Introduction to Central Nervous

system
Heresy stem
( Il CNS

(2) PNS
( 31 ANS

controls
ANI : o

involuntary functions
•
It includes ii , sympathetic system
Nervous
dis
Parasympathetic Nervous System .

I is SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ;

•
Thora cote mbar outflow

¢⑧(
short
•

ganglionic fibres
Pre are

Post
ganglionic fibres
-

are
big .

iis PARA SYM

PLATH E TIC SYSTEM :

Cranio sacral
outflow
y-④c
.

o
CN 3,7 . 9 ,
to

°
Pre
ganglionic fibres are
long
-

Post
ganglionic fibres are short -
•

Both
Pne
ganglionic nerves → →
Cholinergic
Post
ganglionic nerves →
Parasympathetic →
cholinergic
sympathetic →

Adrenergic
Receptors :

Parasympathetic system -

(a) Nicotinic
•
Ng g
N 2

found at Neuromuscular Junction

°

ganglia , ,
CNS neurons .

( bi Muscarinic
=

Mi M
Mz Mg & M 5
°
, z
g g

Ms Ma Ms Mediate
excitatory effects
°
. →
,

•
Mz →
found in Heart
A
Actions )
(
gnhibitory on
cholinergic
 Sympathetic system
(a) A -

-
Receptors
o L l
g L2
mediates adrenaline
•

mainly excitatory effects og .

auto receptors
•
Az →
presynaptic -

→ modulates the
further release
g
Nor -
Adrenaline
do ,
p Receptors
-

•
BI , Bz s 133
°
B
,
→ present in heart
mediate actions
excitatory
→ .

• Be →

mainly inhibitory on Adrenaline & NA -

→
present on skeletal muscled bronchi
↳ Broncho dilation
↳ Vasodilation

CNS
=

Cells :

ca ) Neurons

(
bi Ghia → 4 to times the Neurons
g
-
no . .

Neurons
-

Majority in
Multipolar
° →
cms

formed after birth ( Except for Neurons )

. No neurons are
olfactory
° New
synapses can be formed after birth .

Glia
=

Supporting cells
•

Only cells
formed outside the CNS &
migrates to CNS
Microglia
TYPES
=

( as Macro
glia
Tiastrocytes -
Involved in Blood brain barrier ( BBB )
Gmo heed Neurotransmitter reuptake &
Redistribute
.

-
in

-
Involved in Ht & Kt
homeostasis .
 Iiis Oligodendrocytes :

- gnuolxed in myelination g
CNS .

- I
oligodendrocytes myelin ate 20 Axons
( 1:20) not
After injury ,
repair
is
possible as no

intact neurilemma definitive path to

presents no
regrow
.

( bi
Microglia :
scavengers g CN s →
Phagocytic cells

derived from macro te monocyte lineage

-

cy .

•
CEREBELLUM -

has highest no .

g Neurons .

• Greatest density g serotonergic Neurons -

Nucleus
Raphe Magnus .

Nor Neurons
-

Adrenergic -
Locus coeruleus .

Neurons Nucleus accumbens

Dopaminergic
-

Orexigenic Neurons
Only in hypothalamus
-

(
hunger Neurons )
Neurotransmitters
Glutamate
( al
Excitatory Nts :

} opens Nat / cast channels in post synaptic

Aspartate membrane .

cbs
Inhibitory Nts Glycine ( commonest in
spinal cord )
{ GABA (
:

commonest in Brain )
(
Ktla channels in post synaptic membrane
-

opens .

Low Molecular molecular

Weight MT
High weight Nts

→ Glutamate → Np y
→
GABA →
Orexin s ( hunger)
Ach
Opioid
→
→
.

→ Noradrenaline → care Amphetamine

(cocaine &

→
Dopamine regulated transcripts (role in
satiety )
Synthesized locally in the
synthesized in body and
•
o

nerve cell
terminal
transported to terminal
.

GLUTAMATE
-

→
Receptors in Kina te
(2) AMPA

(3) NMDA (N -

methyl -
D -

Aspartate)
 9mmol ved in
•

long term potentiation in

hippocampus
ketamine & dissociative anesthesia .

channel
•

voltage t 2
ligand gated .

→
Glycine action in needed to remove the block .

Cerebral Ischemia :
• Failure Nat Kt
g
-

pump
.

• 20 active
transports are
failed
•
Glutamate reuptake in Nat
dependent sym port .

Glutamate accumulates in
•

nearby synapses
-

Glutamate
•
causes excessive excitation
y
other neurons
causing Catt
influx ,

leading to
damage .

GALBA
stiff Man syndrome ( Sms ) :

Glutamate amate , Decarboxylase )

GABA
°
Auto immune disease Anti GA is antibodies developed → GABA

stuck deficiency
• Excess
facilitation g reflexes ,
results in hypertonic .

•
LADA ( date Adulthood Diabetes g
Autoimmune
origin )
↳ has Anti -

G AD antibodies .