MF007 Calculus

Chapter 2: Differentiation (Part II)

2.4 Implicit differentiation

2.5 Parametric differentiation
2.6 Higher derivatives
2.7 Applications of differentiation
2.8 Problems Involving Rates of Change
2.9 Problems Involving Maximum and Minimum
1 Values
 Implicit Differentiation
All the differentiation techniques discussed
so far have involved equations of the form
of y  f x  .
Example:
4x  7 x  6
3
y  3x  1 y
2x 1
2

The relations above are called explicit

function.

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 Implicit Differentiation
 However, not all functions can be expressed in an
explicit manner.
 Implicit functions are functions/relations whereby
it is often too difficult or impossible to make one
variable as the subject of the other variable(s) in the
formula.
 Examples of implicit functions are:

(i) 𝑥 3 𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = 20 (ii) 4𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = 9𝑥𝑦 − 5

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(iii) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 9𝑥𝑦 (iv) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 3 + sin 𝑥 = 2
 Implicit Differentiation
Implicit differentiation is the process of finding
the derivatives of implicit functions by
differentiating the function term by term using any
of the differentiation techniques.
To differentiate implicit functions, we need to use
the technique of implicit differentiation.
The formula involved is:
𝒅 𝒚𝒏 𝒏−𝟏
𝒅𝒚
= 𝒏𝒚
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
4
 Examples/exercises
Question 1
Find the derivatives of the following functions.
(a) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4

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 Examples/exercises
(b) 𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 3

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 Examples/exercises
(c) 2𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 𝑥 = 1

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 Examples/exercises
Question 2
𝑑𝑦
Obtain an expression for for the curve 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 28 and
𝑑𝑥
show that the derivative cannot be positive. Then, calculate
𝑑𝑦
the value of when 𝑥 = 1.
𝑑𝑥

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 Parametric Functions
The equation of a curve is usually stated in the
form 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 .
Sometimes, a third variable, called a parameter,
is used to state the equation of a curve, for
example:
𝑥 = 𝑡3 (1)
𝑦 = 𝑡2 (2)

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 Parametric Functions
Equations (1) and (2) are called parametric
equations of the curve and 𝑡 is called a parameter.
By eliminating 𝑡 from the equations, we get the
Cartesian equation of the curve. In this case, the
Cartesian equation of the curve is 𝑦 3 = 𝑥 2 .

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 Parametric Functions
We can find the differentiation of parametric
functions by using the chain rule formula below:

dy dy dt
 
dx dt dx

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 Examples/exercises
Question 1
Find the derivatives of the following parametric equations.
1 1
(a) 𝑥 = 𝑡 + ,𝑦 = 𝑡 −
𝑡 𝑡

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 Examples/exercises
(b) 𝑥 = cos 3 𝑡 , 𝑦 = sin3 𝑡

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 Higher Derivatives
Let 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 .
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
Differentiating 𝑦, we get = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓′ 𝑥 ,
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
where 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) is known as first derivative of 𝑦.
If we differentiate 𝑓(𝑥) with respect to 𝑥 again,
we obtain the second derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 .
This can be written as:
d  dy  d 2 y
   f ' ' x 
dx  dx  dx 2

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 Examples/exercises
Question 1
𝑑2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
Given that 𝑥𝑦 = sin 𝑥, show that + + 𝑦 = 0.
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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 Examples/exercises
Question 2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
If 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥 , show that + 2 + 2𝑦 = 0.
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

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 Tangents and Normals
y  f x 

tangent

normal

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 Tangents and Normals
 From the figure, if 𝑝(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is a point on the curve 𝑦 =
𝑓 𝑥 , then the gradient of the tangent at 𝑝 is given by
𝑓 ′ 𝑥1 .

 The straight line passes through 𝑝 and at right angles to the

tangent is called the normal to the curve at point 𝑝.

 The equation
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1
which represents a straight line of gradient 𝑚 that passes
through the point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is used to find the equations of
18 tangent and normal.
 Tangents and Normals
 The equation of the tangent to the curve at point 𝑝(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is
given by:
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥1 𝑥 − 𝑥1
where 𝑓′(𝑥) represents the value of the gradient of the curve
at the point 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 .

−1
 Since the gradient of the normal at 𝑝(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is , the
𝑓 ′ 𝑥1
equation of the normal to the curve is given by:
−1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = ′ 𝑥 − 𝑥1 .
𝑓 𝑥1

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 Examples/exercises
Question 1
Find the equation of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 3 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
at the point where the curve meets the 𝑦-axis.

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 Examples/exercises
Question 2
Find the equation of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 at the
point where 𝑥 = 4.

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 Increasing and Decreasing Functions
A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be increasing or
decreasing in a given interval if it satisfies any
one of the following conditions:
𝑑𝑦
(i) if = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 > 0, then 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be
𝑑𝑥
increasing in the interval 𝑎, 𝑏 .
𝑑𝑦
(ii) if = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 < 0, then 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be
𝑑𝑥
decreasing in the interval 𝑎, 𝑏 .

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 Examples/exercises
Find the interval(s) for which the following
functions are increasing and/or decreasing.
(a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 17

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 Examples/exercises
(b) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 2)

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 Stationary Points, Local Maximum
and Local Minimum Points
A point on the curve y  f x  with f ' x   0
is called a stationary point and the value of
the function is called the stationary value.

A

B


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 Stationary Points, Local Maximum
and Local Minimum Points
Consider the graph above, point A is called a
local maximum point while point B is called
a local minimum point.
For local maximum point, we have
dy d2y
 0 and 2
0
dx dx
For local minimum point, we have
dy d2y
 0 and 2
0
dx dx
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 Examples/exercises
Question 1
Find the stationary points of the curve
𝑦 = 4 + 12𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 3 .
Classify the stationary points as either local maximum or local
minimum points.

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 Examples/exercises
Question 2
Find the local maximum and/or minimum points of the curve
𝑥 2 −𝑥+1
𝑦= .
𝑥−1

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 Concavity and Points of Inflexion
 If a function changes its concavity at a point [𝑎, 𝑓 𝑎 ],
then the point 𝑥 = 𝑎 is called a point of inflexion of the
function.

 A point of inflexion of a function 𝑓(𝑥) is the point

𝑥 = 𝑎 for which 𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 = 0.

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 Concavity and Points of Inflexion
 If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is a function that is defined in the interval
(𝑎, 𝑏), then:

(a) 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be concave upwards if 𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 > 0 in the

interval 𝑎, 𝑏 .

(b) 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be concave downwards if 𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 < 0 in

the interval 𝑎, 𝑏 .

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 Examples/exercises
Question 1
Find the two points of inflexion of the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 2 .

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 Examples/exercises
Question 2
Let 𝑦 = 4𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 1. Find the inflexion point of the
function, and then determine the concavity of the function.

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 Problems Involving Rates of Change
(1) The volume of a spherical balloon is decreasing at a rate of
4𝜋 𝑐𝑚3 /𝑠. Find the rate of decrease of its radius at the point
when the radius of the balloon is 5 cm.

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 Problems Involving Rates of Change
(2) Sand is poured onto a horizontal floor at a rate of
100𝜋 𝑐𝑚3 𝑠 −1 , and forms the shape of a right circular cone, of
which the height is three quarters of the radius. Calculate the
rate of change of the radius at the point when the radius is 8 cm.

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 Problems Involving Maximum and Minimum Values

(1) A cylindrical container has one open end and one closed end. It
has a circular base of 𝑟 cm. It is given that the total surface area
of the container is 300𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 .
(a) Show that the volume of the container is:
𝜋𝑟 3
𝑉 = 150𝜋𝑟 − 𝑐𝑚3 .
2

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 Problems Involving Maximum and Minimum Values

(b) Find the value of 𝑟 that will maximize the volume of the
container, and hence find the maximum value of the volume, 𝑉.

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 Problems Involving Maximum and Minimum Values
(2) If the surface area of a solid circular cylinder is constant and
equal to 𝐴, show that the volume of the cylinder will be
maximum when its height is equal to the diameter of the base.

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 Problems Involving Maximum and Minimum Values
Question 2 continued…

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