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Assignment #2
ANSWERS
i
Problem 1. [Section 1.6, Problem 16] Solve the following initial value prob-
lem.
Answer :
This is a first order linear equation. Comparing with the standard form
y 0 + p(x)y = r(x),
and so
3 3 e−x e−x
F = e−x−ln|x | = e−x e− ln|x | = ∼ ,
|x3 | x3
dropping the absolute value signs as usual.
Multiplying (1.1) through by F , we get the equation
e−x dy
−x
e−x e−x 2e−x
e
3
+ − 3
− 3 4
y= 2 + 3 .
x dx x x x x
which is the same as
d e−x e−x 2e−x
y = + ,
dx x3 x2 x3
(check it). From this we get
1
let u = x−2 and v 0 = e−x . Then u0 = −2x−3 and v = −e−x . Thus, we have
Z −x
e−x e−x 2e−x
Z Z
e 2 −x
dx = − − − (−e ) dx = − − dx.
x2 x2 x3 x2 x3
e−x e−x
y = − + C.
x3 x2
Solving for y gives us
(1.4) y = −x + Cx3 ex
as the general solution of (1.1). To apply the initial condition y(1) = e − 1, set
x = 1 in (1.4). This yields the equation
e − 1 = y(1) = −1 + Ce.
The solution is C = 1. Putting this value of C into the general solution, we get
y = −x + x3 ex
Problem 2. [Section 1.6, Problem 38] Reduce to linear form and solve the
following equation
Answer :
Using the hint, introduce a new dependent variable z by z = y 2 . Then z 0 = 2yy 0 .
Substituting in the equation (2.1), we get the equation
dz
x + (x − 1)z = x2 ex .
dx
To put this equation in standard form, divide both sides by x. This yields
dz
(2.2) + (1 − 1/x)z = xex .
dx
2
This is a first order linear equation for z. The integrating factor is
Z
F = exp (1 − 1/x) dx
= exp(x − ln|x|)
= ex e− ln|x|
ex
=
|x|
ex
∼ .
x
Multiplying both sides of (2.2) by F gives the equation
d ex
z = e2x .
dx x
(3.1) xy 00 + 2y 0 + xy = 0, y1 = sin(x)/x.
Answer :
We want to use the method of reduction of order. To save time, we’ll use the
book’s formula (9) on page 70 (the blue box), which reads
1 − R p dx
(3.2) U= e .
y12
The derivation of this formula assumes the equation is in the standard form
3
To put our equation (3.1) into the standard form (3.3), we divide both sides
of (3.1) by x to get
2
y 00 + y + y = 0.
x
Comparing this with (3.3), we have p(x) = 2/x. Thus,
Z Z
2
p(x) dx = dx = 2 ln|x| = ln(x2 ).
x
= − cot(x),
y2 = uy1
sin(x)
= − cot(x)
x
cos(x) sin(x)
=−
sin(x) x
cos(x)
=− .
x
Now that we have to linearly independent solutions of (3.1), we can write down
the general solution as
sin(x) cos(x)
y = c1 y1 + c2 y2 = c1 − c2 .
x x
4
Since c2 is an arbitrary constant, we can absorb the minus sign into c2 and write
the equivalent formula
sin(x) cos(x)
y = c1 + c2
x x
Problem 4. [Section 2.1, Problem 12] Reduce to first order and solve
(4.1) (1 − x2 )y 00 − 2xyy 0 + 2y = 0, y1 = x.
Answer :
We use the same formulas from the book as in the previous problem. To put
the equation (4.1) into standard form, we divide through by 1 − x2 . This gives
us the equation
2x 0 2
y 00 − 2
y + y = 0.
1−x 1 − x2
Thus, we have p(x) = −2x/(1 − x2) and
Z Z
2x
p(x) dx = − dx = ln|1 − x2 |,
1 − x2
If this was Calc II, we would do this integral by partial fractions. We’ll get into
partial fractions later, but right now let’s just ask our calculator to evaluate this
integral. The result is
1 1 1
u= ln|x + 1| − ln|x − 1| − .
2 2 x
5
We then have
1 1
y2 = uy1 = x ln|x + 1| − x ln|x − 1| − 1.
2 2
If you’re nervous, you can check this is a solution by differentiating and plugging
into the equation. Now that we have y1 and y2 , we can write down the general
solution of (4.1) as
1 1
y = c1 x + c2 x ln|x + 1| − x ln|x − 1| − 1 .
2 2