FLUID MECHANICS

ENGR. CHERYLL C. MALIBIRAN

DEFINITION OF FLUID MECHANICS
Fluid mechanics is the study of the behavior of liquids and
gases, and particularly the forces that they produce.

DEFINITION OF FLUID
A fluid is a substance that continually and smoothly deforms
when shear stress is applied to it.
𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑠 ≠ 𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑠

Fluids include liquids and gases.

PRESSURE
• Pressure is a measure of how concentrated a force
is

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE h
What is hydrostatic pressure?
P
• Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure present
within in a fluid when it is at rest.
• It acts equally in all direction
• It acts at a right angle to any surface in contact 𝑃 = 𝛾ℎ
with the fluid NOTE: If pressure at all directions
are not equal, the container is in
motion
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

𝑃1 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚

𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑃𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 ∆𝐻
Since this pressure are
equal, the card will not
move in either direction
𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚

𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 𝛾 (∆𝐻)
NOTE: In pressure measurement, the
shape of the tank are irrelevant
ATMOSPHERIC, GAUGE, VACUUM AND ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE

Gauge Pressure
A
It is the pressure measured from absolute vacuum.

GAUGE PRESSURE

Absolute Pressure
Atmospheric

Pressure
It is the pressure measured with measuring

Pressure
Vacuum
Pressure
instruments. It is above atmospheric pressure.

VACUUM PRESSURE B

Absolute
Pressure
It is the pressure measured below atmospheric
pressure.

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE Absolute Vacuum

It is the pressure in the surrounding atmosphere.
It is also the pressure given by the air to the
atmosphere.
EQUIVALENT HEIGHT

h1 s.g.1
s.g.2 h2

P1

s.g.2 h2
HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON PLANE SURFACE

S1:
𝐹 = 𝛾ℎ𝐴
S2:
𝐹 = 𝑝𝐶𝐺 𝐴
S3:
𝐹 = 𝑃 𝑑𝐴
FORMULAS FOR HYDROSTATIC FORCES
S1: UNIFORM LIQUID
Where:
𝐹 = 𝛾ℎ𝐴 F- hydrostatic pressure
KNOWN AREA OF PLANE h- vertical distance from centroid of plane to the
S2: NON-UNIFORM LIQUID
liquid surface
pcg=pressure at the center of gravity of the plane
𝐹 = 𝑝𝐶𝐺 𝐴 A- cross-sectional area of the plane
KNOWN AREA OF PLANE e- distance from center of gravity to the center of
S3: pressure
𝛼-angle from the horizontal surface
𝐹 = 𝑃 𝑑𝐴 UNKNOWN AREA OF PLANE
I-centroidal moment of inertia of the plane

𝛾𝐼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑒 =
𝐹
HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON CURVED SURFACE

Where:F- resultant force

Pcv-pressure at the center of
gravity of the vertical
projection of the plane
Av- cross sectional area of the
vertical projection of the plane
V-volume of the liquid above the
curved surface

𝐹𝐻 = 𝑝𝑐𝑣 𝐴𝑣
𝐹= 𝐹𝐻2 + 𝐹𝑉2
𝐹𝑉 = 𝛾𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑉
DAMS
1. Factor Of Safety Against Sliding
W1
𝜇𝑅𝑌
W2 𝐹𝑆𝑆 =
𝑅𝑋
W3 2. Factor Of Safety Against Overturning
H
𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐹𝑆𝑂 =
F1 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
h 3. Location Of R
B F2
𝑅𝑀 − 𝑂𝑀
𝑥=
𝛾h 𝑅𝑌
𝐵
𝑒 = −𝑥
𝛾H U 2
Where:
1
𝑈𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝑈 = (𝛾𝐻 − 𝛾ℎ)(𝐵) 𝑥-distance of the resultant from the toe
2 e-distance of the resultant from the center of the base of the dam
𝑅𝑦 = 𝑊1 + 𝑊2 + 𝑊3 -U

𝑅𝑋 = 𝐹1 − 𝐹2
FOUNDATION PRESSURE

h
𝑅𝑋
B/2 e x

𝑅𝑦 R

 If eB/6
𝑅𝑦 6𝑒
𝑞= (1 ± )
𝐵 𝐵
FOUNDATION PRESSURE

h
𝑅𝑋
B/2 e x
 If eB/6
𝑅𝑦 R 2𝑅𝑌
𝑞=
3𝑥
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
“An object, wholly or partially immersed in fluid, is
Buoyant Force buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the
fluid displaced by the object
𝐵𝐹 = 𝛾𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑

NEUTRAL BUOYANCY- The situation in which an

object’s density is equal to the density of displaced
Weight fluid.
Weight= Buoyant force
RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑐 ≠ 0
HORIZONTAL ACCELERATION
a 𝑚𝑙 + 𝑚𝐶 𝑎
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝑚𝑙 𝑔
𝑚𝐶

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑐 = 0
𝑎
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝑔
CASES FOR OPEN TANK a

1 2 3

4 5
STEPS IN DETERMINING WHICH CASE(GIVEN ACCELERATION,a)
1. First, TRY CASE 2. Determine the acceleration then compare it with
the given acceleration.
• If a2 > a, the situation falls under CASE 1
• If a2 = a, the situation falls under CASE 2
• If a2 < a, TRY CASE 4. Proceed to step 2.

2. Determine the acceleration in case 4 then compare it again with the

given acceleration.
• If a4 > a, the situation falls under CASE 3.
• If a4 = a, the situation falls under CASE 4.
• If a4 < a, the situation falls under CASE 5.
NOTE: APPLICABLE FOR OPEN AND CLOSED TANKS.
CASES FOR CLOSED TANK a
1 2 3

4 5
RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM
VERTICAL ACCELERATION
𝑑𝑊𝑎
𝑑𝐹2 − 𝑑𝐹1 − 𝑑𝑊 =
𝑔
𝑑𝑊𝑎
𝑑𝐹2 = 𝑑𝐹1 + 𝑑𝑊 +
𝑔
a 𝑎
𝑑𝐹2 = 𝑑𝐹1 + 𝑑𝑊 1 +
dF1 𝑔
𝑎
𝑑𝐹2 = 𝑑𝐹1 + 𝛾ℎ𝑑𝐴 1 +
dW h 𝑔
𝑎
𝑃2 = 𝑃1 + 𝛾ℎ 1 +
𝑔
a
dF2
𝑎
𝑃2 = 𝑃1 + 𝛾ℎ 1 −
𝑔
a
RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM
ROTATING VESSEL
𝑅
𝜃
𝑊
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎𝑛
𝑚𝑣 2 𝐶𝐹
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑑𝑦 𝜔2 𝑥
𝑟 𝐶𝐹 =
𝑣=𝑟𝜔 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑔
𝑊
𝑚(𝑟𝜔)2 𝑚𝑥𝜔2 𝑑𝑦 𝜔2 𝑥
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = =
𝑟 𝑚𝑔 𝑑𝑥 𝑔
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑚𝑟𝜔2
𝜔2 𝑥 𝜔2 𝑥 2
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑚𝑥𝜔2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑦=
𝑔 2𝑔

𝜋 2
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑖𝑑, 𝑉 = 𝑟 ℎ
2
CASES FOR OPEN TANK

1 2 3 4 5
STEPS IN DETERMINING WHICH CASE
(GIVEN ANGULAR VELOCITY, 𝝎)
1. First, TRY CASE 2. Determine the angular velocity then compare it
with the given angular velocity.
• If 𝜔2 > 𝜔, the situation falls under CASE 1
• If 𝜔2 = 𝜔, the situation falls under CASE 2
• If 𝜔2 < 𝜔, TRY CASE 4. Proceed to step 2.

2. Determine the angular velocity in case 4 then compare it again with

the given angular velocity.
• If 𝜔4 > 𝜔, the situation falls under CASE 3.
• If 𝜔4 = 𝜔, the situation falls under CASE 4.
• If 𝜔4 < 𝜔, the situation falls under CASE 5.
NOTE: APPLICABLE FOR OPEN AND CLOSED TANKS.
CASES FOR CLOSED TANK

1 2 3 4 5
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW

1. Flow Rate 2. Continuity Equation

 Volume Flow Rate  Incompressible Fluid
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣 𝑄1 = 𝑄2 = 𝑄3
𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 = 𝐴3 𝑣3
 Mass Flow Rate
 Compressible Fluid
𝑀 = 𝜌𝑄
𝜌1 𝑄1 = 𝜌2 𝑄2 = 𝜌3 𝑄3
Where:
Q- Volume flow rate
M- Mass flow rate
𝐴- Cross sectional area of the pipe
v- velocity of flow
𝜌-density of liquid flowing
BERNOULLI’S ENERGY EQUATION

PRESSURE
MOVEMENT OF FLUID
ELEVATION

𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿 𝐸𝑁𝐸𝑅𝐺𝑌 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 + 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 + 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑

𝑝 𝑣2
𝐸 =𝑧+ +
𝛾 2𝑔
BERNOULLI’S ENERGY EQUATION
B.E.E. (Theoretical) (from pt 1 to pt 2)
𝑃1 𝑉12 𝑃2 𝑉22
𝑧1 + + = 𝑧2 + +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

B.E.E. (Actual) (from pt 1 to pt 2)

𝑃1 𝑉12 𝑃2 𝑉22
𝑧1 + + + 𝐸𝑃 = 𝑧2 + + + 𝐸𝑇 + 𝐻𝐿
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
vt − theoretical
va −actual 𝑄 = 𝑣𝐴
𝑄𝑡 = 𝑣𝑡 𝐴𝑜
𝑣𝑎 = 𝑐𝑣 𝑣𝑡 (cv 1)
𝑄𝑎 = 𝑣𝑎 𝐴𝑎
𝑄 = (𝑐𝑣 𝑣𝑡 )(𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝑜 )
𝐴0 − theoretical 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑐𝑣 𝑐𝐶 = 𝑐𝑑
Aa −actual 𝑄𝑎 = 𝑐𝑑 (𝑣𝑡 𝐴𝑜 )
𝐴𝑎 = 𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝑜 (cc 1) 𝑄𝑎 = 𝑐𝑑 𝑄𝑡 (cd1)

Cv-coefficient of velocity
Cc-coefficient of contraction
Cd-coefficient of discharge
ORIFICE WITH CONSTANT HEAD

H
ORIFICE WITH FALLING HEAD

dH
Hi
Hf