186 N.

Barton / International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 39 (2002) 185–216

Nomenclature

D deformation measured in tunnel or cavern (related to dimension of excavation span)

Dv vertical component of deformation
Dh horizontal component of deformation (assume half of horizontal convergence)
l joint spacing (m1)
g rock mass density (t/m3)
sc uniaxial compression strength (MPa)
SIGMAcm rock mass compression strength based on compression failure of the intact portions (only an estimate
since no hard data)
SIGMAtm rock mass compression strength based on tensile failure of the intact portions (only an estimate since no
hard data)
sh horizontal component of stress (relevant to problem considered)
sr radial stress around an excavation in rock
sv vertical principal stress
f friction angle of joint or discontinuity (peak or post peak, relevant to the conditions)
‘f’ friction angle of rock mass (degrees, estimated from RMR)
fr residual friction angle of a joint
3DEC three-dimensional distinct element code for modelling jointed rock masses
B systematically spaced steel rock bolt
BB Barton–Bandis constitutive model for rock joints, used with UDEC
‘c’ cohesion of rock mass (MPa, estimated from RMR)
CC cohesive component of rock mass strength (MPa, given by RQD, Jn ; SRF and sc =100)
CCA cast concrete arches
Edyn dynamic modulus of deformation
Emass static modulus of deformation
E average physical aperture of a joint
e hydraulic aperture
EDZ excavation disturbed zone
ESR excavation support ratio (see Q-support chart)
FC frictional component of rock mass strength (degrees, given by Jr ; Ja and Jw )
FEM finite element method of numerical modelling
FLAC two-dimensional continuum code for modelling small or large deformations in rock or soil
FLAC3D three-dimensional continuum code for modelling small or large deformations in rock or soil
FRP fibre reinforced plastic bolts
GSI geological strength index
i with + or  implies dilation or contraction when loaded in shear
I50 point load index for 50 mm size samples (high ratios of sc =I50 give SIGMAcm > SIGMAtm )
IPT Institute of Technological Research (Sao Paulo)
Ja rating for joint alteration, discontinuity filling (of least favourable set or discontinuity)
JCS joint wall compression strength
Jn rating for number of joint sets
Jr rating for joint surface roughness (of least favourable set or discontinuity)
JRC joint roughness coefficient
Jw rating for water softening, inflow and pressure effects
K permeability (units m/s)
Kint intermediate principal permeability
Kmax maximum principal permeability
Kmin minimum principal permeability
K0 ratio of sh =sv
L Lugeon unit of water injection (l/min/m/1 MPa) (E107 m/s in units of permeability)
MPBX multiple position borehole extensometer
NATM new Austrian tunnelling method for weaker rock [B+S(mr) or S(fr), monitoring, and final CCA lining]
NGI Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (Oslo)
NMT Norwegian method of tunnelling for stronger rock (Q-classification, and final B+Sfr)