P RO C E E DI N G S OF T H E X I

INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS
OF EGYPTOLOGISTS
F l o r e n c e , I t a l y 23 - 30 A u g u s t 2 0 1 5
MUSEO EGIZIO FIRENZE
Florence Egyptian Museum
fields.

edited by
Gloria Rosati and Maria Cristina Guidotti

Archaeopress Egyptology 19
CAMNES
Center for Ancient Mediterranean
and Near Eastern Studies
Proceedings of the XI International
Congress of Egyptologists

Florence Egyptian Museum

Florence, 23-30 August 2015

edited by

Gloria Rosati and Maria Cristina Guidotti

Archaeopress Egyptology 19
 Archaeopress Publishing Ltd
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 Contents

XI International Congress of Egyptologists ......................................................................................................................... x

Preface .............................................................................................................................................................................. xiii

Papers
Development of Old Kingdom pottery: three cases studies (‘Cemetery of the Workers’, Heit el-Ghurab
and the Khentkawes Town)...................................................................................................................................................1
Sherif M. Abdelmoniem
Of Min and moon – cosmological concepts in the Temple of Athribis (Upper Egypt) .........................................................7
Victoria Altmann-Wendling
Les relations entre l’horloge stellaire diagonale et le corpus des Textes des Sarcophages
dans le sarcophage intérieur de Mésehti : le temps et les décans .....................................................................................14
Bernard Arquier
The Qubbet el-Hawa casting moulds – Late Period bronze working at the First Cataract ................................................19
Johannes Auenmüller
Overlapping and contradictory narratives in Ancient Egyptian visual programs ............................................................26
Jennifer Miyuki Babcock
Sāmānu as a human disease in Mesopotamia and Egypt ...................................................................................................29
Susanne Beck
The pyramid as a journey – cultic encounters between father and son in the Pyramid of Pepy I ....................................35
Nils Billing
The Ancient Egyptian dialects in light of the Greek transcriptions of Egyptian anthroponyms ......................................41
Ana Isabel Blasco Torres
Dalla sabbia alla teca: esempi di interventi conservativi eseguiti su alcuni papiri del Museo Egizio di Firenze.............46
Paola Boffula Alimeni
New evidence on the king’s son Intefmose from Dra Abu el-Naga: a preliminary report .................................................53
Francisco L. Borrego Gallardo
The Merenptah Sarcophagi restoration project.................................................................................................................59
Edwin C. Brock and Lyla Pinch Brock
Egyptian names and networks in Trismegistos (800 BC – AD 800).......................................................................................64
Yanne Broux
The Ptolemaic dedication of Archepolis in the Bibliotheca Alexandrina: materiality and text .......................................69
Patricia A. Butz
Bernard V. Bothmer and Ptolemaic sculpture: papers on Ptolemaic art from his archives held at the
Università degli Studi di Milano .........................................................................................................................................75
Giorgia Cafici
The Tell el-Maskhuta Project .............................................................................................................................................81
Giuseppina Capriotti Vittozzi and Andrea Angelini
Silence in the Tale of the Eloquent Peasant: themes and problems ......................................................................................87
Ilaria Cariddi
Progetto Butehamon. Prospettive e ricerche nella necropoli tebana ................................................................................92
Giacomo Cavillier
Notes on the inscribed Old and Middle Kingdom coffins in the Egyptian Turin Museum .............................................. 103
Emanuele M. Ciampini

i
Rethinking Egyptian animal worship (c. 3000 BC – c. 300 AD): towards a historical-religious perspective.................... 107
Angelo Colonna
Before and after the Temple: the long-lived necropolis in the area of the Temple of Millions of Years
of Amenhotep II – Western Thebes ...................................................................................................................................112
Anna Consonni, Tommaso Quirino and Angelo Sesana
Papyri with the Ritual of the Opening of the Mouth in the Egyptian Museum in Turin ................................................. 120
Federico Contardi
Notes for a building history of the temple of Ramesses II at Antinoe. The architectural investigation ......................... 124
Michele Coppola
Animal mummies in South African collections ................................................................................................................ 131
Izak Cornelius, Salima Ikram, Ruhan Slabbert, Liani C. Swanepoel, Frank Teichert and Tiffany van Zyl
Nouvelle lecture d’une scène de la théogamie d’Hatshepsout ......................................................................................... 137
Alice Coyette
Worship and places of worship in the Greco-Roman town at Marina El-Alamein........................................................... 140
Grażyna Bąkowska-Czerner and Rafał Czerner
Middle Kingdom coffin of Khnum from the National Museum of Warsaw ...................................................................... 148
Dorota Czerwik
Non-destructive analysis on 11 Egyptian blue faience tiles from the 2nd and 3rd Dynasties ........................................ 154
Joseph Davidovits and Frédéric Davidovits
Scenes from the Amduat on the funerary coffins and sarcophagi of the 21st Dynasty.................................................. 159
Cássio de Araújo Duarte
Votive pottery deposits found by the Spanish Mission at Dra Abu el-Naga .................................................................... 166
Elena de Gregorio
The building activity of Pinudjem I at Thebes ................................................................................................................. 172
Gabriella Dembitz
The ‘Book of Going Forth by Day’ in the funerary chamber of Djehuty (TT 11): past, present, and future .................... 177
Lucía Díaz-Iglesias Llanos
The pre-Egyptological concept of Egypt as a challenge for Egyptology and the efforts to establish a research
community .......................................................................................................................................................................184
Florian Ebeling
The Gebelein Archaeological Project, 2013–2016 ............................................................................................................. 188
Wojciech Ejsmond
Trois nouvelles harpes découvertes à Thèbes ouest: Quel apport pour l’égyptologie ? .................................................. 192
Sibylle Emerit
The ‘pantheistic’ deities. Report from research on iconography and role of polymorphic deities ................................ 198
Grzegorz First
Études sur le cadre de vie d’une association religieuse dans l’Égypte gréco-romaine : l’exemple de Touna el-Gebel ... 203
Mélanie C. Flossmann-Schütze
Forme di imitazione egizia nella decorazione architettonica di Nea Paphos .................................................................. 209
Leonardo Fuduli
Ahmose-Sapair in Dra Abu el-Naga: old and new evidence ............................................................................................. 215
José M. Galán
The Moon god Iah in ancient Egyptian religion ............................................................................................................... 222
Gudelia García-Fernández
Expression of loyalty to the king – A socio-cultural analysis of basilophoric personal names dating to the Old and
Middle Kingdoms .............................................................................................................................................................228
Christina Geisen

ii
Love and gold in cross-cultural discourse in the Amarna letters .................................................................................... 233
Graciela Gestoso Singer
Some unpublished inscriptions from Quarry P at Hatnub ............................................................................................... 237
Yannis Gourdon and Roland Enmarch
Names of eye parts in different text genres: a contribution to technical language in ancient Egypt............................. 242
Nadine Gräßler
The transformation of Theban Tomb 39 (TT39). A contribution from a conservation viewpoint in terms
of its history after dynastic occupation .......................................................................................................................... 247
Dulce María Grimaldi and Patricia Meehan
The complete corpus of viticulture and winemaking scenes from the ancient Egyptian private tombs ........................ 254
Maria Rosa Guasch-Jané, Sofia Fonseca and Mahmoud Ibrahim
Des étoiles et des hommes : peurs, désirs, offrandes et prières ...................................................................................... 260
Nadine Guilhou
Cracking a code: deciphering the marks of the royal necropolis workmen of the New Kingdom .................................. 266
Ben Haring
The Egyptian Dionysus: Osiris and the development of theater in Ancient Egypt .......................................................... 271
Allison Hedges
The Abydos Dynasty: an osteoarchaeological examination of human remains from the SIP royal cemetery ................ 276
Jane A. Hill, Maria A. Rosado and Joseph Wegner
You up – I down: orientational metaphors concerning ancient Egyptian Kingship in royal iconography
and inscriptions ................................................................................................................................................................283
Shih-Wei Hsu
Image processing. Elaboration and manipulation of the human figure in the Pyramid Texts................................................ 287
Francesca Iannarilli
Hieroglyphic inscriptions on precious objects: some notes on the correlation between text and support .................... 291
Agnese Iob
Predynastic precursors to the Festival of Drunkenness: beer, climate change, cow-goddesses, and the ideology of
kingship ............................................................................................................................................................................296
Victoria Jensen
Crowdsourcing in Egyptology – images and annotations of Middle Kingdom private tombs ........................................... 303
Peter Kalchgruber and Lubica Hudáková
‘To build a temple in the beautiful white stone of Anu’. The use of Tura limestone in Theban architecture ........................ 308
Christina Karlshausen and Thierry De Putter
The motif of the kiosk during the first half of the 18th dynasty ..................................................................................... 313
Edyta Kopp
A heritage in peril: the threat to Egypt’s urban archaeological sites .............................................................................. 318
Peter Lacovara
Le sḏm.f circonstanciel. Une forme verbale rare en néo-égyptien littéraire ................................................................... 320
Vincent Pierre-Michel Laisney
Amduat type papyri in the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow ....................................................................... 325
Nika Lavrentyeva
Carving out identities in the Egyptian desert: self-presentation styles adopted by the ancient
travelers of Kharga Oasis ..................................................................................................................................................328
Nikolaos Lazaridis
Ya-t-il une « fabrique d’albâtre » et un atelier de tissage au Ramesseum ? .................................................................... 333
Guy Lecuyot

iii
Deux nouvelles ‘Recommandations aux prêtresʼ datées de Ptolémée X Alexandre Ier .................................................... 339
Nicolas Leroux
Scenes representing temple rituals on some 21st Dynasty coffins .................................................................................. 345
Éva Liptay
Building B, a domestic construction at Tell el-Ghaba, North Sinai ................................................................................. 351
Silvia Lupo, Eduardo Crivelli Montero, Claudia Kohen and Eva Calomino
The Montecelio Obelisk in Rome ......................................................................................................................................357
Lise Manniche
The role of e-learning in Egyptology: ‘Hieroglyphs: Step-by-Step’ website as a case study............................................ 362
Ahmed Mansour and Azza Ezzat
The function and importance of some special categories of stars in the Ancient Egyptian funerary texts,
1: AxAx- and iAd-stars .........................................................................................................................................................368
Alicia Maravelia
Chapel of the tomb belonging to Amenhotep III’s Vizier, Amenhotep Huy. Asasif Tomb No. 28, Luxor-West Bank.
Excavation results: ‘Vizier Amenhotep Huy Project’ (2009–2014) .................................................................................. 377
Francisco J. Martín-Valentín and Teresa Bedman
Objets découverts dans des tombes thébaines situées sous le Temple de Millions d’Années de Thoutmosis III
à l’ouest de Louxor ............................................................................................................................................................384
Javier Martínez Babón
Fish offerings found in Area 32 of the archaeological site of Oxyrhynchus (El-Bahnasa, Egypt).................................... 389
Maite Mascort Roca and Esther Pons Mellado
The Akh-menu of Thutmosis III at Karnak. The Sokarian Rooms ..................................................................................... 394
Julie Masquelier-Loorius
The 13th Dynasty at Abydos: a royal tomb and its context .............................................................................................. 399
Dawn McCormack
The transmission of the Book of the Twelve Caverns .......................................................................................................... 405
Daniel M. Méndez Rodríguez
A new reading of Problem No. 53 in the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus. The limits of proportionality .......................... 410
Marianne Michel
The ang-morphs in Coptic and their grammaticalization in Later Egyptian .................................................................. 416
So Miyagawa
‘Augmented Reality’ technology and the dissemination of historical graffiti in the Temple of Debod .......................... 422
Miguel Ángel Molinero Polo, Alfonso Martín Flores, Jorge Martín Gutiérrez, Cristóbal Ruiz Medina,
Lucía Díaz-Iglesias Llanos, Fernando Guerra-Librero Fernández, Daniel Miguel Méndez Rodríguez,
Luis Navarrete Ruiz, Manuel Rivas Fernández and Ovidia Soto Martín
The Min Project. First working seasons on the unpublished Tomb of Min (TT109) and Tomb Kampp -327-:
the Tomb of May and a replica of the Tomb of Osiris ...................................................................................................... 427
Irene Morfini and Milagros Álvarez Sosa
Figurative vase painting from the First Intermediate Period through to the Fatimid Dynasty: a continuity? .............. 433
Maya Müller
Basic considerations on the construction of pyramids in the Old Kingdom ................................................................... 437
Frank Müller-Römer
Die Verwendung von Münzen in pharaonischer Zeit ....................................................................................................... 441
Renate Müller-Wollermann
In the footsteps of Ricardo Caminos: rediscovering the ‘Speos of Gebel el Silsila’.......................................................... 445
Maria Nilsson and Philippe Martinez
The folding cubit rod of Kha in Museo Egizio di Torino, S.8391 ...................................................................................... 450
Naoko Nishimoto

iv
The mystery of the ‘high place’ from the Abbott Papyrus revealed? The results of the works of the
Polish Cliff Mission at Deir el-Bahari 1999–2014.............................................................................................................. 457
Andrzej Niwiński
The mummies of the ‘Three Sisters’ in the Museo Egizio: a case study. Conservation and studies of textiles and
bandages ...........................................................................................................................................................................462
Cinzia Oliva and Matilde Borla
Technical aspects of faience from Hierakonpolis, Egypt – a preliminary report ........................................................... 468
Marina Panagiotaki, Elizabeth Walters, Yannis Maniatis and Anna Tsoupra
Horus Seneferou ka-s : quand le dernier souverain de la Ire dynastie devint la première femme pharaon de
l’Histoire à porter un nom d’Horus ..................................................................................................................................472
Jean-Pierre Pätznick
The Herakleopolis Magna Project: seasons 2012–2015..................................................................................................... 480
M. Carmen Pérez-Die
The Stelae Ridge cairns: a reassessment of the archaeological evidence ........................................................................ 485
Hannah Pethen
The Italian-Egyptian Mission at the Monastery of Abba Nefer at Manqabad: results of the first four
seasons’ work ....................................................................................................................................................................491
Rosanna Pirelli, Ilaria Incordino, Paola Buzi and Anna Salsano
Wedjat-eyes as a dating criterion for false doors and stelae to the early Middle Kingdom.............................................. 499
Melanie Pitkin
La collection égyptienne du Musée Sandelin à Saint-Omer (France) ............................................................................... 506
Jean-Louis Podvin
Some remarks on the Egyptian reception of foreign military technology during the 18th Dynasty:
a brief survey of the armour.............................................................................................................................................513
Alberto Maria Pollastrini
Medical re-enactments: Ancient Egyptian prescriptions from an emic viewpoint ......................................................... 519
Tanja Pommerening
Textual layers in Coffin Texts spells 154–160 .................................................................................................................... 527
Gyula Priskin
The cat mummies of the Società Africana d’Italia: an archaeological, cultural and religious perspective ...................... 532
Maria Diletta Pubblico
Khnum the Creator: a puzzling case of the transfer of an iconographic motif ............................................................... 538
Maarten J. Raven
Temple ranks in the Fayyum during the Ptolemaic and Roman Periods: documentary sources and
archaeological data ...........................................................................................................................................................543
Ilaria Rossetti
Le musée de Mallawi: état des lieux après les destructions et projets pour l’avenir ...................................................... 549
Ashraf Alexandre Sadek
A new light on Coptic afterlife (O.4550 from the Coptic Museum in Cairo) ..................................................................... 553
Hind Salah El-Din Somida Awad
The lost chapels of Elephantine. Preliminary results of a reconstruction study through archival documents ............. 556
Daniele Salvoldi and Simon Delvaux
Doors to the past. Rediscovering fragments in the new blockyard at Medinet Habu ..................................................... 563
Julia Schmied
Les dépôts de fondation de la Vallée des Rois : nouvelles perspectives de recherche sur l’histoire de la nécropole
royale du Nouvel Empire ..................................................................................................................................................568
François C. A. Schmitt

v
Economic mentalities and Ancient Egyptian legal documents ........................................................................................576
Alexander Schütze
Excavations in the ‘Temple of Millions of Years’ of Thutmosis III ................................................................................... 581
Myriam Seco Álvarez
Rituels funéraires au temps de Hatchepsout : le sanctuaire de la tombe de Djehouty et ses parallèles ........................ 587
José M. Serrano
The so-called Book of Two Ways on a Middle Kingdom religious leather roll ................................................................... 594
Wael Sherbiny
Ibyc. PMGF 287 and Ancient Egyptian love songs ............................................................................................................. 597
Anna Sofia
The Physiologus in Egypt ....................................................................................................................................................603
Marco Stroppa
A survey of astronomical tables on Middle Kingdom coffin lids ..................................................................................... 608
Sarah L. Symons
Blue painted pottery from a mid-18th Dynasty royal mud-brick structure in northwest Saqqara ................................ 613
Kazumitsu Takahashi
Studies on BD 17 vignettes: iconographic typology of Rw.tj-scene (New Kingdom – Third Intermediate Period).......... 619
Mykola Tarasenko
Were components of Amarna composite statues made in separate workshops? ............................................................ 626
Kristin Thompson
Research on Old Kingdom ‘dissimilation graphique’. World-view and categorization ................................................... 633
Simon Thuault
La funzione del tempio tolemaico di Deir el-Medina alla luce dell’archeologia .............................................................. 638
Claudia Tirel Cena
The ‘geography’ of the hierogrammateis: the religious topography of the Western Harpoon
(7th Nome of Lower Egypt) ...............................................................................................................................................644
Elena Tiribilli
The Ancient Egyptian shabtis discovered in the regions of Roman Illyricum (Dalmatia, Pannonia) and Istria:
provenance, collections, typological study and dating .................................................................................................... 650
Mladen Tomorad
From Egypt to the Holy Land: first issues on the Egyptian collection in the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum,
Jerusalem ..........................................................................................................................................................................656
Benedetta Torrini
Tradition and innovation within the decoration program of the temple of Ramesses II at Gerf Hussein ...................... 661
Martina Ullmann
The Egyptian Execration Statuettes (EES) Project ............................................................................................................ 667
Athena Van der Perre
A new long-term digital project on Hieratic and cursive hieroglyphs ............................................................................ 671
Ursula Verhoeven and Svenja A. Gülden
Hierakonpolis Faience, 2005–2013, with context and accompanying finds – a quest for chronology
and possible use ................................................................................................................................................................676
Elizabeth J. Walters, Amr El Gohary, Shelton S. Alexander, Richard R. Parizek, David P. Gold, Recep Cakir,
Marina Panagiotaki, Yannis Maniatis and Anna Tsoupra
The Berlin Plans from the New Kingdom Period.............................................................................................................. 680
Yoshifumi Yasuoka
The career of Nakhtmin (TT 87) as revealed by his funerary cones ................................................................................ 686
Kento Zenihiro

vi
Object biographies and political expectations: Egyptian artefacts, Welsh Heritage and the regional community
museum .............................................................................................................................................................................693
Katharina Zinn
Who am I - and if so, how many? Some remarks on the ‘j-augment’ and language change ............................................ 701
Monika Zöller-Engelhardt

Poster presentations
Vocabulaire de l’Égyptien Ancien (VÉgA). Plateforme numérique de recherche lexicographique ................................. 709
A. Almásy, Ch. Cassier, J. Chun-Hung-Kee, F. Contardi, M. Massiera, A. Nespoulous-Phalippou and Fr. Rouffet
Pottery from the early Roman rubbish dumps in Berenike harbour............................................................................... 711
Agnieszka Dzwonek
A sequence of five 13th Dynasty structures at Memphis ................................................................................................. 714
Rabee Eissa
Funerary culture of the Memphite region during the Early Dynastic Period ................................................................. 717
Barbora Janulíková
3D-Reconstructions of Late Roman fortresses in Egypt ................................................................................................... 718
Dmitry Karelin, Maria Karelina and Tatiana Zhitpeleva
The Roman Imperial cult temple at Luxor: its architecture and possible connection between Roman and Egyptian
cultures .............................................................................................................................................................................720
Irina Kulikova and Dmitry Karelin
One of the earliest discovered houses at Memphis .......................................................................................................... 722
Hanan Mahmoud Mohamed
Reden und Rufe, are they kingly patterns? A first step towards an explanation of the origin(s) of speech captions
in ‘daily life’ scenes in private tombs ...............................................................................................................................724
Aurore Motte
Étude pluridisciplinaire de têtes de momies (Lyon)......................................................................................................... 725
Annie Perraud, Matthieu Ménager, Pascale Richardin and Catherine Vieillescazes
Progetto Osiris: valorizzazione delle piccole collezioni egizie ........................................................................................ 727
Massimiliana Pozzi Battaglia e Federica Scatena
Study and restoration of two mummies from the Moulins Museum ............................................................................... 729
Noëlle Timbart

List of papers presented at ICE XI.....................................................................................................................................731

Massimiliano Franci

vii
 Worship and places of worship in the Greco-Roman town
at Marina El-Alamein

Grażyna Bąkowska-Czerner
Centre for Comparative Studies of Civilisations of Jagiellonian University

Rafał Czerner
Department of History of Architecture, Art and Technology of Faculty of Architecture of Wrocław University of Science
and Technology

Abstract
The ancient town discovered at the place of today’s Marina El-Alamein developed from the 2nd century BC to the 6th century AD. Situated on the
northern coast of Egypt, it found itself at the crossroads of several cultures. The syncretism prevailing there is particularly notable in religion
and worship. No relics of a temple have been discovered so far in situ, yet its location east of the main square of the town can be determined on
the basis of neighbouring buildings. A quadrangular public building situated in the south-western part of the central square can also be identi-
fied as dedicated to worship. Among the objects of private worship, aediculae from the houses’ main rooms occupy a special position. A discovery
of a painting from a niche, with images of Serapis, Harpocrates and Helios, confirmed the cult character of the aediculae. Simple, small niches
are also found in the houses: some were decidedly lararia, others may have served utilitarian purposes. In the area of the houses, figurines of
deities of Greek and mainly Egyptian origin were found. In the houses small altars were discovered, marking sacred spaces. Private worship is
also a reflection of the state cult. Its most interesting architectural testimony is a commemorative monument to Commodus. Based on objects
and places of worship, it is possible to interpret the religious life of the residents and associated rituals: one of these was the mummification of
corpses. Encountered in the necropolis are images of Egyptian gods: Horus and Anubis. Altars located in front of ground structures of hypogea
and in their underground courtyards served the worship of the dead. The layout of the hypogeum, with an underground courtyard and a dromos
leading to it, clearly refers to Egyptian sepulchral architecture.

Keywords
Marina El-Alamein; religion; worship; architecture; decoration

The ancient town discovered at the site of today’s Marina
El-Alamein developed from the 2nd century BC to the 6th
century AD (Daszewski 2011: 421–42); like Alexandria, it
was a Greek town. Situated on the northern coast of Egypt,
it found itself at the crossroads of several cultures. Hellenic
civilization, later replaced by Roman one, was favoured, given
its position on land and sea trading routes from Alexandria
to Cyrenaica. However, influences of Egyptian civilization are
equally strong. The syncretism developing there, present in
art and – to a smaller extent – in architecture, is particularly
distinctive in religion and worship.
Apart from typical features, places of worship in the
settlement from Marina have specific characteristics, and
many solutions reflect Alexandria’s architecture (Pensabene
2008: 202–10 passim). Structures connected with public
worship have survived in a smaller number than those related
to private worship and therefore they are less researched. No
architectural remains that might be connected with a temple
building have been discovered so far in situ. However, its
location east of the town’s main square (Figure 1, A) can be
identified on the basis of architectural decorative remains
found, and analysis of the neighbouring architecture (Czerner
2012: 114–7). The central town square and the architecture
lining it were created at the beginning of Imperial times,
and the public buildings situated there were arranged and
connected in a way typical of the Roman forum. Present
among them are structures contemporary with the square, or
later (a civic basilica, baths with a layout of Roman balnea), as
well as earlier baths of the tholos type and Hellenistic origin.
On a quadrangular plan, irregular but with nearly equal sides,
the square has porticoes on three sides: north, south and east.
Despite the square’s well-balanced proportions the whole
layout remained clearly oriented, elongated from east to west
(Figure 1). A wide, stately street opened into the square in
the middle of its western frontage. Opposite, on the eastern
side, a peristyle adjoined the square. On its eastern end stood
a fine building, possibly a temple. Archaeological research,
which might have uncovered remains of the building’s walls
in situ, has so far not been carried out thoroughly in the area.
However elements of architectural decoration of significant
size were found there: a fragment of a pilaster plinth, elements
of triglyph-metope frieze, and fragments of a cornice with
flat, grooved modillions and square hollow modillions
alternately. Among them there is a cornice fragment from the
top of a tympanum. The modillions have a length of 20cm,
approximately two times larger than modillions of the same
cornices from the porticoes of dwelling houses. The lower part
of a pseudo-Corinthian capital of the form typical of Marina,
and exceptionally large in size, was also found. The diameter
of the bottom of the capital is 50cm, so it matches the upper
diameter of the column’s shaft, which is 48cm and 53cm above
the base (Czerner 2009: 18). It is comparable with the diameter
of columns on the northern side of the central square, which
– as pseudo-Ionic ones – must have been lower. Columns in
the southern portico of the central square are smaller, with
a diameter of 50.5cm above the base. In any event, the item
is a capital of a pseudo-Corinthian column with a height of at
least 4.24m and 4.86m at most, considerably taller than the
columns of the peristyle within which it was found. Both its
large size and presence of a tympanum confirm that it must
have been a stately building. Research carried out in 2016,
in the area where the north-western corner of the building
should have been situated, failed to reveal any traces of it,

ICE XI (2017): 140–147 140

 Worship and places of worship in the Greco-Roman town at Marina El-Alamein

figure 1: forum and the surrounding area: a) possible location of an outstanding building; b) public building,
possibly of cultic character. (drawing: a. błaszczyk and r. czerner).

figure 2: aediculae from the main rooms of houses h10
and h21‘n’. (photos: r. czerner).
uncovering only the extensive negative of a pulled-down
structure.
A quadrangular public building situated in the south-western
part of the central square can also be identified as dedicated
to worship (Figure 1, B). An entrance to a small room (3.27 x
4.00m) was placed in the middle of its eastern (wider) side, and
preceded by three steps leading to it. Inside, by the western
wall, opposite the entrance, a stone base of a rectangular
pedestal has partially survived.
Wall aediculae from the main rooms in the largest dwellings
occupy a special place among architectural structures
figure 3: painting from the aedicule of house h10, with
images of serapis, harpocrates and helios.
(photo: s. medeksza).
connected with private worship, and are the best researched
(Figure 2). The number of elements that have survived from
four such niches (coming from the houses designated as H9,
H10, H21c, and H21‘N’) allow the form to be fully reconstructed.
In the first years of the site’s exploration, single elements of
similar niches were discovered within houses H10a (a cornice
fragment and an engaged column) and H9a (a sill cornice).
The find of a fragment of a painting with depictions of three
gods: Serapis, Harpocrates and Helios (Medeksza, Czerner
and Bąkowska 2016: 1747, 1756–7, Fig. 11), covering the wall
of a niche discovered in house H10 (Figure 3), confirmed the

International Congress of Egyptologists XI 141

Grażyna Bąkowska-Czerner and Rafał Czerner
figure 4: plans of houses showing locations of places of worship: a = aedicule; s = sacrarium; cm = commemorative
monument; e = eXedra. (drawing: r. czerner).
conjecture that the purpose of the aediculae was worship and
that they served as main lararia. The painting itself is a perfect
example of religious syncretism developing in the town.
The location of the niches within houses is typical and repeats
invariably. They were always situated in the middle of the back
wall in the main reception room which functioned as the Greek
oikos and opened, usually directly (and in one case through
a vestibule of the prostas type), onto the inner courtyard
(Figure 4). It was also typical that the room opened onto the
courtyard through three entrances: a wide central one (the
niche was situated on its axis) and two narrower ones on its
sides. Layouts of the best developed courtyards resembled a
peristyle, having usually two porticoes on opposite sides, with
a third portico in one case and its imitation using engaged
columns in another. No lararia situated in the courtyards were
found, although their location within the peristyle (and in the
atrium in the Republican period) would be typical of a Roman
house. However, two examples of separate rooms accessible
from the peristyle and intended to be used for worship are
known, thus they can be recognized as sacraria. One of these,
undoubtedly, was a small room (2.65 x 1.05m) that opened
onto the eastern portico of house H10, at its southern end
(Figure 4, H10). At the back of the room, on its southern wall,
there was a painting depicting Heron (Kiss 2006: 166–9, Fig. 2),
the god well-known in the Fayum Oasis and in Upper Egypt,
connected with a domestic cult (Figure 5). Shown with the
horn of plenty, he was intended to guarantee wealth to the
occupants of the house. A larger room in house H1, with
dimensions 3.32 x 3.05m, opened like an exedra through a
wide entrance (2.16m) onto the western portico, and through
two similar entrances into neighbouring rooms south and
north of it (Figure 4, H1). By the western wall a marble plinth
of a full-scale statue has survived. Perhaps a man’s arm made
of Carrara marble found in a cistern under the courtyard
belonged to a sculpture which stood on the pedestal.
The form of aediculae from Marina is special and is repeated
at different scales with only small modifications. Their size,
determined by the height of engaged columns framing them,
which at the same time equalled the distance between external
cymatia of the cornice, ranged from 0.4m (for the niche in
house H21c) to 2.13m (for the niche in the room H21‘N’).
However, they all display the same architectural design and
the same forms of decoration are used in them (Figure 2).
The niche is enclosed on both sides by pillars square in plan,
partially hidden in the wall in such a way that their side faces
International Congress of Egyptologists XI
are visible only from the inside of the niche as flat pilasters.
Engaged columns adjoin the pillars from the front. Pairs of
pillars and engaged columns rested on a sill supported by
a profile with cyma, and also sometimes dentil. They were
topped with pseudo-Corinthian capitals with doubled corners
(of the pillar and of the engaged column). The entablature,
usually consisting only of architrave and cornice, surrounded
the niche in a horseshoe plan, that is above the pairs of
engaged columns and pilasters on their front and both sides,
and above the back wall of the niche; whereas the cornice of
the pediment surmounting the niche – which was triangular
(in the niche of house H10) or segmental – ran projecting in
front of the wall face, either straight or with a small offset
in the central part. Corner ‘wings’ remained therefore, which
could also be raised to create an illusion of perspective (as
with the niche in house H9).
Such a layout, with engaged columns and pilasters on the
sides, lower cornice on a horseshoe plan, and upper cornice
of the pediment running directly in front of the wall face, was
invariably implemented in all surviving aediculae in Marina.
In one case the design was developed: carved in one stone
block, a miniature aedicule from house H21c has its back wall
completing the horseshoe plan, curving and not running
straight. As a result, the niche is proportionally deeper
and hence it could house a sculpted statue, not a painted
depiction. The aedicule has also a developed and complete
entablature, with a frieze which is missing in other niches.
The pilasters framing it are placed obliquely.
The architectural design of the aediculae in Marina is special.
With its ornateness, projections, offsets, and multiplied
corners of capitals, it becomes an essence of Hellenistic
architecture of Alexandrian origin, as it is there where models
of the solutions applied can be found in the first instance.
Of Alexandrian origin are also forms of architectural
decoration. This is marked by a geometric simplification,
expressed most evidently in a schematic pseudo-Corinthian
capital (Figure 2, H21‘N’). Examples of capitals of that form
are known from Alexandria, but in Marina it seems to have
become popular as almost the only solution, and hence it was
named a capital of Marina type.1 Also typical of Hellenistic
architecture from Alexandria are the flat, grooved modillions
1
Such a term was proposed and has been consistently used by the
explorer of the site W. A. Daszewski.
142
 Worship and places of worship in the Greco-Roman town at Marina El-Alamein
figure 5: painting from house h10 with representation
of heron. (photo: s. medeksza).
(also used alternately with square, hollow modillions) which
decorated cornices in all niches.
The largest of the aediculae discovered at Marina was situated
in the spacious room H21‘N’, with dimensions of 9.64–9.72
x 6.97–7.14m, which was not part of a house but a separate
building (Figure 6), hence clearly intended for worship. The
room is elongated from north to south, open to the north,
with a niche in the southern wall. Moreover, it has proportions
similar to those of main reception rooms in those dwellings
where the aediculae described were situated, and all their
distinctive features, i.e. a set of three front entrances: a wider
central one and two smaller at the sides. A recess imitating an
additional entrance is located in the western side wall, near
the southern corner. All that suggests existence of a more
extensive building incorporating the room, but no real rooms
adjoined the latter and no remains of even their foundations
were found. Elements of the fallen aedicule were traced
separately,2 but the preserved, lower part of the wall in which
2 4
The Polish-Egyptian Conservation Mission carried out an
International Congress of Egyptologists XI
figure 6: location of hall h21‘n’ at house h21c.
(drawing: r. czerner).
the niche was placed allowed a reconstruction of the level of
its sill; this was at 1.50m above the floor (similar to the sill of
the aedicule in house H10, which has survived in situ at a level
of 1.53m). The height of the aedicule was 2.16m (Medeksza et
al. 2004: 96) and consequently the room’s ceiling must have
been at a height of almost 4m. The results of architectural
research showed that house H21c, neighbouring to the south,
was added to the hall and hence in some period the latter had
been a free-standing building situated in the port area of the
town, with an entrance from the wharf.
Small, simple niches are also being found in the houses;
some of these were decidedly lararia, others may have served
utilitarian purposes. Identifying places of home worship
unambiguously is difficult.3 It can be evidenced by surviving
niches, altars, or wall paintings. Nobody knows also which
gods were worshiped in Marina, although Genii, Lares, the
Penates and Vesta, the guardian of the family hearth, were
all definitely venerated in Roman times. Scenes on paintings,
or figurines found, can provide some clues. Certain scholars
observed that niches decorated with the shell motif may
suggest they served the cult of Aphrodite (Giacobello 2008:
67). In Marina three examples of such, with a shell in the
middle of the pediment, are located in houses H10, H9 and
H21c (a small niche in the latter).4 Paintings from the aedicule
in house H10 fail to prove any connection of it with the cult of
Aphrodite. In Marina, worship of the goddess is evidenced by
anastylosis of the niche in 2002 and 2003. Cf. Medeksza et all. 2003: 90;
Medeksza et all. 2004: 96, Figs 4a, 4b.
3
For more on this subject, see Sfameni 2014.
Described above.
143
Grażyna Bąkowska-Czerner and Rafał Czerner

fragments of sculptures or lamps with a depiction of Aphrodite

herself, or motifs associated with her cult that have survived
(Bąkowska-Czerner 2011: 97–113). Perhaps in the lararium in
house H21c a bronze statuette of Aphrodite stood, which was
found together with a censer in an amphora hidden under the
courtyard slabbing (Bąkowska-Czerner 2011: 101–7, Figs. 2–5).
They were probably buried under the floor in order not to
throw away damaged articles; perhaps they served as a votive
deposit of some kind.

In the western wall of room 25 in house H10a, a small

niche coming from an earlier functional phase is situated
at floor level (Medeksza 2001: 75). A small glass bottle was
found standing in the middle of it. In the room fragments
of wall paintings of Dionysian themes were also discovered
(Medeksza, Czerner and Bąkowska 2015: 1757–8, Fig. 12). In
the same house, in room 28, entered from the courtyard, two
niches placed next to each other have survived, this time in
the southern wall. In the western wall of room 22, in house 19,
a lararium with a pointed ceiling was excavated. Next to it, in
room 13, a small limestone altar was discovered. Many niches
have survived in house H9. In the southern wall of room 12
three niches, probably lararia, are visible. The purpose of the
two niches visible in the northern wall of room 10 is unknown.
The room was probably a kitchen. Cisterns are situated under
its floor, and in its north-eastern corner there is an opening
leading to them (Medeksza 2001: 92). Examples from other
excavation sites suggest that lararia were also located in
kitchens (Van Andringa 2011: 95). On the western side of the
same house there is a further room that has been labelled
‘taberna’ (Medeksza 2000: 68). Eight niches were found here,
three on both the eastern and southern walls, and two on both
sides of the door on the western wall. Two niches discovered figure 7: altar found in house h10‘e’.
in room 6 of house H10’E’ were definitely lararia. One is (photo: r. czerner).
situated in the northern wall, the other in the southern. In
the middle of the room a large hearth was found surrounded
with stones. Among the stones was a small limestone altar Medeksza 2009), it was built in a later phase into the room by
re-used to border the hearth (Medeksza, Bąkowska, Czerner, its western wall, despite an aedicule existing in its southern
Ujma and Zambrzycki 2003: 97–8). Altars, important elements wall, opposite the entrance.5 The base of the monument was
of home worship, should also be placed in rooms containing a pedestal with a size of 4.25 x 1.98m and a height of 0.71m,
lararia. Every day a family would gather at the altar to pray covered with slabs of red marble 4.8cm thick. Four columns
and offer sacrifices in order to receive happiness, health (214.5cm high) stood in the foreground on the pedestal, with
and wealth in return. In the above-mentioned room several pseudo-Corinthian capitals of Marina type and shafts covered
fragments of terracotta figurines of men with animal heads, with polychrome, plant-like motifs, accompanied by two
including a bull or cow, were found by the hearth: it probably square wall pillars of the same form in the background. Only
represented Apis or Hathor (Bąkowska-Czerner 2012: 136, the pillars, and a part of the wall between them, were topped
Tav. II, 5). Many fragments of lamps were also discovered with architraves and a dentil cornice. While excavating the
in the layer described. On a handle of one of them there is remains, two fragments of marble slabs were found. On their
a depiction of Serapis (Bąkowska-Czerner 2012: 131, Tav. I, edges a part of a Greek inscription has survived. At a later date
4). In a neighbouring room, which was probably a kitchen, Iwona Zych identified one more fragment among earlier finds
a miniature oval limestone altar was discovered (Medeksza (Łajtar 2001: 59–65; Łajtar 2003: 178). Adam Łajtar deciphered
2004: 99). In the south-western part of the same house another the text as follows: Year 23 of Imperator Caesar Marcus Antoninus
two, larger, limestone altars were found (Medeksza 2001: 75) Commodus [ --- (has laid or have laid) ---] and the chequered-work
(Figure 7). Many altars were found out of context. One, made of stibades [ --- ] for the good. Year 23 of Commodus corresponds
of grey marble and round in section, was decorated with low with the period between 29 August 182 and 28 August 183
reliefs depicting three figures: unfortunately, only their feet (Łajtar 2003: 178). Thus the inscription dates the erection
have survived. In the area of the town a small limestone altar of the monument, as well as providing an interpretation of
with a depiction of a ram was also uncovered (Daszewski its function, a kind of banqueting couch, and details for the
1991b: 100–1, Fig. 5); it was possibly dedicated to Ammon. reconstruction of its form.

Private worship reflects also public worship. The most
interesting architectural evidence of the latter is a
commemorative monument to Commodus (Figure 4, H21c).
Discovered in the main room of house H21c (Czerner and
The necropolis reveals much information on local beliefs.
Altars situated in front of above-ground parts of hypogea
5
The aedicule was discovered among elements of a collapsed wall.

International Congress of Egyptologists XI 144

 Worship and places of worship in the Greco-Roman town at Marina El-Alamein

shown n one slab that closes

a loculus (Daszewski 1991b:
99–100, Fig. 4). Another slab
is decorated with an image
of a serpent identified with
Agathos Daimon, who is
present in the funerary
domain as a protector
and guide of the dead
(Daszewski 1991b: 96–7, Fig.
1). He was often associated
with Serapis and also with
Dionysus. A depiction of
Horus in the form of a
falcon can also be found on
a slab (Daszewski 2003: 55,
Fig. 9). The sky god appears
also as a statue decorating a
tomb (Daszewski 1995: 31).

The religious life of

figure 8: mausoleum t6 with an altar situated in front, banquet couches and a
droMos leading to the hypogeum. (photo: polish–egyptian conservation mission
archives).
and in the middle of their underground courtyards served
to worship the dead. Known also from Alexandria, a form of
hypogeum with a courtyard before a chamber and a dromos
leading to the courtyard clearly refers to Egyptian sepulchral
architecture (Abou El-Atta 1992: 11–9) (Figure 8). Offering
tables and small altars for burnt sacrifices of different shapes the Hellenistic period leaves and bunches of grapes, as well as
are found within burial chambers (Daszewski 2003: 54–6). As
in the town, horned altars dominate, and on and around them
large quantities of ashes from burnt offerings were discovered
during excavations (Daszewski 1993: 27). In the courtyard of
a tomb of a different type (T11) two sacrificial slabs were
found (Daszewski 1995: 33), as well as many fragments of
amphorae and several lamps (just as in hypogea) (Daszewski
1998: 69). Not only were fires and offerings important, but
also the light of lamps, which provided further connection
with the dead (Frankfurter 1998: 137). In mausolea,
masonry banqueting couches (klinai) have survived in large
reception halls (Daszewski 1998: 61–3) (Figure 8). Numerous
rooms which were used for preparing banquets (kitchens,
storerooms, lodgings, wells) exist there too (Daszewski 1990:
35). A well was also found in an underground open courtyard
in tomb T6, where stands a large altar cut out of the bedrock
(Daszewski 1991a: 33). It may be that water and plant offerings
also mattered greatly in the cult of the dead (Daszewski 1994:
58). Depictions of Egyptian gods at the necropolis suggest
that the inhabitants of Marina had the same or similar views
on rebirth and eternal life as the ancient Egyptians; they
associated them with the flooding of the Nile and revival of
nature. In the Greco-Roman period the place of Osiris is taken
by Serapis, who was also popular at Marina. Anubis, the god
of the dead and mummification, guardian on the necropolis is
the inhabitants can be
reconstructed on the basis
of rituals; one of these
was the mummification of
bodies. The best preserved
cartonnage, decorated with
Egyptian religious scenes,
was found in tomb T28
(Daszewski 2002: 75–7, Fig.
3). Anubis, Apis, Horus and
the goddess Nut, among
others, are depicted there.
On some mummies traces of coffin portraits have survived.
A well preserved example from tomb S6 depicts a man with a
golden wreath on his head (Daszewski 1997: 27–40, Fig. 6); it is,
perhaps, a wreath of laurel branches or ivy, such as that worn
by Dionysus, the god symbolizing death and resurrection. In
ivy leaves, were popular motifs on cinerary urns.6 Another
ritual associated with the Greek tradition encountered at
Marina is the placing on the mouth of several mummies a
small golden leaf, reminiscent of an obol (Daszewski 1998:
69), the usual payment for Charon. Perhaps, again, the
leaf is representative of ivy, and therefore connected with
Dionysus. Numerous relics, mainly depictions on lamps, or on
a bone medallion, prove the popularity of Dionysus in Marina
(Bąkowska-Czerner 2014b: 318, Fig. 7; Daszewski 1991b: 102,
Fig. 7).
The representations of deities connected with domestic cults
found at Marina can only indicate to a limited extent what the
official cult may have been like. Deities popular at that time
in nearby Alexandria prevail: Serapis, Isis and Harpocrates.
Depictions of the latter seem to dominate in private worship,
especially his representations in the form of amulets
(Bąkowska-Czerner 2012: 132–4, Tav. II, 2, 4; Bąkowska-Czerner
2014a: 43–9). Relatively few depictions of Isis are present.
Apart from a fragment of sculpture (Daszewski 2013: 172, Fig.
9a), several lamps were discovered with handles in the form
of the goddess with a little Harpocrates (Bąkowska-Czerner
2012: 134, Tav. I, 3). Perhaps the lamps had been brought from
6
For Hadra vases, see Enklaar 1985: 106–51.

International Congress of Egyptologists XI 145

Grażyna Bąkowska-Czerner and Rafał Czerner
a sanctuary of Isis and used in private worship. A port town
needed to be supported by deities associated with the sea.
One of the patrons may have been Isis or Aphrodite. Many
representations linked with the cult of the above-mentioned
Greek goddess Aphrodite should be no surprise in a seaside
trading town having relations with Cyprus (Bąkowska-
Czerner 2011: 97–114).
The ancient town lay on a caravan route to the Siwa Oasis and
Libya. Relations with those places can explain the presence of
a ring with a depiction of Zeus Ammon (Bąkowska 2005: 100–
1, Fig. 2, 2; Bąkowska-Czerner 2012: 130). Figurines, images
on household commodities or amulets assured safety to the
inhabitants of Marina. Representations of deities of different
kinds can be found, some guaranteed prosperity, protection
from diseases, or provided marital bliss.
Deities of Egyptian origin prevail in private and sepulchral
cults at Marina. Nothing certain is known yet about any
official or mystery cult, so popular in the Greco-Roman period.
Depictions associated with Isis or Dionysus might prove the
presence of followers of the mysteries. Some evidence exists
arguing for the Imperial cult in house H21c: perhaps the
building served the purposes of some professional or cultic
association (Łajtar 2001: 63–5).
Places of worship, articles connected with it, representations
in sculpture, low relief, painting, and on everyday objects
discovered are examples of syncretism prevailing there, and
proofs of the great religiousness of people who lived in the
provincial town situated near Alexandria.
Abbreviations
BABesch Bulletin antieke Beschaving. Annual Papers on
Mediterranean Archaeology. Louvain.
EtudTrav Études et Travaux. Travaux du Centre d’Archéologie
Méditerranéenne de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences.
Warsaw.
JJP The Journal of Juristic Papyrology. Warsaw.
MÉFRA Mélanges de l’École Française de Rome – Antiquité.
Paris.
PAM Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean. Warsaw.
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