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Bluman, Chapter 9 1
Testing the Difference
Between Two Means:
Dependent Samples
Sec 9.3

Bluman, Chapter 9 2
Dependent Samples

 Samples are considered to

be dependent samples
when the subjects are
paired or matched in some
way.
9.3 Testing the Difference Between
Two Means: Dependent Samples
When the values are dependent, do a t test on the
differences. Denote the differences with the symbol D, the
mean of the population differences with μD, and the
sample standard deviation of the differences with sD.
D  D
t
sD n
with d.f. = n -1 and where
 D n D 2    D 2 
D and sD 
n n  n  1
Bluman, Chapter 9 4
Some examples
 Medicine
 Education
 Fitness
 Can you think of some?
Example: Vitamin for Strength
A physical education director claims by taking a special
vitamin, a weight lifter can increase his strength. Eight
athletes are selected and given a test of strength, using
the standard bench press. After 2 weeks of regular
training, supplemented with the vitamin, they are tested
again. Test the effectiveness of the vitamin regimen at
α = 0.05. Each value in the data represents the maximum
number of pounds the athlete can bench-press. Assume
that the variable is approximately normally distributed.

Bluman, Chapter 9 6
Example: Vitamin for Strength
A physical education director claims by taking a special
vitamin, a weight lifter can increase his strength. Eight
athletes are selected and given a test of strength, using
the standard bench press. After 2 weeks of regular
training, supplemented with the vitamin, they are tested
again. Test the effectiveness of the vitamin regimen at
α = 0.05. Each value in the data represents the maximum
number of pounds the athlete can bench-press. Assume
that the variable is approximately normally distributed.

Bluman, Chapter 9 7
Example 9-6: Vitamin for Strength

Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the claim.

H0: μD = 0 and H1: μD < 0 (claim)

Step 2: Find the critical value.

The degrees of freedom are n – 1 = 8 – 1 = 7.
The critical value for a left-tailed test with
α = 0.05 is t = -1.895.

Bluman, Chapter 9 8
Example 9-6: Vitamin for Strength
Step 3: Compute the test value.
Before (X1) After (X2) D = X1 – X2 D2
210 219 -9 81
230 236 -6 36
182 179 3 9
205 204 1 1
262 270 -8 64
253 250 3 9
219 222 -3 9
216 216 0 0
Σ D = -19 Σ D2 = 209
D
 D 19
  2.375
n 8
n D    D 
2
8  209   19 
2 2

sD    4.84
n  n  1 87
Bluman, Chapter 9 9
Example 9-6: Vitamin for Strength
Step 3: Compute the test value.
D  2.375, sD  4.84
D  D 2.375  0
t   1.388
sD n 4.84 8
Step 4: Make the decision. Do not reject the null.

Step 5: Summarize the results.

There is not enough evidence to support the
claim that the vitamin increases the strength of
weight lifters.
Bluman, Chapter 9 10
Hypotheses …. See page 493

Two tailed Left tailed Right

Tailed

H0:D=0 H0:D = 0 H0:D = 0

H1: D  0 H1: D < 0 H1: D > 0

Chapter 9
Testing the Difference Between
Two Means, Two Proportions,
and Two Variances

Section 9-3
Example 9-7
Page #495
Bluman, Chapter 9 12
Example 9-7: Cholesterol Levels
A dietitian wishes to see if a person’s cholesterol level will
change if the diet is supplemented by a certain mineral.
Six subjects were pretested, and then they took the
mineral supplement for a 6-week period. The results are
shown in the table. (Cholesterol level is measured in
milligrams per deciliter.) Can it be concluded that the
cholesterol level has been changed at α = 0.10? Assume
the variable is approximately normally distributed.

Bluman, Chapter 9 13
Example 9-7: Cholesterol Levels

Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the claim.

H0: μD = 0 and H1: μD  0 (claim)

Step 2: Find the critical value.

The degrees of freedom are 5. At α = 0.10, the
critical values are ±2.015.

Bluman, Chapter 9 14
Example 9-7: Cholesterol Levels
Step 3: Compute the test value.
Before (X1) After (X2) D = X1 – X2 D2
210 190 20 400
235 170 65 4225
208 210 -2 4
190 188 2 4
172 173 -1 1
244 228 16 256
Σ D = 100 Σ D2 = 4890
D
 D 100
  16.7
n 6

n D    D  6  4890  100 
2 2 2

sD    25.4
n  n  1 65

Bluman, Chapter 9 15
Example 9-7: Cholesterol Levels
Step 3: Compute the test value.
D  16.7, sD  25.4
D  D 16.7  0
t   1.610
sD n 25.4 6
Step 4: Make the decision. Do not reject the null.

Step 5: Summarize the results.

There is not enough evidence to support the
claim that the mineral changes a person’s
cholesterol level.
Bluman, Chapter 9 16
Confidence Interval for the Mean
Difference
Formula for the t confidence interval for the mean
difference
sD sD
D  t 2   D  D  t 2
n n

d.f.  n  1

Bluman, Chapter 9 17
Chapter 9
Testing the Difference Between
Two Means, Two Proportions,
and Two Variances

Section 9-3
Example 9-8
Page #498
Bluman, Chapter 9 18
Example 9-8: Confidence Intervals
Find the 90% confidence interval for the difference
between the means for the data in Example 9–7.
sD sD
D  t 2   D  D  t 2
n n
25.4 25.4
16.7  2.015   D  16.7  2.015 
6 6
16.7  20.89  D  16.7  20.89

4.19  D  37.59

Since 0 is contained in the interval, the decision is to

not reject the null hypothesis H0: μD = 0.

Bluman, Chapter 9 19
 On your own
 Study the examples in  Sec 9.3 page 500
section 9.3  #1-9 odds
 Calculator instructions:
on page 502

Bluman, Chapter 9 20