NILE UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA ABUJA

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

LABORATORY REPORT

NAME: ABDUR RAUF MUHAMMED NABEEL

I.D NO: 191204029
LEVEL: 400L
SESSION: 2021/2022

COURSE TITLE: ELECTRIC MACHINES LABORATORY

COURSE CODE: EEE 419
EXPERIMENT NO: 1
TITLE OF EXPERIMENT: NO - LOAD OPEARTION OF A SINGLE
PHASE TRANSFORMER
GROUP: 2A

INSTRUCTOR: ENGINEER PAUL

DATE:17TH OF November, 2021

Contents
NO - LOAD OPEARTION OF A SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER ..................................................... 3
OBJECTIVE ............................................................................................................................................. 3
TABLE 1.1: LIST OF EQUIPMENTS USED ............................................................................................. 3
PRELAB (THEORY OVERVIEW) ......................................................................................................... 3
EXPERIMENT ......................................................................................................................................... 4
PROCEDURE ....................................................................................................................................... 4
DATA TABLES ....................................................................................................................................... 4
Table 1.2: Experimental values gotten of the transformer parameters ................................................. 4
QUESTIONS/ANSWERS ........................................................................................................................ 4
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................ 5

2
NO - LOAD OPEARTION OF A SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER
OBJECTIVE
Analyzing no-load operation of a transformer, finding losses at no-load operation, finding turns
ratio and getting experience about the subject.[1]

TABLE 1.1: LIST OF EQUIPMENTS USED

S/N NAME/DESCRIPTION MODEL NO
1 Experiment board with energy unit: A Y-036/001
machine that produces the appropriate signal for
the electric machines functioning.
2 AC measuring unit: A device used to measure Y-036/005
quantities passing through an experiment object
3 Energy analyzer: A device used to measure Y-036/004
various power forms, current, voltage and power
factor component of a circuit element
4 Single Phase Transformer: A static machine Y-036/027
that transforms voltage of a particular frequency
to another value of the same frequency.
5 Jagged cable, cable with IEC plug

PRELAB (THEORY OVERVIEW)

A single-phase transformer is a two-terminal static electric machine that transforms voltage of a particular
frequency and amplitude at the primary to a voltage of the same frequency but different amplitude at the
secondary. A transformer generally works based on the principle of electromagnetic induction
where a varying magnetic current causes a magnetomotive force which causes the flow of flux in
the core of the transformer, hence the set-up of flux at the other side - secondary - of the transformer
hence an induced electromotive force. It should be noted that an electromotive force is also set-up
in the primary which will be equal to the input voltage at that terminal for an ideal transformer
where voltage drop is non-existent.

A single-phase transformer if connected through one of its terminals to a voltage source while is
second is made open is said to operate in a no-load condition and as a result, current flows only
through the terminals connected to the voltage source. It should be emphasized that also the open
terminal has no current flowing through it, there is an induced emf through it terminals.
Because no current flows through the opened terminal, the power loss at that terminal is equal to
zero since
S = VI
Where S is the apparent power and I is the total current made up of the active current in
responsible for power losses and magnetizing current responsible for maintaining any flux
generation in the circuit.
If I = 0
The measurable S is equal to zero hence the active power is equal to zero.

3
This shows that power losses occur only in the terminal connected to a voltage source either due
to the resistive nature of the winding or eddy current and hysteresis.

EXPERIMENT
PROCEDURE

1. The circuit shown in figure was connected.

2. The switch of the primary circuit was closed and the voltage of the primary winding was set to its
rated value step by step starting from 0V.
3. The values of U, I, I2 and the values U, I, cosØ, W, VA, VAR in the energy analyzer were noted
4. The energy source was turned off and the experiment concluded.

DATA TABLES
Table 1.2: Experimental values gotten of the transformer parameters
U1 I1 U2 Energy Analyzer Explanation
(V) (A) (V) U (V) I (A) CosØ W VA VAR
4.1 0.1 0.6 4.1 0 1 0 0 0 No Power loss
24.7 0.1 4.1 24.7 0 1 0 0 0 No Power loss
53.4 0.1 8.4 53.5 0 1 0 0 0 No Power loss
73.9 0.1 12.35 74.2 0 1 0 0 0 No Power loss
93.8 0.1 15.65 94.1 0 1 0 0 0 No Power loss
113.9 0.1 19.04 114 0 1 0 0 0 No Power loss
133.9 0.1 22.3 133 0 1 0 0 0 No Power loss
152.7 0.1 25.43 152 0 1 0 0 0 No Power loss
172.1 0.1 29.03 174 0 1 0 0 0 No Power loss
193.8 0.1 32.3 194 0.08 0.66 8.8 13.6 9.6 Little Power loss

QUESTIONS/ANSWERS

1. What is the power observed in the energy analyzer when the rated voltage U1 was applied to
the primary of the transformer and there is no load at the secondary?

ANS: It was observed that due to the absence of current measured by the energy analyzer, the
power loss recorded was zero till the voltage at the primary reached an appreciable value of
0.08A as observed from the analyzer and this is consistent with the fact that for a no load
operation state since there is no load at the secondary, the current drawn is very low at about 2-
10% of a loaded transformer and as such a very high voltage is needed for an appreciable current
to flow through the primary.

2. Find the transformation ratio of the transformer using the values U1, U2 recorded in the
experiment
ANS: The transformation ratio is

4
 𝑁2 𝐸2 32.3 1 1
= = = ≅
𝑁1 𝐸1 198.8 6.15 6

3. Sketch the no-load operation graph of the transformer using the values U1, I2 and the values
read in the energy analyzer.

Figure 1.1

4. How can we find the number of turns of the transformer?

The number of turns can be found by finding the maximum flux through the transformer and
knowing that the emf per turn is constant, the total emf using the primary terminal of the
transformer is equal to
E = 4.44fN∅
And making N the subject of the formula, the number of turns for the primary terminal of the
transformer can be found hence the secondary side using the transformation ratio.

5. Explain the operation principle of a transformer.

A transformer generally works based on the principle of electromagnetic induction where a
varying magnetic current causes a magnetomotive force which causes the flow of a varying
magnetic flux in the core of the transformer , hence flux is set up at primary and secondary sides
of the transformer hence an induced electromotive force.

6. State the final observations about the experiment.

It sis observed from the experiment that no current flows through the secondary terminal during
a no load operation and very low current flows through the primary hence power loss is very
low and occurs only at the primary.

REFERENCES

5
[1] Electric Machines Lab Manual.