MINOR PROJECT

Submitted to Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya

towards Partial Fulfillment of the Degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
(Electrical & Electronics Engineering)

GUIDED BY
Dr. Yogendra Singh Dohare

SUBMITTED BY

Ritika Jain (0808EX181017)

Sandeep Kumar Singh R (0808EX181022)

Manish Verma (0808EX181009)

Gaurav Yadav(0808EX181008)

Saurabh Mishra(0808EX181023)

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & SCIENCE
IPS ACADEMY INDORE
2020-21

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 ABSTRACT

In the modern age, Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are widely used in domestics as well as many industrial
applications. BLDC have salient features such as high efficiency, high torque and compact size.

Growing need for high productivity is placing new demands on mechanisms connected with electrical
motors. Therefore,it need to develop Brushless DC (BLDC) controller with less complexity and cost-
effective.

LIST OF TABLES

Figure – 2.1 BLDC motor _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8

Figure – 2.1.1 Construction of BLDC motor_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _9

Figure – 2.1.2 Hall Sensors _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ⅰ

List of tables_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ⅰⅰ

Chapter 1 Introduction to Project 7-8

1.1 Introduction 7

1.2 Aim of the project 8

Chapter 2 Speed control of BLDC motor 8-11

2.1 What is BLDC motor 8

2.1.1 Construction of BLDC motor 9

2.1.2 Hall Sensors 9

2.2 Types of control techniques of BLDC motor 10

Chapter 3 Applications of BLDC motor 10

Chapter 4 Result 11

Reference 11

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT

1.1 OVERVIEW

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• BLDC Motors have received the considerable attention throughout the industrial world since the early
1970.

• BLDC are majorly used in computer disc drives and small fans exclusively.

• BLDC Motors are derivatives of the most commonly used dc motor and this is the best selection in the
availability of the motors

• Where, it require high reliability and high power-to-volume ratio.

• BLDC motor control requires knowledge of the rotor position and mechanism to commutate the
motor.

• BLDC motor produce very less noise during operation

• Efficiency of BLDC motor varies in the ranges from 90 % to 96%.

• Ferrite magnets and Rare earth alloy magnets are mainly used in rotor

• BLDC motor consist of stator and rotor.

• Stator consists of stacked steel laminations with windings placed in the slots that are axially cut along
the inner periphery

• Rotor is made of permanent magnet and can vary from two to eight pole pairs with alternate North
(N) and South (S) poles.

• The operation of a BLDC motor is based on the simple force attraction between the permanent
magnet and the electromagnet

• Have noiseless operation

1.2 AIM OF THE PROJECT

 The aim of the project is to control the speed of a BLDC motor using a microcontroller .  A brushless
DC (BLDC) motor drive is characterized by higher efficiency, lower maintenance, and higher cost. 

  Therefore, it is necessary to have a low-cost but effective BLDC motor controller. Based on the
principle of PWM, speed of the motor can be controlled

CHAPTER 2 SPEED CONTROL OF BLDC MOTOR

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 2.1 WHAT IS A BLDC MOTOR
A motor converts supplied electrical energy into mechanical energy. Various types of motors are in common
use. Among these, brushless DC motors (BLDC) feature high efficiency and excellent controllability, and are
widely used in many applications. The BLDC motor has power-saving advantages relative to other motor
types. A brushless DC motor (also known as a BLDC motor or BL motor) is an electronically commuted
DC motor which does not have brushes. The controller provides pulses of current to the motor windings
which control the speed and torque of the synchronous motor.
These types of motors are highly efficient in producing a large amount of torque over a vast speed range. In
brushless motors, permanent magnets rotate around a fixed armature and overcome the problem of connecting
current to the armature. Commutation with electronics has a large scope of capabilities and flexibility. They
are known for smooth operation and holding torque when stationary.

Figure – 2.1 BLDC MOTOR

2.1.1 CONSTRUCTION OF BLDC MOTOR

• BLDC motor consist of stator and rotor.

• Stator consists of stacked steel laminations with windings placed in the slots that are axially cut along
the inner periphery

• Rotor is made of permanent magnet and can vary from two to eight pole pairs with alternate North
(N) and South (S) poles.

• The operation of a BLDC motor is based on the simple force attraction between the permanent
magnet and the electromagnet

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 Figure – 2.1.1CONSTRUCTION OF BLDC MOTOR

2.1.2 HALL SENSORS

When a magnetic field applied to a system with electric current a hhall voltage Perpendicular to the field and
to current is generated. This was discovered by Edwin Hall in 1879.

The purpose of moving a motor is controlling speed and torque. Speed in a BLDC motor is directly
proportional to the voltage applied to the stator The Hall effect sensors that are used to detect the position of
the rotor are also used to detect speed by measuring the time it takes for the sensors 

Figure – 2.1.2 HALL SENSOR

2.2 TYPES OF CONTROL TECHNIQUES OF BLDC MOTOR

Though various control techniques are  discussed basically two methods are  available for controlling
BLDC motor. They  are sensor control and sensor less control. To  control the machine using sensors, the
present  position of the rotor is required to determine  the next commutation interval. Motor can  also be
controlled by controlling the DC bus  rail voltage or by PWM method. Some  designs utilize both to
provide high torque at  high load and high efficiency at low load.  Such hybrid design also allows the
control of  harmonic current . In case of common DC  motors, the brushes automatically come into  contact
with the communtator of a different  coil causing the motor to continue its rotation.  But in case of BLDC
motors the commutation  is done by electronic switches which need the  rotor position. The appropriate
stator  windings have to be energized when rotor  poles align with the stator winding. The  BLDC motor
can also be driven with  predefined commutation interval. But to  achieve precise speed control and
maximum  generated torque, brushless commutation  should be done with the knowledge of rotor  position.
In control methods using sensors,  mechanical position sensors, such as a hall  sensor, shaft encoder or
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resolver have been  utilized in order to provide rotor position  information.  Hall Position sensors or simply
Hall sensors  are widely used and are popular. Whenever  the magnetic poles pass near the sensors, they 
either give a high or low signal, indicating  North or South Pole is passing the pole. The  accurate rotor
position information is used to generate precise firing commands for power  converter. This ensures drive
stability and  fast dynamic response. The speed feedback is  derived from the position sensor output 
signals. Between the two commutations  signals the angle variation is constant as the  Hall Effect Sensors
are fixed relative to the  motor, thus reducing speed sensing to a  simple division. Usually speed and
position  of a permanent magnet brushless direct  current motor rotor is controlled in a  conventional
cascade structure. The inner  current control loops runs at a larger width  than the outer speed loop to
achieve an  effective cascade control. Various  senseless methods for BLDC motors are  analyzed
.Proposes a speed control of  brushless drive employing PWM technique.  The above literature does not
deal with  reduction of speed oscillations and also the  motor can’t runs at exact speed in BLDC  drive.
This paper deals with control method  to reduce speed oscillations and to runs the  motor at exact entered
speed. This is achieve  by using the microcontroller programming .

CHAPTER 3 APPLICATIONS OF BLDC MOTOR

Medical:

Artificial heart, Microscopes, centrifuges, Arthroscopic surgical tools, Dental surgical tools and Organ
transport pump system.

Vehicles: Electronic power steering, personal electric vehicles

Airplanes: An electric self launching sailplane, flies with a 42kW DC/DC brushless motor and Li-Ion
batteries and can climb up to 3000m with fully charged .

CHAPTER 4 RESULT

The closed loop control of  BLDC motor using microcontroller is  designed. By using the PWM
technique speed of the BLDC motor was controlled and  it was made to run at exactly entered speed.  In
future this hardware will be implemented  in dSPACE and the speed control will be  observed.  

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 REFERENCE

1. Kusko, A. & Peeran , S. M. (1987) Brushless DC motor using asymmetrical field magnetization. IEEE

Transactions on Industrial Applications, 23 (2):319 

2. Bolton, H. R. & Ashen R.A. (1984) Influence of motor design and feed current waveform on torque ripples
in brushless dc motor. IEE Proceeding, 131 (3): 82 –90

3. Duane, H. (2002) Brushless Permanent Magnet Motor Design. University of Maine, Orno  , USA, 2nd ed. 

4. Khader, S. H. (2001) Implementation of an accurate mathematical method Formodeling  electromagnetic

processes of brushless DC Motor. MESM, Amman, Jordan, 31-38

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