P RO C E E DI N G S OF T H E X I

INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS
OF EGYPTOLOGISTS
F l o r e n c e , I t a l y 23 - 30 A u g u s t 2 0 1 5
MUSEO EGIZIO FIRENZE
Florence Egyptian Museum
fields.

edited by
Gloria Rosati and Maria Cristina Guidotti

Archaeopress Egyptology 19
CAMNES
Center for Ancient Mediterranean
and Near Eastern Studies
Proceedings of the XI International
Congress of Egyptologists

Florence Egyptian Museum

Florence, 23-30 August 2015

edited by

Gloria Rosati and Maria Cristina Guidotti

Archaeopress Egyptology 19
 Archaeopress Publishing Ltd
Gordon House
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ISBN 978 1 78491 600 8

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 Contents

XI International Congress of Egyptologists ......................................................................................................................... x

Preface .............................................................................................................................................................................. xiii

Papers
Development of Old Kingdom pottery: three cases studies (‘Cemetery of the Workers’, Heit el-Ghurab
and the Khentkawes Town)...................................................................................................................................................1
Sherif M. Abdelmoniem
Of Min and moon – cosmological concepts in the Temple of Athribis (Upper Egypt) .........................................................7
Victoria Altmann-Wendling
Les relations entre l’horloge stellaire diagonale et le corpus des Textes des Sarcophages
dans le sarcophage intérieur de Mésehti : le temps et les décans .....................................................................................14
Bernard Arquier
The Qubbet el-Hawa casting moulds – Late Period bronze working at the First Cataract ................................................19
Johannes Auenmüller
Overlapping and contradictory narratives in Ancient Egyptian visual programs ............................................................26
Jennifer Miyuki Babcock
Sāmānu as a human disease in Mesopotamia and Egypt ...................................................................................................29
Susanne Beck
The pyramid as a journey – cultic encounters between father and son in the Pyramid of Pepy I ....................................35
Nils Billing
The Ancient Egyptian dialects in light of the Greek transcriptions of Egyptian anthroponyms ......................................41
Ana Isabel Blasco Torres
Dalla sabbia alla teca: esempi di interventi conservativi eseguiti su alcuni papiri del Museo Egizio di Firenze.............46
Paola Boffula Alimeni
New evidence on the king’s son Intefmose from Dra Abu el-Naga: a preliminary report .................................................53
Francisco L. Borrego Gallardo
The Merenptah Sarcophagi restoration project.................................................................................................................59
Edwin C. Brock and Lyla Pinch Brock
Egyptian names and networks in Trismegistos (800 BC – AD 800).......................................................................................64
Yanne Broux
The Ptolemaic dedication of Archepolis in the Bibliotheca Alexandrina: materiality and text .......................................69
Patricia A. Butz
Bernard V. Bothmer and Ptolemaic sculpture: papers on Ptolemaic art from his archives held at the
Università degli Studi di Milano .........................................................................................................................................75
Giorgia Cafici
The Tell el-Maskhuta Project .............................................................................................................................................81
Giuseppina Capriotti Vittozzi and Andrea Angelini
Silence in the Tale of the Eloquent Peasant: themes and problems ......................................................................................87
Ilaria Cariddi
Progetto Butehamon. Prospettive e ricerche nella necropoli tebana ................................................................................92
Giacomo Cavillier
Notes on the inscribed Old and Middle Kingdom coffins in the Egyptian Turin Museum .............................................. 103
Emanuele M. Ciampini

i
Rethinking Egyptian animal worship (c. 3000 BC – c. 300 AD): towards a historical-religious perspective.................... 107
Angelo Colonna
Before and after the Temple: the long-lived necropolis in the area of the Temple of Millions of Years
of Amenhotep II – Western Thebes ...................................................................................................................................112
Anna Consonni, Tommaso Quirino and Angelo Sesana
Papyri with the Ritual of the Opening of the Mouth in the Egyptian Museum in Turin ................................................. 120
Federico Contardi
Notes for a building history of the temple of Ramesses II at Antinoe. The architectural investigation ......................... 124
Michele Coppola
Animal mummies in South African collections ................................................................................................................ 131
Izak Cornelius, Salima Ikram, Ruhan Slabbert, Liani C. Swanepoel, Frank Teichert and Tiffany van Zyl
Nouvelle lecture d’une scène de la théogamie d’Hatshepsout ......................................................................................... 137
Alice Coyette
Worship and places of worship in the Greco-Roman town at Marina El-Alamein........................................................... 140
Grażyna Bąkowska-Czerner and Rafał Czerner
Middle Kingdom coffin of Khnum from the National Museum of Warsaw ...................................................................... 148
Dorota Czerwik
Non-destructive analysis on 11 Egyptian blue faience tiles from the 2nd and 3rd Dynasties ........................................ 154
Joseph Davidovits and Frédéric Davidovits
Scenes from the Amduat on the funerary coffins and sarcophagi of the 21st Dynasty.................................................. 159
Cássio de Araújo Duarte
Votive pottery deposits found by the Spanish Mission at Dra Abu el-Naga .................................................................... 166
Elena de Gregorio
The building activity of Pinudjem I at Thebes ................................................................................................................. 172
Gabriella Dembitz
The ‘Book of Going Forth by Day’ in the funerary chamber of Djehuty (TT 11): past, present, and future .................... 177
Lucía Díaz-Iglesias Llanos
The pre-Egyptological concept of Egypt as a challenge for Egyptology and the efforts to establish a research
community .......................................................................................................................................................................184
Florian Ebeling
The Gebelein Archaeological Project, 2013–2016 ............................................................................................................. 188
Wojciech Ejsmond
Trois nouvelles harpes découvertes à Thèbes ouest: Quel apport pour l’égyptologie ? .................................................. 192
Sibylle Emerit
The ‘pantheistic’ deities. Report from research on iconography and role of polymorphic deities ................................ 198
Grzegorz First
Études sur le cadre de vie d’une association religieuse dans l’Égypte gréco-romaine : l’exemple de Touna el-Gebel ... 203
Mélanie C. Flossmann-Schütze
Forme di imitazione egizia nella decorazione architettonica di Nea Paphos .................................................................. 209
Leonardo Fuduli
Ahmose-Sapair in Dra Abu el-Naga: old and new evidence ............................................................................................. 215
José M. Galán
The Moon god Iah in ancient Egyptian religion ............................................................................................................... 222
Gudelia García-Fernández
Expression of loyalty to the king – A socio-cultural analysis of basilophoric personal names dating to the Old and
Middle Kingdoms .............................................................................................................................................................228
Christina Geisen

ii
Love and gold in cross-cultural discourse in the Amarna letters .................................................................................... 233
Graciela Gestoso Singer
Some unpublished inscriptions from Quarry P at Hatnub ............................................................................................... 237
Yannis Gourdon and Roland Enmarch
Names of eye parts in different text genres: a contribution to technical language in ancient Egypt............................. 242
Nadine Gräßler
The transformation of Theban Tomb 39 (TT39). A contribution from a conservation viewpoint in terms
of its history after dynastic occupation .......................................................................................................................... 247
Dulce María Grimaldi and Patricia Meehan
The complete corpus of viticulture and winemaking scenes from the ancient Egyptian private tombs ........................ 254
Maria Rosa Guasch-Jané, Sofia Fonseca and Mahmoud Ibrahim
Des étoiles et des hommes : peurs, désirs, offrandes et prières ...................................................................................... 260
Nadine Guilhou
Cracking a code: deciphering the marks of the royal necropolis workmen of the New Kingdom .................................. 266
Ben Haring
The Egyptian Dionysus: Osiris and the development of theater in Ancient Egypt .......................................................... 271
Allison Hedges
The Abydos Dynasty: an osteoarchaeological examination of human remains from the SIP royal cemetery ................ 276
Jane A. Hill, Maria A. Rosado and Joseph Wegner
You up – I down: orientational metaphors concerning ancient Egyptian Kingship in royal iconography
and inscriptions ................................................................................................................................................................283
Shih-Wei Hsu
Image processing. Elaboration and manipulation of the human figure in the Pyramid Texts................................................ 287
Francesca Iannarilli
Hieroglyphic inscriptions on precious objects: some notes on the correlation between text and support .................... 291
Agnese Iob
Predynastic precursors to the Festival of Drunkenness: beer, climate change, cow-goddesses, and the ideology of
kingship ............................................................................................................................................................................296
Victoria Jensen
Crowdsourcing in Egyptology – images and annotations of Middle Kingdom private tombs ........................................... 303
Peter Kalchgruber and Lubica Hudáková
‘To build a temple in the beautiful white stone of Anu’. The use of Tura limestone in Theban architecture ........................ 308
Christina Karlshausen and Thierry De Putter
The motif of the kiosk during the first half of the 18th dynasty ..................................................................................... 313
Edyta Kopp
A heritage in peril: the threat to Egypt’s urban archaeological sites .............................................................................. 318
Peter Lacovara
Le sḏm.f circonstanciel. Une forme verbale rare en néo-égyptien littéraire ................................................................... 320
Vincent Pierre-Michel Laisney
Amduat type papyri in the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow ....................................................................... 325
Nika Lavrentyeva
Carving out identities in the Egyptian desert: self-presentation styles adopted by the ancient
travelers of Kharga Oasis ..................................................................................................................................................328
Nikolaos Lazaridis
Ya-t-il une « fabrique d’albâtre » et un atelier de tissage au Ramesseum ? .................................................................... 333
Guy Lecuyot

iii
Deux nouvelles ‘Recommandations aux prêtresʼ datées de Ptolémée X Alexandre Ier .................................................... 339
Nicolas Leroux
Scenes representing temple rituals on some 21st Dynasty coffins .................................................................................. 345
Éva Liptay
Building B, a domestic construction at Tell el-Ghaba, North Sinai ................................................................................. 351
Silvia Lupo, Eduardo Crivelli Montero, Claudia Kohen and Eva Calomino
The Montecelio Obelisk in Rome ......................................................................................................................................357
Lise Manniche
The role of e-learning in Egyptology: ‘Hieroglyphs: Step-by-Step’ website as a case study............................................ 362
Ahmed Mansour and Azza Ezzat
The function and importance of some special categories of stars in the Ancient Egyptian funerary texts,
1: AxAx- and iAd-stars .........................................................................................................................................................368
Alicia Maravelia
Chapel of the tomb belonging to Amenhotep III’s Vizier, Amenhotep Huy. Asasif Tomb No. 28, Luxor-West Bank.
Excavation results: ‘Vizier Amenhotep Huy Project’ (2009–2014) .................................................................................. 377
Francisco J. Martín-Valentín and Teresa Bedman
Objets découverts dans des tombes thébaines situées sous le Temple de Millions d’Années de Thoutmosis III
à l’ouest de Louxor ............................................................................................................................................................384
Javier Martínez Babón
Fish offerings found in Area 32 of the archaeological site of Oxyrhynchus (El-Bahnasa, Egypt).................................... 389
Maite Mascort Roca and Esther Pons Mellado
The Akh-menu of Thutmosis III at Karnak. The Sokarian Rooms ..................................................................................... 394
Julie Masquelier-Loorius
The 13th Dynasty at Abydos: a royal tomb and its context .............................................................................................. 399
Dawn McCormack
The transmission of the Book of the Twelve Caverns .......................................................................................................... 405
Daniel M. Méndez Rodríguez
A new reading of Problem No. 53 in the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus. The limits of proportionality .......................... 410
Marianne Michel
The ang-morphs in Coptic and their grammaticalization in Later Egyptian .................................................................. 416
So Miyagawa
‘Augmented Reality’ technology and the dissemination of historical graffiti in the Temple of Debod .......................... 422
Miguel Ángel Molinero Polo, Alfonso Martín Flores, Jorge Martín Gutiérrez, Cristóbal Ruiz Medina,
Lucía Díaz-Iglesias Llanos, Fernando Guerra-Librero Fernández, Daniel Miguel Méndez Rodríguez,
Luis Navarrete Ruiz, Manuel Rivas Fernández and Ovidia Soto Martín
The Min Project. First working seasons on the unpublished Tomb of Min (TT109) and Tomb Kampp -327-:
the Tomb of May and a replica of the Tomb of Osiris ...................................................................................................... 427
Irene Morfini and Milagros Álvarez Sosa
Figurative vase painting from the First Intermediate Period through to the Fatimid Dynasty: a continuity? .............. 433
Maya Müller
Basic considerations on the construction of pyramids in the Old Kingdom ................................................................... 437
Frank Müller-Römer
Die Verwendung von Münzen in pharaonischer Zeit ....................................................................................................... 441
Renate Müller-Wollermann
In the footsteps of Ricardo Caminos: rediscovering the ‘Speos of Gebel el Silsila’.......................................................... 445
Maria Nilsson and Philippe Martinez
The folding cubit rod of Kha in Museo Egizio di Torino, S.8391 ...................................................................................... 450
Naoko Nishimoto

iv
The mystery of the ‘high place’ from the Abbott Papyrus revealed? The results of the works of the
Polish Cliff Mission at Deir el-Bahari 1999–2014.............................................................................................................. 457
Andrzej Niwiński
The mummies of the ‘Three Sisters’ in the Museo Egizio: a case study. Conservation and studies of textiles and
bandages ...........................................................................................................................................................................462
Cinzia Oliva and Matilde Borla
Technical aspects of faience from Hierakonpolis, Egypt – a preliminary report ........................................................... 468
Marina Panagiotaki, Elizabeth Walters, Yannis Maniatis and Anna Tsoupra
Horus Seneferou ka-s : quand le dernier souverain de la Ire dynastie devint la première femme pharaon de
l’Histoire à porter un nom d’Horus ..................................................................................................................................472
Jean-Pierre Pätznick
The Herakleopolis Magna Project: seasons 2012–2015..................................................................................................... 480
M. Carmen Pérez-Die
The Stelae Ridge cairns: a reassessment of the archaeological evidence ........................................................................ 485
Hannah Pethen
The Italian-Egyptian Mission at the Monastery of Abba Nefer at Manqabad: results of the first four
seasons’ work ....................................................................................................................................................................491
Rosanna Pirelli, Ilaria Incordino, Paola Buzi and Anna Salsano
Wedjat-eyes as a dating criterion for false doors and stelae to the early Middle Kingdom.............................................. 499
Melanie Pitkin
La collection égyptienne du Musée Sandelin à Saint-Omer (France) ............................................................................... 506
Jean-Louis Podvin
Some remarks on the Egyptian reception of foreign military technology during the 18th Dynasty:
a brief survey of the armour.............................................................................................................................................513
Alberto Maria Pollastrini
Medical re-enactments: Ancient Egyptian prescriptions from an emic viewpoint ......................................................... 519
Tanja Pommerening
Textual layers in Coffin Texts spells 154–160 .................................................................................................................... 527
Gyula Priskin
The cat mummies of the Società Africana d’Italia: an archaeological, cultural and religious perspective ...................... 532
Maria Diletta Pubblico
Khnum the Creator: a puzzling case of the transfer of an iconographic motif ............................................................... 538
Maarten J. Raven
Temple ranks in the Fayyum during the Ptolemaic and Roman Periods: documentary sources and
archaeological data ...........................................................................................................................................................543
Ilaria Rossetti
Le musée de Mallawi: état des lieux après les destructions et projets pour l’avenir ...................................................... 549
Ashraf Alexandre Sadek
A new light on Coptic afterlife (O.4550 from the Coptic Museum in Cairo) ..................................................................... 553
Hind Salah El-Din Somida Awad
The lost chapels of Elephantine. Preliminary results of a reconstruction study through archival documents ............. 556
Daniele Salvoldi and Simon Delvaux
Doors to the past. Rediscovering fragments in the new blockyard at Medinet Habu ..................................................... 563
Julia Schmied
Les dépôts de fondation de la Vallée des Rois : nouvelles perspectives de recherche sur l’histoire de la nécropole
royale du Nouvel Empire ..................................................................................................................................................568
François C. A. Schmitt

v
Economic mentalities and Ancient Egyptian legal documents ........................................................................................576
Alexander Schütze
Excavations in the ‘Temple of Millions of Years’ of Thutmosis III ................................................................................... 581
Myriam Seco Álvarez
Rituels funéraires au temps de Hatchepsout : le sanctuaire de la tombe de Djehouty et ses parallèles ........................ 587
José M. Serrano
The so-called Book of Two Ways on a Middle Kingdom religious leather roll ................................................................... 594
Wael Sherbiny
Ibyc. PMGF 287 and Ancient Egyptian love songs ............................................................................................................. 597
Anna Sofia
The Physiologus in Egypt ....................................................................................................................................................603
Marco Stroppa
A survey of astronomical tables on Middle Kingdom coffin lids ..................................................................................... 608
Sarah L. Symons
Blue painted pottery from a mid-18th Dynasty royal mud-brick structure in northwest Saqqara ................................ 613
Kazumitsu Takahashi
Studies on BD 17 vignettes: iconographic typology of Rw.tj-scene (New Kingdom – Third Intermediate Period).......... 619
Mykola Tarasenko
Were components of Amarna composite statues made in separate workshops? ............................................................ 626
Kristin Thompson
Research on Old Kingdom ‘dissimilation graphique’. World-view and categorization ................................................... 633
Simon Thuault
La funzione del tempio tolemaico di Deir el-Medina alla luce dell’archeologia .............................................................. 638
Claudia Tirel Cena
The ‘geography’ of the hierogrammateis: the religious topography of the Western Harpoon
(7th Nome of Lower Egypt) ...............................................................................................................................................644
Elena Tiribilli
The Ancient Egyptian shabtis discovered in the regions of Roman Illyricum (Dalmatia, Pannonia) and Istria:
provenance, collections, typological study and dating .................................................................................................... 650
Mladen Tomorad
From Egypt to the Holy Land: first issues on the Egyptian collection in the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum,
Jerusalem ..........................................................................................................................................................................656
Benedetta Torrini
Tradition and innovation within the decoration program of the temple of Ramesses II at Gerf Hussein ...................... 661
Martina Ullmann
The Egyptian Execration Statuettes (EES) Project ............................................................................................................ 667
Athena Van der Perre
A new long-term digital project on Hieratic and cursive hieroglyphs ............................................................................ 671
Ursula Verhoeven and Svenja A. Gülden
Hierakonpolis Faience, 2005–2013, with context and accompanying finds – a quest for chronology
and possible use ................................................................................................................................................................676
Elizabeth J. Walters, Amr El Gohary, Shelton S. Alexander, Richard R. Parizek, David P. Gold, Recep Cakir,
Marina Panagiotaki, Yannis Maniatis and Anna Tsoupra
The Berlin Plans from the New Kingdom Period.............................................................................................................. 680
Yoshifumi Yasuoka
The career of Nakhtmin (TT 87) as revealed by his funerary cones ................................................................................ 686
Kento Zenihiro

vi
Object biographies and political expectations: Egyptian artefacts, Welsh Heritage and the regional community
museum .............................................................................................................................................................................693
Katharina Zinn
Who am I - and if so, how many? Some remarks on the ‘j-augment’ and language change ............................................ 701
Monika Zöller-Engelhardt

Poster presentations
Vocabulaire de l’Égyptien Ancien (VÉgA). Plateforme numérique de recherche lexicographique ................................. 709
A. Almásy, Ch. Cassier, J. Chun-Hung-Kee, F. Contardi, M. Massiera, A. Nespoulous-Phalippou and Fr. Rouffet
Pottery from the early Roman rubbish dumps in Berenike harbour............................................................................... 711
Agnieszka Dzwonek
A sequence of five 13th Dynasty structures at Memphis ................................................................................................. 714
Rabee Eissa
Funerary culture of the Memphite region during the Early Dynastic Period ................................................................. 717
Barbora Janulíková
3D-Reconstructions of Late Roman fortresses in Egypt ................................................................................................... 718
Dmitry Karelin, Maria Karelina and Tatiana Zhitpeleva
The Roman Imperial cult temple at Luxor: its architecture and possible connection between Roman and Egyptian
cultures .............................................................................................................................................................................720
Irina Kulikova and Dmitry Karelin
One of the earliest discovered houses at Memphis .......................................................................................................... 722
Hanan Mahmoud Mohamed
Reden und Rufe, are they kingly patterns? A first step towards an explanation of the origin(s) of speech captions
in ‘daily life’ scenes in private tombs ...............................................................................................................................724
Aurore Motte
Étude pluridisciplinaire de têtes de momies (Lyon)......................................................................................................... 725
Annie Perraud, Matthieu Ménager, Pascale Richardin and Catherine Vieillescazes
Progetto Osiris: valorizzazione delle piccole collezioni egizie ........................................................................................ 727
Massimiliana Pozzi Battaglia e Federica Scatena
Study and restoration of two mummies from the Moulins Museum ............................................................................... 729
Noëlle Timbart

List of papers presented at ICE XI.....................................................................................................................................731

Massimiliano Franci

vii
 New evidence on the king’s son Intefmose from Dra Abu el-Naga:
a preliminary report1

Francisco L. Borrego Gallardo

Universidad Autónoma de Madrid

Abstract
The area of the Spanish mission at Dra Abu el-Naga (in and around Theban tombs 11–12) has recently yielded a significant number of data about
this part of the necropolis during the 17th Dynasty. Among them, several artefacts of a king’s son of the 17th Dynasty, Intefmose, have been
found. He was known until now by three documents, all of them lacking an archaeological context: 1) a seated headless statue, found reused
by Petrie in Qurna, close to the area of TT 11–12, and now in Manchester (inv. no. 5051); 2) a fragmentary shabti of the British Museum (inv. no.
13329) mentioning him and a king called Sobekemsaf, possibly Sobekemsaf II; and 3) a shabti coffin. The corpus of documents of Intefmose can
now be increased thanks to the new findings in the area of TT 11–12, pertaining to his burial assemblage and offering place of this royal person.
The context and content of this evidence can add some interesting facts, such as the almost certain location of the tomb of Intefmose in the area
of TT 11–12 and the possible existence of a posthumous cult after his death.
Keywords
Dra Abu el-Naga; 17th Dynasty; Intefmose; Royal family; posthumous cult

During the past six years, the work of the Spanish Mission at
the site known as ‘Sector 10’, located in the central part of Dra
Abu el-Naga, has been providing new insights into the use of
this area of the Theban necropolis before the 18th Dynasty,
especially during the Second Intermediate Period. This site,
which before the end of 2006 still remained beneath the
modern Egyptian village, has so far revealed features such as
a huge ceramic deposit,2 infant burials, a rishi-coffin (Galán
and Jiménez-Higueras 2015) and artefacts inscribed with the
name of Ahmose Sapair,3 as well as inscriptional evidence
relating to particular individuals. Some of the inscriptions
uncovered in this area mainly in 2013 and 2016 are related to
a king’s son of the beginning of the 17th Dynasty, Intefmose,
who, before this new evidence came to light, was known
through only three documents.

Previous evidence on the king’s son Intefmose

The first document related to the king’s son Intefmose is a

fragmentary limestone headless seated statue, now kept in
the Manchester Museum (inv. no. 5051: PM I/22 606; Helck
1983: 72 (no. 103); Miniaci 2010a: 113 (no. 8); Petrie 1909: 12
(§ 26), pl. xxx (3); Ranke 1952: 264 (no. 16); Schmitz 1976: 217–
8) (Figure 1).4 This object was found in 1908–1909 by Petrie
in the foundations of the 19th Dynasty funerary temple of
Nebwenenef, located around 400m southeast of the Spanish
Mission concession, where it was reused as building material.
figure 1: manchester museum 5051. courtesy
In his publication, Petrie only superficially described the
of manchester museum.
piece and only reproduced a drawing of the text.

In July 2015 we were able to examine personally the statue and
check the inscription, correcting Petrie’s original drawing of
1
I would like to express my sincere thanks to John H. Taylor and M.
Marée (British Museum) and Campbell Price (Manchester Museum)
for allowing me access documents kept at their respective institutions,
and to José M. Galán (CCHS, CSIC, Madrid) for his constant support
and his invaluable comments. Of course, all errors and omissions are
entirely mine. A full and complete analysis and discussion of this
evidence is currently in preparation.
2
See the contribution of E. de Gregorio in this volume.
3
See the contribution of J. M. Galán in this volume.
4
Measurements: 6.9/6.4 x 24.0 x 32.0cm (base); 31.6 x 6.0/4.6cm
(back-pillar, including the base); 25.8 x 24.0 x 26.0cm (body); 12.4 x
5.6cm (area of the inscription).
the inscription partially at some points. The statue – or, rather,
statuette, according to its measurements – has a rectangular
base with rounded corners. The surface is slightly decayed
by the dump, but in some areas it is still smooth and well-
polished. The male figure seated on the base rests on a square
back-pillar. His chest is nude; he wears a tall, enveloping and
long dress, from the abdomen to the knees, with the fold
crossing diagonally on the right part; it is tied under the
chest and has a lace of oval fringes on the upper edge and a
looped buckle. Under the edge of the dress is the lower part
of the legs, crossing and emphasizing the shinbone. Only the
big toe of the right foot has been sculpted, whose proximal
nail fold has been very carefully executed. The forearms rest
over the area of the dress covering the thighs, with the hands

ICE XI (2017): 53–58 53

Francisco L. Borrego Gallardo
figure 2: manchester museum 5051, inscription.
courtesy of manchester museum.
spread out and the palms facing down. The nail of the thumb
of the left hand is very well made, marking its convexity and
the proximal nail fold. The shoulders are lost, and the arms
almost entirely. The overall anatomical rendering is well
made, but the modelling is relatively simple and superficial.
The inscription is incised over the dress of the statue, in two
vertical columns of hieroglyphs (↓→) separated by vertical
lines, with effaced ends (Figure 2). Remains of pigment
indicate that the lines of separation were painted red, and the
signs painted blue. It can be read as follows:
sA-nswt In-(i)(t).f-ms(.w) [...] (2) Dd(w)
n.f Mst(w)-Sr(i) (?) [...]
The King’s Son In(t)efmose […] (2)
called Mestesher […]
One of the most important aspects of the
statuette is that it is the only document
where, in addition to Intefmose’s name
and title, there is also a reference to his
nickname, albeit of uncertain reading. It
has previously been read as Ms-tSr ‘the
Red Child’ (Petrie 1909: 12 (§ 23); Vernus
1986: 16 (no. 67), 83 and 84; Winlock 1924:
218, n. 3; id. 1947: 135); however, this
reading seems unlikely, since the word
tSr as a variant of dSr ‘red’ seems not to be figure 3: shabti bm ea 13329. courtesy of proyecto djehuty.
documented until the middle of the 18th
International Congress of Egyptologists XI
Dynasty, and so only very rarely (Wb. V 488, 5; Wb. Bs. V, pt. II,
89 (= 489, 5)). After a close examination of the inscription, two
observations can be made. First, it seems that after the sign of
the bread-loaf (, X1, t) there are three shallow depressions,
one after another following a horizontal disposition, possibly
marking a plural or collective classifier, such as õ (Z2) or
DDD (N33A), and separating the consonantal sequences m-s-t
and S-r. Second, the traces of the classifier of the end of the
word seem to be a sparrow (‚, G37), and not a bread-loaf
(X1, t) – as it could be inferred from the drawing given by
Petrie (1909: pl. xxx (3)). This could support a reading of the
second part of the nickname as the male singular adjective Sri
‘young, small’. Since the grammatical genre of the nickname
should be male, according to this adjective and to the person
depicted and described in the statue, the first word could be
not mst, but rather mst(w), an alternative spelling of B¼»
msTw ‘offspring’ (Wb. II 152, 7; Faulkner 1962: 118 (13)) or
mstw / mstyw ‘descendant, offspring’ (Wb. II 151, 10–12).
The three shallow depressions after -t could indicate, in that
sense, an ending -w as mstw, as a false plural (Allen 2010: 39
(§ 4.6); Gardiner 1957: § 77.1). Reassembling all these data,
it is possible to suggest a new reading of the nickname of
Intefmose as Mstw-Sr(i), whose meaning could be ‘the Young
Descendant’ (cf. the reading of the editors of the Topographical
Bibliography, Mest-sheri(t): PM I/22 606).
The second document related to the king’s son Intefmose is
known only by a reference provided by Herbert E. Winlock
(1947: 134; cf. Schmitz 1976: 217, n. 5). According to him, this
artefact is a limestone shabti-coffin, inscribed with the name
and title of Intefmose. It was bought from Arthur R. Callender
in 1923 by Percy E. Newberry, who, in turn, deposited it in
the British Museum and informed Winlock about it. He also
mentioned that the first owner of the piece, Callender, said
that it came from Gebelein, a provenance questioned by
Winlock (1947: 134), who considered Thebes as ‘the more
likely finding place’. Nevertheless, there is no existing record
of this object in the British Museum, therefore for now it
remains ‘lost’ and unpublished.
Finally, the third known document of Intefmose – also the
property of Newberry – is now kept at the British Museum
(inv. no. 13329: Helck 1983: 71 (no. 102); Miniaci 2010: 113 (no.
8); Redford 1997: 9 and 28 (no. 52); Ryholt 1997: 170 and 401
(N/5/6); Schmitz 1976: 217–9; Winlock 1947: 134–5, pl. 47)
Figure 3). It is a large5 mummyform, headless and feetless,
limestone shabti, whose surface, abraded in some areas, has
been carefully polished. The buttocks are only slightly marked
5
Measurements: 18.2 (max.) x 9.0 x 8.71cm.
54
 New evidence on the king’s son Intefmose from Dra Abu el-Naga
and modelled. It wears a headdress combining a tripartite wig
(as seen from the back) and the lappets of a nemes crown (on
its frontal view).
The inscription of the shabti is carved in hieroglyphic script
over the trunk and legs. Six horizontal lines of incised signs (→)
separated by incised horizontal lines plus one vertical column
(↓→) are preserved. As in the statue kept at Manchester, the
incised lines are painted red, and the hieroglyphs painted blue.
Several lacunae make difficult the reading and understanding
of the inscription, which presents a very peculiar text without
parallels (it is not the offering formula or the spells 472 of
the Coffin Texts or 6 of the Book of Going Forth by Day, common
in Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period shabtis).
It mentions Intefmose participating in a religious rowing
performance related to the festival of Sokar, apparently as a
favour of a king called Sobekemsaf and the god Amun-Ra. It can
be tentatively read as follows:
sA-nswt In-(i)t=f-ms(.w) mAa-xrw Dd.f hA.i r pA [...] (2) nSdyt
r Xnt Nfrt im [...] (3) m %kry m Hst-nswt (4) %bk-m-sA.f anx(.w)
Dt m Hst-I[m]n-[Ra] (5) nb-nswt-tAwy [...] [H]Apt.f m Hst [...] (6)
[...] imy pt imy t[A] [...] (7) [...] Amy (?) [...]
The king’s son Intefmose, true of voice, says: ‘I will go
aboard the […] (2) jeweller (?) in order to transport rowing
the Beautiful-one there […] (3) during the Sokar-Festival,
as a favour of the King (4) Sobekemsaf, living forever, as a
favour of A[m]un-[Ra], (5) Lord of the Thrones of the Two
Lands, […] his [c]rypt (?), as a favour of […] (6) […] who is in
the sky, who is in the ear[th] […] (7) […]
One of the most important aspects of this document is the
mention of a king called Sobekemsaf. But is this Sobekemsaf I, or
Sobekemsaf II?6 If we compare the material, palaeography and
spellings of the British Museum shabti with other documents,
the closest parallel is a four-sided stela coming from the area of
Qurna, adjacent to Dra Abu el-Naga, and also kept at the British
Museum (inv. no. 1163: PM I/22 847; Franke 2010; Helck 1983: 70
(no. 99); Polz 2007: 326 and 327, fig. 96 (doc. 21); Ryholt 1997:
393 (17/2.5)). If we pay attention to its palaeography, especially
to the peculiar writing of the word Hst ‘favour’, written not with
the usual Hs-vase (¨, W14), but instead with a variant of the
latter with a spout (Extended Library W14A), the similarities
between them are noteworthy. Since the four-sided stela is
explicitly dated to the reign of Sekhemra-Shedtawy Sobekemsaf
II, then it is highly probable that the British Museum shabti of
Intefmose dates to the reign of that king.
New evidence on the king’s son Intefmose
As already said, the new evidence for the king’s son Intefmose
comes from the so-called ‘Sector 10’, southwest of the open
courtyard of the tomb-chapel of Djehuty (TT 11), at the foothill
of the central area of Dra Abu el-Naga. Here the Spanish
Mission has found several burials of the Second Intermediate
Period and the very beginning of the 18th Dynasty.
The first new document referring to the king’s son Intefmose
is a fragmentary lintel in grey-greenish sandstone.7 The
biggest fragment was found in the debris close to an infant
coffin during the season of 2013; previously, another, smaller,
6
The first option is preferred by Spalinger (1984: 1032), whereas the
second one has been proposed by Ryholt (1997: 170).
7 8
Measurements: 59.0 x 54.0 x 13.0cm.
International Congress of Egyptologists XI
fragment was found during the season of 2004, in the area
of the courtyard of TT 11 adjacent to ‘Sector 10’. The lintel
preserves the lower part of a cavetto cornice and part of a
torus moulding, below which are remains of a cult scene in
incised relief (Figure 4). On the left half there is a figure of
the goddess Hathor facing left, identified with the uncommon
funerary epithet Hr(y)t-tp-sm(y)wt ‘Chief of the mountain
deserts’. She wears a long, closely-fitting dress, and is holding
an anx-sign in the left hand and a wAs-sceptre ending in an
anx-sign in the right hand. Her crown is exceptional: instead
of the usual cow-horns embracing a solar disk, she wears a
vulture headdress, usually worn by queens, a feature without
known parallels for the iconography of this deity. In front of
her are traces of the bent end of a long kilt of a male figure
facing right who, according to the accompanying caption
([dw]A @w[t]-@rw in [s]A-(n)sw(t) In-(i)t.f-ms(.w)), should
be identified with ‘the king’s son Intefmose’ performing an
adoration rite. On the right side of the lintel, two columns
of text are badly preserved. Here, the recipient of the ritual
is a king facing right, who is described in the inscription as
(n)sw[t] bit(y) N[b-Hp]t-[R]a mAa-xrw ‘The Dual King N[ebhepe]
t[r]a, true of voice’, i.e. Nebhepetra Mentuhotep II. He wears
the white crown and a short kilt with triangular projection, and
is holding a wAs-sceptre in the left hand and an anx-sign in the
right hand. This last feature, together with his pairing back-
to-back with the goddess Hathor, indicates that Mentuhotep
II is represented as being deified. The posthumous cult of
this king is attested since the very beginning of the Middle
Kingdom until the Ramesside period, and is well represented
in Dra Abu el-Naga (El-Enany 2003; Franke apud Polz and
Seiler 2003: 80–2; Régen and Soukiassian 2008: 21–8 and 58
(no. 7)), and in ‘Sector 10’ (Galán and Jiménez-Higueras 2015:
107–8, fig. 8a-b). According to the traces of the inscription
and the parallel scene on the other side, it is possible that the
ritual could have been labelled r[djt jAw] ‘giving praise’, which
usually accompanies and completes the dwA-adoration (e.g.
Simpson 1974: 20, pl. 67 (49.2); Szafrański 1990: 248–9, pl. 19a).
The second new document, found in the debris close to the
funerary shaft UE 1010, is an eroded sandstone stela (Figure
5).8 Below the unfinished, upper part, on the lower section,
carved and painted, is a male figure facing left and depicted
wearing a long and bulky kilt, identified by the caption in
front of him as sA-nsw(t) In-(i)t.f-ms(.w) mAa-[xrw] ‘the king’s
son Intefmose, true [of voice]’. He is the recipient of a nis-
invocation gesture made by another figure facing him on the
figure 4: detail of the scene of the sandstone lintel of
intefmose. courtesy of proyecto djehuty.
Measurements: 47.0 x 27.0 x 6.0cm.
55
Francisco L. Borrego Gallardo

figure 6: lower part of the limestone pillar of

intefmose. courtesy of proyecto djehuty.

of some funerary wishes expressed n kA n(y) wHmw [..] [_d-]

[...] ‘for the ka of the herald [...] [Ded]-[…]’.10 This inscription
figure 5: drawing of the sandstone stela dedicated to
was apparently later usurped – a layer of plaster having been
intefmose. courtesy of proyecto djehuty.
applied over the name of the original owner, and being re-
carved with a badly preserved inscription from which one
left side. The latter is a man with a shaven head, described as can only guess the proper name Nfr-Htp, Neferhotep. Below
sn.f ?-(n)sw(t) (?) [...] ‘his brother, the king’s (?) […]’. the inscription, and partly covered by the plaster, is a male
standing figure, facing right and holding a staff. He is wearing
The third new document was found broken into three
a bag-wig, a Snw-necklace and a long folded dress, tied by
pieces at the bottom of two adjacent funerary shafts, UE 110
a belt with oval fringes. It is possible that this figure could
(excavated in 2013) and UE 113 (excavated in 2016), whose
represent the first owner of the inscription. The other side
burial chambers are connected by a robber-tunnel. It is a
preserves on the top the lower part of a scene with two male
limestone pillar, comprising an irregular octagonal prism
figures wearing a short kilt facing each other, under which
with its corners flattened.9 Two opposite sides were inscribed
is a complete offering formula given n kA n(y) sA-nswt In-(i)
with incised texts and figures. One side preserves the mention

10
9 This part of the inscription was discovered during the season of
It is possible that this piece was originally an obelisk.
2016, and is currently under study.

figure 7: fragmentary
statue found at the
bottom of ue 110. courtesy
of proyecto djehuty.

International Congress of Egyptologists XI 56

 New evidence on the king’s son Intefmose from Dra Abu el-Naga

t.f-ms(.w) mAa-xrw ‘for the ka of the king’s son Intefmose,

true of voice’ (Figure 6). Next to the scene with the two
figures, on top of another side of the pillar, are the remains
of another male figure, wearing a short kilt and facing right.
From the fact that the scene and text related to Intefmose
are complete, and that the flattened corners of the pillar
keep the margins of his offering text, but, on the contrary,
break the text of the opposite side, it is highly probable
that Intefmose was the third owner of this architectural
element, and responsible for making that alteration.

In 2013, in the burial chamber of shaft UE 110, inside the

cavity intended to house a coffin, the head of a male statue
was found, carved in the same limestone as the pillar and
smoothly polished (Figure 7). The head is shaven and the face
is badly broken, but still preserves the black outline of the eyes
and incised eyebrows. The ears, together with the preserved
part of the neck and the upper part of the shoulders, show
that the statue was very carefully executed. At the back it had
a squared pillar reaching up to the base of the head, which
was left uninscribed. Considering the material of the head,
the presence of a back-pillar and the archaeological context,
we wondered if the head found in the burial chamber could be
part of the headless statue discovered by Petrie not far from
our site. In order to answer to this question an exact replica
of the head was created from scaled photographs using a 3-D
printer, and thanks to the kind support of Campbell Price we
had the opportunity to test the hypothesis at Manchester
figure 8: section and plan of ue 110, its mudbrick
Museum in July 2015. The head we found is actually larger
chapel and ue 113. courtesy of proyecto djehuty.
than the seated statue, meaning that the two fragments
belong to two different statues. There are, however, a
number of features that relate to both statues: 1) the type before a deity, namely Nebhepetra Mentuhotep II before Ptah,
of limestone and its smooth polishing; 2) the shaven head and Senusert I before Anubis.
(Petrie’s statue has no trace of a wig falling over the chest or
shoulders); and 3) the high square back-pillar, which was left Preliminary conclusions
uninscribed in both cases, and which is not a common feature
in the statuary of the period (Winterhalter 1998). Taking into Combined analysis of the old and new evidence on Intefmose
account these coincidences, it seems reasonable to consider allows some preliminary conclusions to be drawn.
that the two statues are contemporary, were produced by the
The finds within a very specific area of ‘Sector 10’ of several
same workshop, were probably part of the same group, and
artefacts pertaining to the burial (a panel of a canopic box)
belonged to the same person.
and the offering chapel (pillar, lintel and other inscriptions)
Other documents related to the king’s son Intefmose came to of the king’s son Intefmose suggests that the tomb of
light during the last season of archaeological work at sector Intefmose should be nearby. The most suitable candidate
10, in January-February 2016, and these are still under study. is the ensemble of the shaft UE 110 (where the lower part
For this reason, they will be analysed succinctly. of the pillar, some fragments of other inscriptions and the
head of the statue were found) and its associated mud-brick
One of them is a fragmentary panel of a wooden canopic box. offering chapel, near which the lintel and the small stela
It still preserves some inscriptions, painted black, where it were found (Figure 8). That chapel was built in mud-brick
is possible to read the identity of its owner – Intefmose. Its and then plastered; its layout measures 2.15 x 2.40m, and it
characteristics follow the same typology as other canopic is still preserved to a height of 1.20m. It is oriented east-west,
boxes of the end of the Late Middle Kingdom and the aligned with a brick-lined shaft, 6.56m deep, and located 2m
beginning of the Second Intermediate Period (Miniaci 2010b). to the east. The upper 5m of the fill presented a disturbed
context of grey earth, large stones, pottery sherds (dating to
The finding of several fragments of a limestone monument the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th Dynasty, as well
should also be mentioned; most were found at the bottom of as of the Ptolemaic Period), and fragments of faience shabtis
funerary shaft UE 113 (a few were found at the bottom of shaft of the Third Intermediate Period. The lowest 1.5m of the fill,
UE 110 in 2013). The object seems to be a prism, with some however, seemed to be less disturbed – formed of white earth,
of its faces carved with incised inscriptions and scenes. One a higher proportion of limestone chips and fewer artefacts.
vertical inscription apparently describes a deceased person, At the western end of the shaft there is access to a burial
whose name is lost, as the donor of the monument, which is chamber (UE 111) that has a cavity intended to house a coffin
dedicated to the king’s son Intefmose. Another vertical text (UE 112). The burial chamber is, in turn, connected through a
mentions Amun-Ra, apparently in the context of a rite or a robber-tunnel with another burial chamber (UE 113).
religious festival. Two scenes show a king performing a rite

International Congress of Egyptologists XI 57

Francisco L. Borrego Gallardo
If the first conclusion is true, it is also probable that the
statuette found reused by Petrie at Qurna, and the shabti kept
at the British Museum (and the shabti-coffin mentioned by
Winlock?), come originally from the burial of Intefmose at
‘Sector 10’ in Dra Abu el-Naga.
It also seems that Intefmose could have been the recipient
of some kind of cult after his death. The shabti seems to
have a votive character, given its large size and, above all,
its commemorative text, which is without parallel. A votive
character can also be inferred from the small sandstone
stela and the fragments of inscriptions found in 2016, which
were dedicated to him by several individuals. This possible
cult devoted to the king’s son Intefmose would have ended
between the middle and end of the 18th Dynasty, which is the
date of a later mud-brick structure that partially destroyed
the offering chapel of UE 110 and partially covered shaft
UE 113. This is also the possible date for the intentional
destruction of Intefmose’s statue found at the bottom of the
shaft, with the face badly damaged, and of his statue in the
Manchester Museum, which was reused slightly later in the
foundations of the nearby funerary temple of Nebwenenef, at
the beginning of the 19th Dynasty. The possible date for the
end of Intefmose’s cult could explain why he was not included
in the lists of royal personae venerated in the Theban
necropolis, as were other royal sons, including Ahmose Sapair
and Wadjmose.
Finally, a broader contextual approach to the so-called ‘Sector
10’ of the site assigned to the Spanish Mission at Dra Abu el-
Naga, suggests that this area of the necropolis could have
been used as the burial ground for the royal sons during the
Second Intermediate Period and the beginning of the 18th
Dynasty, as is evidenced, among other data, by the existence
of infant burials in anthropoid coffins, the presence of objects
related to the king’s son Ahmose Sapair, the existence of royal
burials nearby (as can be inferred from Papyrus Abbott and the
findings of the German Archaeological Institute at Dra Abu
el-Naga), and the items related to the king’s son Intefmose
presented in this paper.
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