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P RO C E E DI N G S OF T H E X I

Maria Cristina Guidotti


Gloria Rosati and
INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS
OF EGYPTOLOGISTS

(eds)
The Egyptian Museum of Florence, in collaboration with the University of Florence,
hosted the Eleventh International Congress of Egyptologists which took place from
23rd to 30th August 2015, under the patronage of the IAE – International Association F l o r e n c e , I t a l y 23 - 30 A u g u s t 2 0 1 5
of Egyptologists.
This volume publishes 136 papers and posters presented during the Congress. Topics
MUSEO EGIZIO FIRENZE
discussed here range from archaeology, religion, philology, mummy investigations Florence Egyptian Museum

Proceedings of the XI International Congress of Egyptologists


and archaeometry to history, offering an up-to-date account of research in these
fields.

Gloria Rosati is Associate Professor of Egyptology at the University of Florence,


Department of History, Geography, Archaeology, Fine and Performing Arts. Her
research topics are Middle Kingdom history and art, as well as funerary texts and
rituals. Gloria has been working in Egypt, at El-Sheikh Abadah / Antinoupolis, in
edited by
both Roman town and at necropoleis, in the temple of Ramesses II, and in the Theban
necropolis, Asasif.
Gloria Rosati and Maria Cristina Guidotti
Maria Cristina Guidotti is the Director of the Florence Egyptian Museum, and is a
specialist in Egyptian pottery from the Pharaonic and Graeco-Roman periods. In her
publications she studied material from the Florence collections, from excavations at
Saqqara, from the funerary temple of Thutmosis IV-western Thebes, and from the
Roman town of Antinoupolis.

Archaeopress
Archaeopress Egyptology 19

ICE XI cover.indd 1 26/09/2017 16:51:50


CAMNES
Center for Ancient Mediterranean
and Near Eastern Studies
Proceedings of the XI International
Congress of Egyptologists

Florence Egyptian Museum


Florence, 23-30 August 2015

edited by

Gloria Rosati and Maria Cristina Guidotti

Archaeopress Egyptology 19
Archaeopress Publishing Ltd
Gordon House
276 Banbury Road
Oxford OX2 7ED
www.archaeopress.com

ISBN 978 1 78491 600 8


ISBN 978 1 78491 601 5 (e-Pdf)
© Archaeopress and the authors 2017

Cover: Giuseppe Angelelli, The French-Tuscan Expedition to Egypt (1828-29).


1830. Oil on wood, 230 x 347cm. Florence, Egyptian Museum.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the copyright owners.

Printed in England by Oxuniprint, Oxford


This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com
Contents

XI International Congress of Egyptologists������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� x


Preface������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ xiii

Papers
Development of Old Kingdom pottery: three cases studies (‘Cemetery of the Workers’, Heit el-Ghurab
and the Khentkawes Town)��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1
Sherif M. Abdelmoniem
Of Min and moon – cosmological concepts in the Temple of Athribis (Upper Egypt)���������������������������������������������������������7
Victoria Altmann-Wendling
Les relations entre l’horloge stellaire diagonale et le corpus des Textes des Sarcophages
dans le sarcophage intérieur de Mésehti : le temps et les décans�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������14
Bernard Arquier
The Qubbet el-Hawa casting moulds – Late Period bronze working at the First Cataract������������������������������������������������19
Johannes Auenmüller
Overlapping and contradictory narratives in Ancient Egyptian visual programs������������������������������������������������������������26
Jennifer Miyuki Babcock
Sāmānu as a human disease in Mesopotamia and Egypt���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������29
Susanne Beck
The pyramid as a journey – cultic encounters between father and son in the Pyramid of Pepy I������������������������������������35
Nils Billing
The Ancient Egyptian dialects in light of the Greek transcriptions of Egyptian anthroponyms��������������������������������������41
Ana Isabel Blasco Torres
Dalla sabbia alla teca: esempi di interventi conservativi eseguiti su alcuni papiri del Museo Egizio di Firenze�������������46
Paola Boffula Alimeni
New evidence on the king’s son Intefmose from Dra Abu el-Naga: a preliminary report�������������������������������������������������53
Francisco L. Borrego Gallardo
The Merenptah Sarcophagi restoration project�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������59
Edwin C. Brock and Lyla Pinch Brock
Egyptian names and networks in Trismegistos (800 BC – AD 800)���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������64
Yanne Broux
The Ptolemaic dedication of Archepolis in the Bibliotheca Alexandrina: materiality and text���������������������������������������69
Patricia A. Butz
Bernard V. Bothmer and Ptolemaic sculpture: papers on Ptolemaic art from his archives held at the
Università degli Studi di Milano�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������75
Giorgia Cafici
The Tell el-Maskhuta Project ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������81
Giuseppina Capriotti Vittozzi and Andrea Angelini
Silence in the Tale of the Eloquent Peasant: themes and problems��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������87
Ilaria Cariddi
Progetto Butehamon. Prospettive e ricerche nella necropoli tebana��������������������������������������������������������������������������������92
Giacomo Cavillier
Notes on the inscribed Old and Middle Kingdom coffins in the Egyptian Turin Museum���������������������������������������������� 103
Emanuele M. Ciampini

i
Rethinking Egyptian animal worship (c. 3000 BC – c. 300 AD): towards a historical-religious perspective�������������������� 107
Angelo Colonna
Before and after the Temple: the long-lived necropolis in the area of the Temple of Millions of Years
of Amenhotep II – Western Thebes�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������112
Anna Consonni, Tommaso Quirino and Angelo Sesana
Papyri with the Ritual of the Opening of the Mouth in the Egyptian Museum in Turin������������������������������������������������� 120
Federico Contardi
Notes for a building history of the temple of Ramesses II at Antinoe. The architectural investigation������������������������� 124
Michele Coppola
Animal mummies in South African collections���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 131
Izak Cornelius, Salima Ikram, Ruhan Slabbert, Liani C. Swanepoel, Frank Teichert and Tiffany van Zyl
Nouvelle lecture d’une scène de la théogamie d’Hatshepsout����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 137
Alice Coyette
Worship and places of worship in the Greco-Roman town at Marina El-Alamein����������������������������������������������������������� 140
Grażyna Bąkowska-Czerner and Rafał Czerner
Middle Kingdom coffin of Khnum from the National Museum of Warsaw���������������������������������������������������������������������� 148
Dorota Czerwik
Non-destructive analysis on 11 Egyptian blue faience tiles from the 2nd and 3rd Dynasties���������������������������������������� 154
Joseph Davidovits and Frédéric Davidovits
Scenes from the Amduat on the funerary coffins and sarcophagi of the 21st Dynasty�������������������������������������������������� 159
Cássio de Araújo Duarte
Votive pottery deposits found by the Spanish Mission at Dra Abu el-Naga�������������������������������������������������������������������� 166
Elena de Gregorio
The building activity of Pinudjem I at Thebes����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 172
Gabriella Dembitz
The ‘Book of Going Forth by Day’ in the funerary chamber of Djehuty (TT 11): past, present, and future�������������������� 177
Lucía Díaz-Iglesias Llanos
The pre-Egyptological concept of Egypt as a challenge for Egyptology and the efforts to establish a research
community �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������184
Florian Ebeling
The Gebelein Archaeological Project, 2013–2016������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 188
Wojciech Ejsmond
Trois nouvelles harpes découvertes à Thèbes ouest: Quel apport pour l’égyptologie ?�������������������������������������������������� 192
Sibylle Emerit
The ‘pantheistic’ deities. Report from research on iconography and role of polymorphic deities�������������������������������� 198
Grzegorz First
Études sur le cadre de vie d’une association religieuse dans l’Égypte gréco-romaine : l’exemple de Touna el-Gebel��� 203
Mélanie C. Flossmann-Schütze
Forme di imitazione egizia nella decorazione architettonica di Nea Paphos������������������������������������������������������������������ 209
Leonardo Fuduli
Ahmose-Sapair in Dra Abu el-Naga: old and new evidence��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 215
José M. Galán
The Moon god Iah in ancient Egyptian religion��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 222
Gudelia García-Fernández
Expression of loyalty to the king – A socio-cultural analysis of basilophoric personal names dating to the Old and
Middle Kingdoms �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������228
Christina Geisen

ii
Love and gold in cross-cultural discourse in the Amarna letters������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 233
Graciela Gestoso Singer
Some unpublished inscriptions from Quarry P at Hatnub����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 237
Yannis Gourdon and Roland Enmarch
Names of eye parts in different text genres: a contribution to technical language in ancient Egypt����������������������������� 242
Nadine Gräßler
The transformation of Theban Tomb 39 (TT39). A contribution from a conservation viewpoint in terms
of its history after dynastic occupation �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 247
Dulce María Grimaldi and Patricia Meehan
The complete corpus of viticulture and winemaking scenes from the ancient Egyptian private tombs������������������������ 254
Maria Rosa Guasch-Jané, Sofia Fonseca and Mahmoud Ibrahim
Des étoiles et des hommes : peurs, désirs, offrandes et prières�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 260
Nadine Guilhou
Cracking a code: deciphering the marks of the royal necropolis workmen of the New Kingdom���������������������������������� 266
Ben Haring
The Egyptian Dionysus: Osiris and the development of theater in Ancient Egypt���������������������������������������������������������� 271
Allison Hedges
The Abydos Dynasty: an osteoarchaeological examination of human remains from the SIP royal cemetery���������������� 276
Jane A. Hill, Maria A. Rosado and Joseph Wegner
You up – I down: orientational metaphors concerning ancient Egyptian Kingship in royal iconography
and inscriptions����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������283
Shih-Wei Hsu
Image processing. Elaboration and manipulation of the human figure in the Pyramid Texts������������������������������������������������ 287
Francesca Iannarilli
Hieroglyphic inscriptions on precious objects: some notes on the correlation between text and support�������������������� 291
Agnese Iob
Predynastic precursors to the Festival of Drunkenness: beer, climate change, cow-goddesses, and the ideology of
kingship����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������296
Victoria Jensen
Crowdsourcing in Egyptology – images and annotations of Middle Kingdom private tombs������������������������������������������� 303
Peter Kalchgruber and Lubica Hudáková
‘To build a temple in the beautiful white stone of Anu’. The use of Tura limestone in Theban architecture������������������������ 308
Christina Karlshausen and Thierry De Putter
The motif of the kiosk during the first half of the 18th dynasty������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 313
Edyta Kopp
A heritage in peril: the threat to Egypt’s urban archaeological sites������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 318
Peter Lacovara
Le sḏm.f circonstanciel. Une forme verbale rare en néo-égyptien littéraire������������������������������������������������������������������� 320
Vincent Pierre-Michel Laisney
Amduat type papyri in the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow����������������������������������������������������������������������� 325
Nika Lavrentyeva
Carving out identities in the Egyptian desert: self-presentation styles adopted by the ancient
travelers of Kharga Oasis��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������328
Nikolaos Lazaridis
Ya-t-il une « fabrique d’albâtre » et un atelier de tissage au Ramesseum ?�������������������������������������������������������������������� 333
Guy Lecuyot

iii
Deux nouvelles ‘Recommandations aux prêtresʼ datées de Ptolémée X Alexandre Ier���������������������������������������������������� 339
Nicolas Leroux
Scenes representing temple rituals on some 21st Dynasty coffins���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 345
Éva Liptay
Building B, a domestic construction at Tell el-Ghaba, North Sinai �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 351
Silvia Lupo, Eduardo Crivelli Montero, Claudia Kohen and Eva Calomino
The Montecelio Obelisk in Rome��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������357
Lise Manniche
The role of e-learning in Egyptology: ‘Hieroglyphs: Step-by-Step’ website as a case study�������������������������������������������� 362
Ahmed Mansour and Azza Ezzat
The function and importance of some special categories of stars in the Ancient Egyptian funerary texts,
1: AxAx- and iAd-stars ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������368
Alicia Maravelia
Chapel of the tomb belonging to Amenhotep III’s Vizier, Amenhotep Huy. Asasif Tomb No. 28, Luxor-West Bank.
Excavation results: ‘Vizier Amenhotep Huy Project’ (2009–2014) ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 377
Francisco J. Martín-Valentín and Teresa Bedman
Objets découverts dans des tombes thébaines situées sous le Temple de Millions d’Années de Thoutmosis III
à l’ouest de Louxor������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������384
Javier Martínez Babón
Fish offerings found in Area 32 of the archaeological site of Oxyrhynchus (El-Bahnasa, Egypt)������������������������������������ 389
Maite Mascort Roca and Esther Pons Mellado
The Akh-menu of Thutmosis III at Karnak. The Sokarian Rooms������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 394
Julie Masquelier-Loorius
The 13th Dynasty at Abydos: a royal tomb and its context���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 399
Dawn McCormack
The transmission of the Book of the Twelve Caverns���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 405
Daniel M. Méndez Rodríguez
A new reading of Problem No. 53 in the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus. The limits of proportionality�������������������������� 410
Marianne Michel
The ang-morphs in Coptic and their grammaticalization in Later Egyptian������������������������������������������������������������������ 416
So Miyagawa
‘Augmented Reality’ technology and the dissemination of historical graffiti in the Temple of Debod�������������������������� 422
Miguel Ángel Molinero Polo, Alfonso Martín Flores, Jorge Martín Gutiérrez, Cristóbal Ruiz Medina,
Lucía Díaz-Iglesias Llanos, Fernando Guerra-Librero Fernández, Daniel Miguel Méndez Rodríguez,
Luis Navarrete Ruiz, Manuel Rivas Fernández and Ovidia Soto Martín
The Min Project. First working seasons on the unpublished Tomb of Min (TT109) and Tomb Kampp -327-:
the Tomb of May and a replica of the Tomb of Osiris������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 427
Irene Morfini and Milagros Álvarez Sosa
Figurative vase painting from the First Intermediate Period through to the Fatimid Dynasty: a continuity?�������������� 433
Maya Müller
Basic considerations on the construction of pyramids in the Old Kingdom������������������������������������������������������������������� 437
Frank Müller-Römer
Die Verwendung von Münzen in pharaonischer Zeit������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 441
Renate Müller-Wollermann
In the footsteps of Ricardo Caminos: rediscovering the ‘Speos of Gebel el Silsila’���������������������������������������������������������� 445
Maria Nilsson and Philippe Martinez
The folding cubit rod of Kha in Museo Egizio di Torino, S.8391�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 450
Naoko Nishimoto

iv
The mystery of the ‘high place’ from the Abbott Papyrus revealed? The results of the works of the
Polish Cliff Mission at Deir el-Bahari 1999–2014�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 457
Andrzej Niwiński
The mummies of the ‘Three Sisters’ in the Museo Egizio: a case study. Conservation and studies of textiles and
bandages���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������462
Cinzia Oliva and Matilde Borla
Technical aspects of faience from Hierakonpolis, Egypt – a preliminary report ����������������������������������������������������������� 468
Marina Panagiotaki, Elizabeth Walters, Yannis Maniatis and Anna Tsoupra
Horus Seneferou ka-s :  quand le dernier souverain de la Ire dynastie devint la première femme pharaon de
l’Histoire à porter un nom d’Horus����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������472
Jean-Pierre Pätznick
The Herakleopolis Magna Project: seasons 2012–2015���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 480
M. Carmen Pérez-Die
The Stelae Ridge cairns: a reassessment of the archaeological evidence������������������������������������������������������������������������ 485
Hannah Pethen
The Italian-Egyptian Mission at the Monastery of Abba Nefer at Manqabad: results of the first four
seasons’ work��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������491
Rosanna Pirelli, Ilaria Incordino, Paola Buzi and Anna Salsano
Wedjat-eyes as a dating criterion for false doors and stelae to the early Middle Kingdom��������������������������������������������� 499
Melanie Pitkin
La collection égyptienne du Musée Sandelin à Saint-Omer (France)������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 506
Jean-Louis Podvin
Some remarks on the Egyptian reception of foreign military technology during the 18th Dynasty:
a brief survey of the armour���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������513
Alberto Maria Pollastrini
Medical re-enactments: Ancient Egyptian prescriptions from an emic viewpoint��������������������������������������������������������� 519
Tanja Pommerening
Textual layers in Coffin Texts spells 154–160�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 527
Gyula Priskin
The cat mummies of the Società Africana d’Italia: an archaeological, cultural and religious perspective���������������������� 532
Maria Diletta Pubblico
Khnum the Creator: a puzzling case of the transfer of an iconographic motif��������������������������������������������������������������� 538
Maarten J. Raven
Temple ranks in the Fayyum during the Ptolemaic and Roman Periods: documentary sources and
archaeological data�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������543
Ilaria Rossetti
Le musée de Mallawi: état des lieux après les destructions et projets pour l’avenir������������������������������������������������������ 549
Ashraf Alexandre Sadek
A new light on Coptic afterlife (O.4550 from the Coptic Museum in Cairo)��������������������������������������������������������������������� 553
Hind Salah El-Din Somida Awad
The lost chapels of Elephantine. Preliminary results of a reconstruction study through archival documents������������� 556
Daniele Salvoldi and Simon Delvaux
Doors to the past. Rediscovering fragments in the new blockyard at Medinet Habu����������������������������������������������������� 563
Julia Schmied
Les dépôts de fondation de la Vallée des Rois : nouvelles perspectives de recherche sur l’histoire de la nécropole
royale du Nouvel Empire��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������568
François C. A. Schmitt

v
Economic mentalities and Ancient Egyptian legal documents����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������576
Alexander Schütze
Excavations in the ‘Temple of Millions of Years’ of Thutmosis III����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 581
Myriam Seco Álvarez
Rituels funéraires au temps de Hatchepsout : le sanctuaire de la tombe de Djehouty et ses parallèles ������������������������ 587
José M. Serrano
The so-called Book of Two Ways on a Middle Kingdom religious leather roll������������������������������������������������������������������� 594
Wael Sherbiny
Ibyc. PMGF 287 and Ancient Egyptian love songs������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 597
Anna Sofia
The Physiologus in Egypt����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������603
Marco Stroppa
A survey of astronomical tables on Middle Kingdom coffin lids������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 608
Sarah L. Symons
Blue painted pottery from a mid-18th Dynasty royal mud-brick structure in northwest Saqqara�������������������������������� 613
Kazumitsu Takahashi
Studies on BD 17 vignettes: iconographic typology of Rw.tj-scene (New Kingdom – Third Intermediate Period)���������� 619
Mykola Tarasenko
Were components of Amarna composite statues made in separate workshops?������������������������������������������������������������ 626
Kristin Thompson
Research on Old Kingdom ‘dissimilation graphique’. World-view and categorization��������������������������������������������������� 633
Simon Thuault
La funzione del tempio tolemaico di Deir el-Medina alla luce dell’archeologia�������������������������������������������������������������� 638
Claudia Tirel Cena
The ‘geography’ of the hierogrammateis: the religious topography of the Western Harpoon
(7th Nome of Lower Egypt)�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������644
Elena Tiribilli
The Ancient Egyptian shabtis discovered in the regions of Roman Illyricum (Dalmatia, Pannonia) and Istria:
provenance, collections, typological study and dating���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 650
Mladen Tomorad
From Egypt to the Holy Land: first issues on the Egyptian collection in the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum,
Jerusalem��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������656
Benedetta Torrini
Tradition and innovation within the decoration program of the temple of Ramesses II at Gerf Hussein���������������������� 661
Martina Ullmann
The Egyptian Execration Statuettes (EES) Project������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 667
Athena Van der Perre
A new long-term digital project on Hieratic and cursive hieroglyphs���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 671
Ursula Verhoeven and Svenja A. Gülden
Hierakonpolis Faience, 2005–2013, with context and accompanying finds – a quest for chronology
and possible use����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������676
Elizabeth J. Walters, Amr El Gohary, Shelton S. Alexander, Richard R. Parizek, David P. Gold, Recep Cakir,
Marina Panagiotaki, Yannis Maniatis and Anna Tsoupra
The Berlin Plans from the New Kingdom Period�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 680
Yoshifumi Yasuoka
The career of Nakhtmin (TT 87) as revealed by his funerary cones�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 686
Kento Zenihiro

vi
Object biographies and political expectations: Egyptian artefacts, Welsh Heritage and the regional community
museum�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������693
Katharina Zinn
Who am I - and if so, how many? Some remarks on the ‘j-augment’ and language change�������������������������������������������� 701
Monika Zöller-Engelhardt

Poster presentations
Vocabulaire de l’Égyptien Ancien (VÉgA). Plateforme numérique de recherche lexicographique��������������������������������� 709
A. Almásy, Ch. Cassier, J. Chun-Hung-Kee, F. Contardi, M. Massiera, A. Nespoulous-Phalippou and Fr. Rouffet
Pottery from the early Roman rubbish dumps in Berenike harbour������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 711
Agnieszka Dzwonek
A sequence of five 13th Dynasty structures at Memphis������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 714
Rabee Eissa
Funerary culture of the Memphite region during the Early Dynastic Period����������������������������������������������������������������� 717
Barbora Janulíková
3D-Reconstructions of Late Roman fortresses in Egypt��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 718
Dmitry Karelin, Maria Karelina and Tatiana Zhitpeleva
The Roman Imperial cult temple at Luxor: its architecture and possible connection between Roman and Egyptian
cultures�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������720
Irina Kulikova and Dmitry Karelin
One of the earliest discovered houses at Memphis���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 722
Hanan Mahmoud Mohamed
Reden und Rufe, are they kingly patterns? A first step towards an explanation of the origin(s) of speech captions
in ‘daily life’ scenes in private tombs�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������724
Aurore Motte
Étude pluridisciplinaire de têtes de momies (Lyon)��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 725
Annie Perraud, Matthieu Ménager, Pascale Richardin and Catherine Vieillescazes
Progetto Osiris: valorizzazione delle piccole collezioni egizie���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 727
Massimiliana Pozzi Battaglia e Federica Scatena
Study and restoration of two mummies from the Moulins Museum������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 729
Noëlle Timbart

List of papers presented at ICE XI�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������731


Massimiliano Franci

vii
Building B, a domestic construction at Tell el-Ghaba, North Sinai

Silvia Lupo
IMHICIHU-CONICET and University of Buenos Aires

Eduardo Crivelli Montero


CIAFIC-CONICET

Claudia Kohen
Argentine Archaeological Mission

Eva Calomino
INA-CONICET and University of Buenos Aires

Abstract
Tell el-Ghaba is an archaeological site of the Third Intermediate/Early Saite period located in the former eastern end of the Delta, connected
to the now defunct Pelusiac Branch. Building B was a domestic mud brick construction of 13 x 9m, comprising six rooms and a small magazine
or storage room. The entrance was probably oriented towards the badly preserved southeast corner, where a mud brick yard or porch seems to
have been built. The presence of a hearth intercalated among the mud bricks of the western external wall, the different composition and size of
the upper mud bricks and the renewed floors are clear indications that Building B was refurbished. Two ovens, each with an auxiliary platform,
were recovered: one of them was bonded to the walls and the other was just attached. In order to recreate the household activities that may have
taken place in each room, and the function that Building B may have played in the context of the site, we will only consider the material found
on the floors. Food preparation, cooking, consumption and storage activities seem to have been important, as indicated by the presence of the
aforementioned magazine and the two ovens. The latter suggest that Building B may have been the residence of an extended family that lived
there, perhaps for several generations, as denoted by the refurbishment of the building. High economic status can be inferred from the presence
of a gold bead, a few Upper Egyptian vessels and small fine Cypriote Black-on-Red ridge-neck juglets.
Keywords
Tell el-Ghaba; Eastern Delta; Third Intermediate/Early Saite Period; mud-brick architecture; domestic building; Building B

Introduction storey mud brick buildings;4 and tower-houses.5 Tower-


houses are a peculiar kind of mud brick buildings that became
Tell el-Ghaba is a Third Intermediate/Early Saite Period site common mainly (although not exclusively) in Lower Egypt
that lies in the northern coastal plain of Sinai, in what was once during the Third Intermediate-Late Periods (Marouard 2014).
the Nile Eastern Delta, next to the Pelusiac branch of the river
and on the route that linked Egypt with Palestine. The site is Building B
located between Tell Hebua to the west and Tell Qedua to the
east, at the edge of the Eastern Lagoon (Crivelli Montero 2015a: Among the single-storey buildings found at Tell el-Ghaba, we
21–3). In the 7th century AD, the Pelusiac branch dried out and will now consider Building B in Area I (Figure 1).
this region became a desert (Crivelli Montero 2015a: 21–4).
Layout of Building B
From 1995 to 1999, excavations in Areas I, II and VI were
conducted by Eduardo Crivelli Montero (2002, 2005 and After the burning of Building A in Area I, this part of the
2015). In 2010, fieldwork and lab activities were resumed and site remained unoccupied for some time, as indicated by
fieldwork was carried out by Adriana Chauvin, who excavated the accumulation of the dark, carbonaceous and featureless
in Area VIII (2010: 183–200; 2015: 95–104). By the end of this fill L0289.6 The walls of Building B were erected directly,
season, a geomagnetic survey of the site was performed without foundation trenches, on this locus (Crivelli Montero
by Tomasz Herbich and his team1 of the Polish Centre of 2015b: 69). Building B has been exposed in its entirety, with
Mediterranean Archaeology of the University of Warsaw the exception of the NE and NW external corners (Crivelli
(Herbich 2013: 121–30). As a result of this survey, the limits of Montero 2015b: figures 12, 13 and 14).
the settlement were fixed and several buildings were detected
Most of the squares in which Building B is included (BA/42,
(Herbich 2015: 105–16).
BB/42, BC/42, BA/43 and BB/43) were in fact test pits
Excavations carried out at Tell el-Ghaba uncovered a variety excavated in the first season and aimed both at establishing
of architectural structures (see Crivelli Montero 2015b: 63–93 a first stratigraphy and at trying different digging strategies
for a full description) which comprise the remains of flimsy
features such as a tent2 and a reed hut3 (Building A); single- 4 
Building B in Area I, Building F in Area VI and Building L in Area II
East.
5 
Represented by Buildings C and D, two massive mud brick
1 
http://www.pcma.uw.edu.pl/index.php?id=679&L=0 structures exposed in Areas II West and II East respectively.
2  6 
Structure G. It is a thinly layered unity resulting from the washing out of
3 
Building A. remains of former occupations.

ICE XI (2017): 351–356 351


Silvia Lupo, Eduardo Crivelli Montero, Claudia Kohen and Eva Calomino

The rooms were named from N to S and from E to W and the


walls kept their locus numbers. External walls are L0237 (N),
L0179 (E), L0014 = L0059 = L0081 (S), L0015 = L0023 (W). Internal
walls are L0239, L0323, L0286, L0086, L0012 and L0281.

Except the NW corner of external wall L0237, which was


mostly destroyed by a later ditch, all enclosing and internal
walls were preserved to a height of one to four courses, that
is about 23–25cm high on average (Figure 2). Only the eastern
external wall L0179 preserved five courses and was 40–50cm
high; an internal oven L0176 was built as part of this wall.

As a practice apparently intended to compensate for


depressions in the layer supporting the building, the lower
course of the internal walls L0239 and L0012 = L0209, L0086, as
well as the eastern part of the external wall L0237, consist of
mud bricks set not horizontally but obliquely. Also, a few mud
bricks of the first course of the external wall L0014 = L0059 =
L0081 were disposed in the same fashion.

The first course of the walls L0012, L0014 and L0015 = L0023
is a basement consisting of headers, which means that the
wall is thicker here than in the following course which was
built with stretchers. The first course of the inner wall L0281
consists of headers. The following course is made out of
stretchers and headers disposed in no special fashion (Crivelli
Montero 2015b: 74).

There is considerable variability in mud brick sizes as the


Figure 1: Plan of Building B (drawing: Eva Calomino). following table shows (Figure 3):

Wall Size of mud bricks


L0014=L0059=L0081 40x21x10, 26x19x9, 18x10x8, 40x20x6,
in an unknown site. For this reason, in several cases a single 40x15x6cm
feature (wall, space) received different locus numbers until its L0015=L0023 Brick sizes as in L0014
L0086 20x17x9, 20x16x9cm
unity was assessed.
L0237 40x20x10, 36x18x8cm
L0179 40x20x10, 30x17x4,
Building B is a mud brick structure, rectangular in layout,
22x16x4cm
measuring about 13 x 9m, with the main axis oriented ESE- L0239 35x18x8, 30x15x8cm
WNW. It comprises seven rooms, one of which is a small L0281 39x21.5x10, 39x20x10, 26x19x9cm
magazine. In its badly preserved SE corner, a mud brick floor L0012*=L0209 31x17x9, 34x14x9, 34x11x9cm
was found, which seems to be the remains of a porch (Crivelli * Wall L0012 is abutted by oven L0013 in Room B-6.
Montero 2015b: 71). The entrance to the building may have
been here. Figure 3: Size of mud bricks.

Figure 2: Photo of Building B.


Internal and external walls
(photo: authors).

International Congress of Egyptologists XI 352


Building B, a domestic construction at Tell el-Ghaba, North Sinai

Rooms of Building B

In order to recreate the household activities that may have


taken place in each room, we will only consider the material
(Egyptian and imported pottery, small finds, and tools)
found on the building floors (Basílico and Lupo 2004: 3–11).
Rooms B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6 and B-7 contain the widest variety
of material. Food preparation, cooking, consumption and
storage activities seem to have been displayed in almost all
of them. Taking into account that the first two activities are
closely related, we considered that:

a. All pottery vessels found inside the ovens were used as


cooking vessels, no matter their formal shape (bowls,
lids, jars, storage jars, trays, cooking pots).
Figure 4: Photo of oven L0176 in Room B-3 (Argentine
b. Smoke-stained bowls (inside and outside), lids and
Archaeological Mission Archive).
jars recovered from the floors were used as cooking
items. As stated by Bader (2013: 8), ‘marks of use such
On the floor (L0250) and inside oven (L0176) Egyptian
as sooth stains and smoke blackening, or rubbed and
pottery prevails: food preparation and cooking activities are
abraded areas represent immediate proof of what the
represented by four bowls (23–32cm), two cooking pots and
pot was actually used for and they do not necessarily
nine jars, eight of them inside oven L0176, which also includes
need to be congruent with the information gained
one storage jar, two trays and five lids, all of them in Nile clay.
from the shape.’
c. Bowls, cups, lids, jars, jugs, bakery trays, trays, dipper Two bowls, two jars, three trays, and one dipper juglet in
juglets and pilgrim flasks made of medium/fine fabric Marl F were probably used for consumption. One pigeon pot,
without traces of soot might have been used for five storage jars, two lids and one Levantine storage jar are
consumption. representative of storage activities in the room. One Cypriote
d. Storage jars, amphorae, pigeon pots and deep bowls, as Black-on-Red juglet, one juglet in Marl A4 and one in Nile
well as some lids, might have served for storing water, clay are also present in the pottery assemblage. A pumice
oil or solid comestibles such as flour or grain. Although sharpener and a grinding stone were found on floor L0250.
the storage room of the house was B-7, several storage
vessels were also found in Rooms B-3, B-5 and B-6. At Room B-4 (4 x 2.5m)
Megiddo, small groups of storage jars (one to five) were Room B-4 was disturbed in part by ditches (perhaps the
located in almost all the rooms of Building 00/K/10, in remains of later structures) which were filled by L0029 and
order to be accessible at all times for daily activities L0038 (Crivelli Montero 2015b: 72). A superposition of floors
(Gadot and Yasur-Landau 2006: 588). In some cases, was noted, the later one truncating the earlier one. The older
storage jar contents might have been transferred into floor (L0283) was covered by muna (clay) L0307, which is
smaller jars for easy transportation. another floor preparation, and on which the floor (L0306) was
e. Juglets were considered as small oil/unguent/perfume formed by human frequentation (Crivelli Montero 2015b: 72).
containers, different from the other categories (Bader L0034 could include later materials along with floor materials
2013: 4). (Crivelli Montero 2015b: 72).7

Room B-1 (4 x 1.5m) Activities carried out in this room are poorly represented. On
The N and W walls are almost destroyed. The floor (L0303) floor L0283 three bowls, two cups, five jars and one tray in Nile
revealed human frequentation with the presence of charcoal clay, probably used for food consumption, were recovered.
and ashes. No material was found. As noted, B-1 seems to Other items might have served for food preparation (one
have been accessed only from B-4 and we suggest that it was a bakery tray, one lid in Nile clay), and storage (one amphora
private space (bedroom?). in Marl F and two imported amphorae). There are remains of
faience beads (Bacquerisse 2015: 373), a terracotta figurine
Room B-2 (4 x 1.3m) and an wdjat in faience.
On the floor of Room B-2, only some fish bones, one Egyptian
jar and one Phoenician amphora were found. Like Room B-1, Room B-5 (5 x 3.4m)
Room B-2 may have been a private space, possibly another Room B-5 is located almost in the centre of the building. It
bedroom. was linked to Room B-6 by a door in the south end of wall
L0281, where a door socket was found in situ. Another door
Room B-3 (with a limestone threshold) in the northern section of wall
The floor (L0250=L0175) of Room B-3 abutted the external L0281, connected Rooms B-5 and B-4. To the east of Room B-5
wall L0179. The hearth/oven L0176 (Figure 4) was built as part another in situ door socket shows the connection between
of this same wall (Crivelli Montero 2015b: 74). Beside the S Rooms B-5 and B-3.
side of oven L0176 (Figure 3) is a mud brick platform. Some
mud bricks forming part of this feature are almost white, in Concerning the floor, we observed that: 1) The floor (L0294)
contrast with the rest of the fabric, so that minor refurbishing was prepared. First, a clayey layer (tina) with some inclusions
seems to have taken place here (Crivelli Montero 2015b:
72). Some of the vessels had traces of carbonization and 7 
Only a few Egyptian and Levantine body sherds were found in this
rubefaction, as if they had been in direct contact with fire. locus.

International Congress of Egyptologists XI 353


Silvia Lupo, Eduardo Crivelli Montero, Claudia Kohen and Eva Calomino

of sand, about 13cm thick, was placed. This sandy clay was
made of the same material as that of several mud bricks. It was
covered with clean sand, of which only some lenses remained;
2) The tina which prepared the floor was also preserved at the
exterior of the building, adjacent to southern wall L0014 and
stretching for about 1m. It was identified as L0016 (= L0183); 3)
In Room B-5, a simple hearth (L0272), was kindled directly on
the floor; 4) In this same room, pit L0127 was dug. Its fill (L0069)
was stratified and comprised a ring of carbonaceous sediment,
which suggests that it may have served as a receptacle for a
hearth. Nevertheless, in its last phase it was not a fire feature,
but the place where two pottery vessels rested (Crivelli Montero
2015b: 74). They were kept in position by means of several
unburned stones (one of them a rounded, greenish cobble
which must have been brought from a considerable distance,
Figure 5: Photo of oven L0013 in Room B-6 (Argentine
since there were no such things in the Delta). It is possible that
Archaeological Mission Archive).
pit L0127 had been dug when Building B was already deserted,
because: a) the extracted soil was still in situ beside the pit,
which would not be the case had the room been regularly were used for food preparation and cooking. Consumption is
inhabited; b) Since the extracted soil was accumulated to the significantly represented by 56 vessels: 32 bowls, four cups,
SE of the pit, it seems that it was dug from the N or NW, which 12 jars and four trays in Nile clay, three Levantine jars and
is the direction of the prevailing winds. It would have been a one jug. Storage vessels are scarce: three storage jars and two
wise decision if the decayed building no longer provided a good lids, perhaps for storing temporarily some kind of food to be
shelter against the wind. L0127 and L0069 were disturbed by cooked in the oven. Eight juglets were found, two in Nile clay,
intruders between our 1995 and 1996 seasons. Perhaps they one in Marl A4 and one in Marl F. Three Cypriote and two
were taken for a promising tomb (Crivelli Montero 2015b: 74). Aegean juglets were also found in this room.

On the floors of Room B-5, fragmentary pottery and some The most remarkable small find is a gold bead recovered
fish remains were found. This is the room where the amplest from the floor (Bacquerisse 2015: 371, 376). It is formed by
activities were carried out and the major number of ceramic small spheres disposed in a cylindrical fashion, 13mm long.
vessels and significant small finds were recovered. A faience Bes was also found on the floor: it represents the
god with a crown of four feathers, standing on a rectangular
It is not clear whether the above-mentioned hearth L0272 was platform with the arms along the body (the right one is
used for cooking, since only two vessels (one cooking pot and broken) (Bacquerisse 2015: 361, figure 17).
one lid) with traces of soot were found in the room.
Room B-7 (2.4 x 0.9m)
For consumption use we found 28 bowls, four cups, 31 jars, It is a storage room or magazine in which a set of pottery
three trays, in Nile clay; one bowl, one cup, four jars and one vessels was found in situ. Its floor was formed with reused
dipper juglet in Marl A4; and in Marl F, one cup and two dipper mud bricks (Crivelli Montero 2015b: 72, figures 15 and 16).
juglets. The total amounts to 77 vessels. A Cypriote pilgrim The opening of this room could not be recognized but due to
flask was also present. A smaller quantity of vessels were its dimensions and the large quantity of vessels found on its
used for food preparation: four bowls, six bakery trays, six floor, access may have been through a trap door.
lids, presumably used as bowls, and three trays, all of them in
Nile clay. Storage vessels are represented by four jars and six The ceramic material includes almost complete vessels of
lids in Nile clay, one torpedo-type amphora in Marl F and two different kinds found in situ: nine bowls, eight cups, 17 jars
imported amphorae. Six juglets were found in Nile clay, Marl (11 in Nile clay, four in Marl A4, two Levantine), four bakery
F and Cypriote and Levantine ware. Among the small finds trays, five lids, one cooking pot, four storage jars, and one
were terracotta zoomorphic figurines, the faience crown of Levantine and one Phoenician amphorae. Also, five juglets,
a Hathor figurine framed by horns and surmounted by a sun two in Nile clay, one in Marl A4 and two Cypriote, were stored
disk (Bacquerisse 2015: 364, figure 32) and one Menkheperre in this room.
wdjat (Bacquerisse 2015: 366 and figure 37).
Space B-8
Room B-6 (3.9 x 2.6m) As already stated, space B-8 was found in bad state of
In Room B-6, oven L0013 (Figure 5) and an adjacent surface preservation. It seems to have been a porch with a mud brick
(plausibly for supporting cooking vessels) were attached (i.e. floor. The entrance of Building B could have been here.
not bonded) to wall L0012. Both installations were made in
mud brick and covered with plaster. A large pot was still resting An assessment of the activities carried out in Rooms B-5
in situ on this fire feature (Crivelli Montero 2015b: 72). In the and B-6
eastern part of the floor, the remains of at least seven complete
fish, which were neither cooked nor eaten, were recovered. Taking advantage of the considerable size of the samples
There were also mussel shells. The fill was not water laid, so the recovered from these spaces, and adding together the data for
fish and mussels must have been brought here. food preparation and cooking, a chi-square test of association
was performed. The result was non-significant (chi-square =
On floor L0017 a large amount of pottery was found: three 5089; DF = 3; p=0.167), suggesting that the activities carried
bakery trays and four lids, as well as one cooking pot – all out in these rooms were quite similar.

International Congress of Egyptologists XI 354


Building B, a domestic construction at Tell el-Ghaba, North Sinai

temporal occupation or to more private


activities.
–– Room B-3 features oven L0176.
The material found on the floor of this
room and in the oven points to activities
related to food preparation and cooking.
A grinding stone was also found.
–– B-5 is the largest room in the
building. Since it contains the largest
assemblages of pottery and other finds
recovered from Building B, we may infer
that a variety of household activities
were performed in this place. This room,
almost in the centre of the building, was
accessed by Rooms B-4, B-6 and B-3.
–– Bowls and jars are quite
abundant in Room B-6. Food
preparation, cooking and consumption,
Figure 6: Graphic of activities performed in each room of Building B as well as some temporary storage, were
(drawn by: authors). undertaken in this room. A gold bead
was found on its floor.
–– In Room B-7 there is abundant
Circulation within the building pottery but very few small finds. There are almost
complete vessels in Nile and Marl clays. Its only
Openings, door sockets and a limestone threshold give an idea purpose was to serve as a storage deposit.
of circulation inside Building B. Room B-5 was the amplest –– Room B-8 may have been a porch with the entrance
and could be accessed from Rooms B-3, B-4 and B-6. Perhaps it of the building.
was also from Room B-5 that magazine B-7 could be reached,
but it is difficult to say. More probably, Room B-7, small and The presence of the afore-mentioned deposit B-7 and two
full of pottery containers, was accessed from the top. In this ovens (Rooms B-3 and B-6) suggests that Building B may have
case a door trap could have closed the magazine. been the residence of an extended family, perhaps for several
generations, as denoted by the refurbishing works. High
The spaces B-1 and B-8 were seriously damaged by later cuts economic status can be inferred from the presence of a gold
and their links with the rest of the building are not clear. B-1 bead in Room B-6, a few Upper Egyptian vessels, and small but
seems to have been entered only from Room B-4. fine Cypriote Black-on-Red ridge-neck juglets.

Refurbishment
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collapsed and before its reconstruction (Crivelli Montero Saite Period Site in the Egyptian Eastern Delta. Excavations
2015b: 74); 2) the different composition and size of the upper 1995-1999 and 2010 in Areas I, II, VI and VIII: 357–86. British
mud bricks in external wall L0023 and internal wall L0281 Archaeological Reports International Series 2756. Oxford,
(Crivelli Montero 2015b: 74); 3), as well as the renewed floors,
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