Introduction to piping

K N Madhu Sudan
GET,MFF
 Contents
• Material
• Standard fittings
• Types of joints
• P&I diagram
• General assembly drawing
• Isometrics
• Codes and standards
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 Pipe and Tube
• Pipe is identified by its nominal diameter
and wall thickness is obtained from
schedule chart, where Tube is identified by
its OD.
• Tolerance limit for tube is very close.

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 Types of pipe
• Seam less: Made by • Welded pipe: This
extrusion process. kind of pipes are made
by rolling one long
plate in cylindrical
shape and then
welded.

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 Materials
• Carbon steel: General purpose.
• CS(NACE): When high corrosion is anticipated.
• Copper-Nickel: Used for sea water line,low pr.
• Galvanized Iron (GI): General purpose, potable
water,instrument air.
• Lined pipe: Cross-country piping.
• Stainless steel: To avoid rusting & clean
operation.

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 Standard fittings
• Tee: Used to direct the
flow in three direction.
Or to connect branch
line to header. It may
be equal or unequal.

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 Standard fittings
• Elbow: Used to divert
the flow direction. It is
of two types 90 and 45
degree. The radius of
the elbow may be two
type, long (1.5D) and
short (1D).

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 Standard fittings
• Weldolet: Used for
branch connection.
Branch line
connection is butt
welded. Used when
std tee not available
and operates at high
pr.

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 Standard fittings
• Sockolet: Used for
branch connection,
branch connection is
socket joint.

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 Standard fittings
• Latrolet: Used for
branch connection in
some angle. The
connection to branch
may be socket or butt
welded.

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 Standard fittings
• Elbowlet: Used for
branch connection
taken from elbow. The
branch connection
may be socket or butt
welded.

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 Standard fittings
• Coupling: Used to
connect two lower dia
pipe,to avoid
reduction of cross-
section. It may be full
coupling, half
coupling.

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 Standard fittings
• Concentric reducer:
Used at pump outlet.
These are also used
when it is required to
connect two pipes of
different diameter.

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 Standard fittings
• Eccentric reducer:
Used at pump suction
inlet, it is used to
avoid cavitation.

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 Standard fittings
• Flanges: These are
used when dismantling
is required and for
bolting connection
with valves.

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 Types of flange
• Weld neck flange • Raised face
• Slip on flange • Ring type joint
• Blind flange • Flat face
• Socket welded • Tongue and groove
• Lapped flange type
• Threaded flange
• Spectacle blind flange

Introduction to piping 17
 Valves
• Ball valve: For quick
operation.
• Check valve: For
single direction flow.
• Gate valve: Turn on
and shut off the flow.
• Globe valve: Fine
control of flow,
considerable pr drop.

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 Gasket
• Used between two flanges for leak proof
joint.
• Material is softer than the flange material
(hardness difference 20 BHN minimum)

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 Welding of pipes
• One side access is possible.
• Root welding is done by GTAW process for
good penetration.
• Welding processes used are
GTAW,SMAW,SAW,FCAW.
• Purging is done for prevention of oxidation
during welding.
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 Types of joints
• Butt joint: Used for
larger diameter pipe.
Radiography can be
taken. It reduces the
inner diameter of the
pipe. Alignment is
difficult.

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 Types of joints
• Socket joint: Used for
lower diameter pipes.
Taking radiography is
difficult. It does not
reduces the inner
diameter of the pipe.

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 Types of joints
• Threaded joint: It is
just connected as nut-
bolt. It is very easy to
fabricate at site but
may require sealant
for leak proof joint.

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 Piping and Instrumentation diagram

• It gives the detail equipment list.

• It gives, in detail, the size of the line and
connections between lines,and gives the
pipe class.
• The types of valves, instruments in a
particular line.
• Roughly gives an idea of the materials
required.
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Introduction to piping 25
 General assembly drawing
• Gives the different ( plan, elevation) view
of the whole assembly.
• Routing of the lines.

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Introduction to piping 27
 Piping Isometric
• Routing of the pipe
• Materials required
• Joint to be done at shop or erection
• Spool no.
• Other connecting lines connected with the
line.
• NDT requirement, hydrotest pr.
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Introduction to piping 29
 Codes and standards
• ASME B31.1- Power piping
• ASME B31.3- Process piping
• ASME B31.4- Cross-country liquid
transportation pipeline
• ASME B31.5- Refrigerant piping
• ASME B31.8- Cross-country gas
transportation pipeline
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Introduction to piping 31