Signals and Systems

Sinusoids and
Complex Exponentials
Figure Credit: “Signal Processing First”, by McClellan, Schafer and Yoder
 A cos( t +  )
Amplitude A Phase 

Frequency   = (2 ) f
Period (in sec) 1 2
T= =
f 
Figure Credit: “Signal Processing First”, by McClellan, Schafer and Yoder
 (A, , f)

T = 10period
.01sec
= 100
1
 = 2T = 02.01 = 200
t m = −0.00125 sec  = − tm = −(200 )(tm ) = 0.25

5 cos(200t + .25 )
Can help us solve simple equations such as x + 5 = 0
Can help us solve simple equations such as 5x = 6
Can help us solve simple equations such as 𝑥 2 − 2 = 0
Real numbers combines rational and irrational numbers
 Can help us solve simple equations such as 𝑥 2 + 1 = 0

Credit: http://betterexplained.com/articles/a-visual-intuitive-guide-to-imaginary-numbers/
Credit: http://betterexplained.com/articles/a-visual-intuitive-guide-to-imaginary-numbers/
Imaginary
axis

Real axis
e is the base growth rate of all ‘continually growing processes’

Compound interest, population, radioactive decay, etc.

Figure Credit: http://www.sparknotes.com/math/calcab/logs/section4.rhtml

 Imaginary
axis

Figure and Sound Credit: “Signal Processing First”, by McClellan, Schafer and Yoder
i
e −1 = 0
called the equation "our jewel" and
"the most remarkable formula in
mathematics.”
 j t
e = cos( t ) + j sin( t )
Rotating vector
a function of time

Figure Credit: “Signal Processing First”, by McClellan, Schafer and Yoder

Figure Credit: http://www.dspdesignline.com/howto/208403158
Chapter 2:
Sinusoids
[McClellan]
[ End of lecture ]