Aljabar, Sistem Koordinat & Transformasi

VEKTOR
Part-1
Aljabar Vektor:
 Penjumlahan
 Pengurangan
 Perkalian
 Skalar/Dot
 Vektor/Cross
Vectors

• A vector is a quantity that involves both

magnitude and direction.
 55 mph north
 A downward force of 3 Newton

• A scalar is a quantity that does not involve

direction.
 55 mph
 18 cm long
Vectors...
 There are two common ways of indicating
that something is a vector quantity:

 Boldface notation: A 
 A =A
 “Arrow” notation: A
Examples of Vectors:

•Forces
•Velocities
•Displacements
•Electric fields
•Magnetic fields
•etc

#1: Give five more examples!

Displacement ≠ Distance
Displacement is an object’s change in position. Distance is
the total length of space traversed by an object.

1m

6.7m
3m Start
= 500 m
Finish
5m
2 2 Displacement 0 m
Displaceme nt 6m 3m 6.7 m
Distance 500 m
Distance 5m 3m 1m 9m
Vector Addition

A
R B R
C
E
C
E B DA
D

A + B + C + D + E = Distance
R = Resultant = Displacement
Unit Vectors
 E.g. Find the vector which points from coordinates (0,0,0) to
(3,4,1) and the associated unit vector
 z
 a 3î 4ĵ k̂
1
9 16 =1 26 k (3,4,1)
 |a| =

^ 1 ^ ^ ^
 unit vector a = +/- (3i + 4j + k) y
26 j
i
x
Vector Addition & Subtraction
A=2i
Find C = A+ B and D = A – B
B=i+j

C = A+ B = (axi + ayj + azk) + (bxi + byj + bzk)

= (ax + bx)i + (ay + by)j + (az + bz)k
= (2 + 1 )i + (0 + 1 )j = 3 i + 1 j

D = A – B = (axi + ayj + azk) - (bxi + byj + bzk)

= (ax - bx)i + (ay - by)j + (az - bz)k
= (2 - 1 )i + (0 - 1 )j = i - j
Vector Product Operations

• Scalar or Dot Product A•B

• Vector or Cross Product AxB

Scalar or Dot Product
Definition:
A • B AB cos
Computation:
A • B Ax Bx Ay By Az Bz
0
The vectors are parallel to each other and
A B AB
90
The vectors are to each other and
A B 0
Example: Perform scalar product on the
following vectors

A 2i 2 j k
B 3i 4 j 12k
A•B Ax Bx Ay By Az Bz
(2)(3) (-2)(4) (1)(12) 10
Vector or cross product
C=AxB
Magnitude of C = C = AB sin
C has DIRECTION to A and B

“Right Hand” Rule

Cross product properties

A x B = - (B x A)
A x A =0
A x B = AB, if A B
Cross product properties (cont.)

In Cartesian coordinate:
z
k
ixj =k
Cyclic permutations j y
jxk=i x
i
kxi=j
z

j x i = -k
Anticyclic permutations j y
k x j = -i x
i
-k
i x k = -j
Cross product computation
 General Method
A x B = (AyBz – AzBy)i + (AzBx – AxBz)j + (AxBy – AyBx)k

 Determinant Method

i j k
Ay Az Ax Az Ax Ay
A x B = Ax Ay Az i j k
By Bz Bx Bz Bx By
Bx B y Bz
Cross product example
a=2i+j+3k
b=j+ 2k

i j k i j k
a y az a x az ax a y a y az ax
a b ax ay az i so aj b a2x ka1y a3z i j
by bz bx bz bx by by bz bx
bx by bz b0x b1y b2z
a b i(aybz by az ) j(ax bz bxaaz )b k i((aaxybbyz bbxyaayz)) j(ax bz bx az )

= i (2-3) - j (4-0) + k ( 2-0) = -i - 4j + 2k

#2: Find the force on a charged particle
which move to the West in a magnetic
field of B = 2 i + j + 3 k. The speed of
the particle is 2 m/s.

Hint: F = q (v x B) v = velocity, B = magnetic field

Force on Current Carrying Conductor

L
I
F
The force vector is B
directed into the page.

F IL B