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Phase Shifting Transformers Principles and Applications
Phase Shifting Transformers Principles and Applications
Applications
Jody Verboomen, Member IEEE, Dirk Van Hertem, Member IEEE, Pieter H. Schavemaker,
Wil L. Kling, Member IEEE, Ronnie Belmans, Fellow IEEE
Abstract- The purpose of this paper is to give a short overview old, the PST proves to be a valuable means of control. In
of existing technologies regarding phase shifting transformers the following paragraphs, the principles of this device are
(PST's). A classification is made based on the symmetrical or explained.
asymmetrical and on the direct or indirect character of the
PST. As a case-study, the PST's in Meeden, The Netherlands
are studied more profoundly. Furthermore, a model is developed II. PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
on a real-time digital simulator (RTDS) in order to demonstrate
the capabilities of the PST. P,Q(pu)
Index Terms-Phase Shifting Transformer, Power Flow Con- P
0
I. INTRODUCTION 0,>
O5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5
6 (rad)
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lUsi XL |UrIzO . Symmetrical PST's create an output voltage with an
altered phase angle compared to the input voltage, but
with the same amplitude.
The combination of these characteristics results in 4 cat-
+0 XL
egories of PST's. Each category will be discussed in the
XPST |UrIZO
IUsk8 following paragraphs.
Fig. 2. Model of a transmission line with and without a PST A. Direct, asymmetrical PST's
SI
The PST is modeled as a reactance in series with a phase Ll
shift. The power flow through the line is increased by adding
an angle a to the existing angle 6. The phase shift is control-
lable within certain limits. Equation 1 becomes:
p LUS Ur sin(6 + a) (3)
XL + XPST S2
The equation stated above can also be interpreted in another
way: the same amount of active power can be transported over L3 _
the transmission line with a smaller value of 6. S3
The graph of 3 is shifted by an amount a in comparison with
1, as can be seen in Fig. 3. The maximum power decreases
by a factor XL+XPST when using a PST.
Fig. 4. Direct, asymmetrical PST
1,2 ] P/Pm (pu)
ULVA
0,8
0,6
0,4
UL2
0,2
UL3
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- Ll
Usl1 (6)
sin (arctan uUl
SI
The output voltage U,1 is always larger than the input volt-
age UL1 The fact that voltage levels are changed, influences - L2
the transmitted power over the line:
X +sdl
p sin(Q + a) (7)
XL + XPST - S2
P,5
I p (pu) ac(rad)T 1,2 Fig. 8. Phasor diagram of a direct, symmetrical PST
2q,
0,8 Using 10, the transferred active power becomes:
1,5
0,6
1
0,4 XL + XPST
sin ( + 2 arcsin 2U ) (1 1)
V,O
0,2 Equations and are plotted in Fig. 9 with UL1 and
is still non-linear and can be derived from the phasor diagram these two transformers are housed in separate tanks or in a
single tank. The two-tank system has the advantage of easier
(Fig. 8): transport.
AU, Fig. 12 shows the configuration of the system. The phasor
a = 2 arcsin (0)
I
diagram is exactly the same as the one depicted in Fig. 5.
2 ULfl10
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P (pu) a (rad) AUi
1,2 l 3,5
1 3
2,5
0,8
2
0,6
1,5
0,4 Co
0,2 0,5
Fig. 11. Phasor diagram of a direct, symmetrical PST with hexagonal winding
0
connection
0,5 1,5 2 2,5
IAUll (pu)
LI SI L2 S2 L3 S3
S3
Series
Fig. 10. Direct, symmetrical PST with hexagonal winding connection transformer
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Ut2 Ut3
r
Lml C
133_kV m 1 3 kV
cn c- -UL--m
.-cu
Ci)-
Usi
L2- I 2
Lm2 Uti
CD
L3*: S3 x
Lm3
*1 Exciter
-------------
Series
transformer 0 a
,-F! -~
,
GERMANY
orssele/
Geertruidenberg
Maasbracht
Fig. 16. The configuration used for the RTDS simulation
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BIOGRAPHIES
Jody Verboomen obtained his M.Eng. in Electron-
500 ical Engineering from Group T Technical School in
Leuven, Belgium in 2001. He obtained his M.Sc.
400
in Electrical Engineering from the Catholic Uni-
versity of Leuven (KUL), Belgium in 2004. He is
PB (MW)
currently working towards a Ph.D. on the application
300 of FACTS in transmission systems in the Electrical
Power System (EPS) laboratory of the Delft Univer-
equilibrium at -17 sity of Technology, The Netherlands.
200
-25 -20 -15 -10 Belgium in 2003. From 2003 he has been work-
a (deg) ing towards a Ph.D. in the ELECTA research
group, department of Electrical Engineering of the
K.U.Leuven, Belgium. From October 2004, he is a
Fig. 17. The results of the RTDS simulation research assistant for the F.W.O.-Vl. In 2001, his
masters thesis received the 'VI.K. award' and in
2004, he received the 'K.B.V.E. R&D award' for his
ACKNOWLEDGMENT second masters thesis. His special fields of interest
are power system control and optimization.
This research at the TU Delft has been performed within the
framework of the research program 'intelligent power systems
Pieter H. Schavemaker obtained his M.Sc. in
that is supported financially by SenterNovem. SenterNovem Electrical Engineering from the Delft University of
is an agency of the Dutch ministry of Economic Affairs. Technology in 1994 and he obtained his Ph.D. in
Electrical Engineering from the Delft University of
systems for flexible power transmission," ABB Review, vol. 5, pp. 4-17, Belgium and the Habilitierung from the RWTH,
1999. Aachen, Germany, in 1993. Currently, he is full
[7] R. Grunbaum, R. Sharma, and J. P. Charpentier, "Improving the effi- professor with K.U.Leuven, teaching electrical ma-
ciency and quality of AC transmission systems," ABB Power Systems chines and variable speed drives. He is appointed
-Joint World Bank, Tech. Rep., March 2000. visiting professor at Imperial College in London.
[8] A. Kramer and J. Ruff, "Transformers for Phase Angle Regulation Con- He is also President of UIE. He was with the
sidering the Selection of On-Load Tap-Changers," IEEE Transactions Laboratory for Electrical Machines of the RWTH,
on Power Delivery, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 518-525, April 1998. Aachen, Germany (Von Humboldt Fellow, Oct.'88-
[9] W. L. Kling et al., "Phase shifting transformers installed in the Nether- Sept.'89). Oct.'89-Sept.'90, he was visiting associate professor at Mc Master
lands in order to increase available international transmission capacity," University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada. During the academic year 1995-1996 he
in CIGRE Session 2004 C2-207, 2004.
-
occupied the Chair at the London University, offered by the Anglo-Belgian
[10] C. J. G. Spoorenberg, B. F. van Hulst, and H. F. Reijnders, "Specific Society. Dr. Belmans is a fellow of both the IEEE and the IEE (United
aspects of design and testing of a phase shifting transformer," in XIIIth Kingdom). He is the chairman of the board of Elia, the Belgian transmission
International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, 2003. grid operator.
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