets switched. We have currency in the system.
9. The values on voltmeter and ampermeter at the DC side are noted.
10. At the AC side we note ampermeter and voltmeter values.

2.2. Calculation and Result

Experiment No: WS-01

No. 1 2

Frequency, F (Hz) 18 22

Volt, U (V) 8,9 11,1

Ampere, Ic (A) 0,43 0,51

Power, P (kW) 0,003827 0,005661

Uncertainty, ± (W) 0,054 0,08

Relative Error, % 1,4 1,4

Analyze: When the frequency increases we can see that the power output also increases.

Experiment No: WS-02

No. 1 2 3 4

Angle, (Degree) 90° 90° 60° 60°

Volt, U (V) 17,88 10 19,4 17,9

Ampere, Ic (A) 0* 0* 0* 0,8

Power, P (kW) 0,0001788** 0,0001 0,000194 0,01432

Uncertainty, ± (W) 2,53x10-3 1,41x10-3 2,74x10-3 0,2

Relative Error, % 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,4

Analyze: The power output increases due to the angle changing to a direction where the solar panels get the
lights at a more vertical angle.
*: We save the data as 0 due to the sensivity of ampere meter. It might be 0,1-0,2 but we can not read that.
**: While calculating power, we assume IC as 0,01 according to uncertainty to not have 0 Power.

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 Experiment No: WS-03
No. DC AC

Volt, U (V) 11,76 222

Ampere, Ic (A) 4,03 0,08

Power, P (kW) 0,047393 0,01776

Uncertainty, ± (W) 0,065 0,251

Relative Error, % 1,4 1,4

Efficiency, ηinverter % 0,374 37,4%

Analyze: Nowadays it is possible to find inverters on the market with over 90% efficiency, when we compare our
inverter to the ones on the market it is too below average.

3. Conclusions
The term “renewable” is generally applied to those energy resources and technologies whose common
characteristic is that they are non-depletable or naturally replenishable. Renewable resources include
solar energy, wind, falling water, the heat of the earth and many more. Renewable energy technologies
produce power, heat or mechanical energy by converting those resources either to electricity or to motive
power. Wind energy and solar draw on resources - wind and sun energy - generally thought of as being
free for the taking. The principal resource issue with both of these renewables is surface land. Therefore
there is no general technical requirement for individual treatment.
Although it is possible to produce electricity by different methods than solar energy, the most advanced
method in this field is the production of energy through solar panels. The photon can be reflected,
absorbed or passed directly. Only absorbed photons can generate electricity.
Wind energy starts with the sunrise. The parts of the cold air layer that is formed at night close to the
ground begin to heat up immediately with the rays of the sun. With the displacement of hot and cold air,
wind also forms. With a suitable generator, this motion energy is converted into electrical energy.
Our anlyzes on power output changes and inverter efficiency comparison were mentioned above in
Calculation and Result topic below the tables.

References
Çengel, A. Yunus, Bloes, A. Michael (1989). Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach.
Çengel, A. Yunus (1997). Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach.