Basic Knowledge

Rev nr Rev date Prepared Accepted Details

00 29-04-2003 WM JV
01 14-03-2003 WM JV
02 27-10-2003 WM JV Page numbering added
Letters black
03 25-11-2003 JV JV Amplitude ratio/dB table corrected (1:20)
04 31-01-2004 JV JV Formulae layout updated, typographic errors
corrected, dB explanation moved to UT principles
presentation

0 Filename: presents\cursus\Cursus_TOFD_Engels\...\01 Basiskennis_UKrev4.ppt

 Time of Flight Diffraction
Technique (TOFD)
- Basic Knowledge

1
 Basic knowledge
This presentation

• Units of measure
• Trigonometry
• Definitions and agreements

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 Basic knowledge
Principal agreements

• In principle only SI units of measure are used

• Definitions as used in ENV 583-6 are applied
insofar as possible

3
 Basic knowledge
Basic units
• l = length/distance in meter [m]
• m = mass in kilogram [kg]
• t = time in second [s]
• c = velocity in meter per second [m s-1]
• f = frequency in Hertz [Hz], SI unit [s-1]
• p = pressure in Pascal [Pa], [N m-2], SI [kg m s-2]
• a = angle in radians [rad] or degrees [º]

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 Basic knowledge
Prefix in units
• f = femto = 10-15 = 0.000 000 000 000 001
• p = pico = 10-12 = 0.000 000 000 001
• n = nano = 10-9 = 0.000 000 001
• µ = micro = 10-6 = 0.000 001
• m = milli = 10-3 = 0. 001
• k = kilo = 103 = 1 000
• M = Mega = 106 = 1 000 000
• G = Giga = 109 = 1 000 000 000
• T = Tera = 1012 = 1 000 000 000 000
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 Basic knowledge
Relation between distance travelled, time
and velocity

l = c ⋅ t [m]
l
or : c = [ms -1 ]
t
l
or : t = [s]
c

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 Basic knowledge
The rectangular triangle
b Pythagoras : a 2 + b 2 = c 2
a
a or : c = a 2 + b 2
c
or : a = c 2 − b 2

a a
sina = or : a = c ⋅ sina or : c =
c sina
b b
cosa = or : b = c ⋅ cosa or : c =
c cosa
a a
tana = or : a = b ⋅ tana or : b =
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b tana
 Basic knowledge
Definitions and symbols in ENV 583-6
x

y
z
x co-ordinate parallel to the scanning surface and
parallel to a defined reference line
?x length of the imperfection
y co-ordinate parallel to the scanning surface and
at right angles to the defined reference line
dy (measuring)error in y-direction (lateral position)
z co-ordinate perpendicular to the scanning surface
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?z height of the indication
 Basic knowledge
Definitions and symbols in ENV 583-6
d depth of an indication below the scanning surface
dd measuring error in depth
W Wall thickness
S half of the distance between de index points of the ultrasonic
probes (½ PCS)
dS measuring error in S
c sound velocity
dc measuring error in the sound velocity
t travel time (time of flight) of the ultrasonic pulse from transmitter
to receiver
dt measuring error in the time of flight
?t difference in time of flight between a signal and the lateral wave
td time of flight for a depth d
tp pulse length for an ultrasonic pulse in which the amplitude
remains above 10% of the maximum
tW time of flight for the back wall signal
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 Basic knowledge
Definitions and symbols in ENV 583-6
Dds depth of the dead zone beneath the scanning surface
the zone in which indications are partially or wholly masked
by the presence of the lateral wave
Ddw depth of the dead zone at the back wall (behind the back wall
locus)
the zone in which indications are wholly or partially masked
by the presence of the back wall echo
R spatial resolution (in depth)

Attention:

? is always a difference (in length, time or positional difference

d is always a measuring error

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 Basic knowledge
Definitions and symbols in ENV 583-6
2S (PCS)

Tx Rx
Lateral wave Inspection Surface

ld1 d ld1

ld2 Indication Isotropic

W ?z ld2 lW Component
lW

Backwall
Backwall echo Inner Surface
Lateral wave tW
tLW
Time
Upper tip of imperfection
t0
td1 Lower tip of imperfection

td2
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