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DRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENT DD ENV
1992-1-2:1996
Eurocode 2: Design of
concrete structures —
Part 1.2 General rules —
Structural fire design —
(together with United Kingdom

National Application Document)
ICS 91.040; 91.080.40

DD ENV 1992-1-2:1996
Committees responsible for this

Draft for Development
The preparation of this Draft for Development was entrusted by Technical

Committee B/525, Building and civil engineering structures, to
Subcommittee B/525/2, Structural use of concrete, upon which the following
bodies were represented:
Association of Consulting Engineers

British Cement Association
British Precast Concrete Federation Ltd.
Department of the Environment (Property and Buildings Directorate)
Department of Transport (Highways Agency)
Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors
Institution of Civil Engineers
Institution of Structural Engineers

Steel Reinforcement Commission
This Draft for Development,

having been prepared under
the direction of the Sector
Board for Building and Civil
Engineering, was published
under the authority of the
Standards Board and comes Amendments issued since publication
into effect on
15 July 1996 Amd. No. Date Comments
© BSI 03-2000
The following BSI references

relate to the work on this Draft
for Development:
Committee reference B/525/2
ISBN 0 580 25809 2

DD ENV 1992-1-2:1996
Contents
Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
National foreword ii
Foreword 2
Text of National Application Document v
Text of ENV 1992-1-2 7
© BSI 03-2000 i
DD ENV 1992-1-2:1996
National foreword
This Draft for Development was prepared by Subcommittee B/525/2 and is the
English language version of ENV 1992-1-2:1995 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete
structures — Part 1.2: General rules — Structural fire design, as published by the
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). This Draft for Development
also includes the United Kingdom (UK) National Application Document (NAD)
to be used with the ENV in the design of buildings to be constructed in the UK.
ENV 1992-1-2 results from a programme of work sponsored by the European
commission to make available a common set of rules for the structural and
geotechnical design of building and civil engineering works.
This publication should not be regarded as a British Standard.
An ENV is made available for provisional application, but does not have the
status of a European Standard. The aim is to use the experience gained to modify
the ENV so that it can be adopted as a European Standard. The publication of this
ENV and its National Application Document should be considered to supersede
any reference to a British Standard in previous DD ENV Eurocodes concerning
the subject covered by these documents.

The values for certain parameters in the ENV Eurocodes may be set by individual
CEN Members so as to meet the requirements of national regulations. These
parameters are designated by|_|in the ENV.
During the ENV period of validity, reference should be made to the supporting
documents listed in the National Application Document (NAD).
The purpose of the NAD is to provide essential information, particularly in
relation to safety, to enable the ENV to be used for buildings constructed in the
UK and the NAD takes precedence over corresponding provisions in the ENV.
The Building Regulations 1991, Approved Document A 1992, draws attention to
the potential use of ENV Eurocodes as an alternative approach to Building
Regulation compliance. ENV 1992-1-2 is considered to offer such an alternative
approach, when used in conjunction with its NAD.
Users of this document are invited to comment on its technical content, ease of
use and any ambiguities or anomalies. These comments will be taken into account
when preparing the UK national response to CEN on the question of whether the
ENV can be converted to an EN.
Comments should be sent in writing to the Secretary of Subcommittee B/525/2,
BSI, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL, quoting the document reference,
the relevant clause and, where possible, a proposed revision, by 31 October 1996.
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to x,
the ENV title page, pages 2 to 63 and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the
inside front cover.
ii © BSI 03-2000
DD ENV 1992-1-2:1996
National Application
Document
for use in the UK with
ENV 1992-1-2:1995
© BSI 03-2000 iii

DD ENV 1992-1-2:1996
Contents of
National Application Document
Page
Introduction v
1 Scope v
2 Partial factors, combination factors and other values v
3 Tabulated data v
4 Reference standards x
5 Additional recommendations x
Table 1 — Values to be used in referenced clauses instead of boxed values v
Table N4.1 — Minimum dimensions and axis distances for reinforced

concrete columns; rectangular and circular section v
Table N4.2 — Minimum wall thickness of non load-bearing
walls (partitions) vi
Table N4.3 — Minimum dimensions and axis distances for
load-bearing reinforced concrete walls vi
reinforced and prestressed concrete tensile members vi
Table N4.5 — Minimum dimensions and axis distances for simply
supported beams made with reinforced and prestressed concrete vii
continuous beams made with reinforced and prestressed concrete vii
Table N4.7 — Reinforced and prestressed concrete continuous I
beams: increased beam width and web thickness for conditions
according to Table N4.6 viii
and prestressed concrete simply supported one-way and two-way slabs viii
and prestressed concrete flat slabs viii
Table N4.10 — Minimum dimensions and axis distance for two-way
spanning, simply supported ribbed slabs in reinforced or
prestressed concrete ix
two-way spanning ribbed slabs in reinforced or prestressed concrete
with at least one restrained edge ix
Table 2 — Reference in EC2-1.2 to other codes and standards x
iv © BSI 03-2000
DD ENV 1992-1-2:1996
Introduction
This National Application Document (NAD) has been prepared by Subcommittee B/525/2. It has been
developed from the following.
a) A textual examination of ENV 1992-1-2.
b) A parametric calibration against BS 8110, supporting standards and test data.
c) Trial calculations.
1 Scope
This NAD provides information to enable ENV 1992-1-2 (hereafter referred to as EC2-1.2) to be used for
the design of buildings to be constructed in the UK. It is assumed that it will be used in conjunction with
DD ENV 1992-1-1, the NAD of which refers to BSI publications for values of actions. Since publication of
ENV 1992-1-1 (hereafter referred to as EC2-1.1), ENVs for actions (Parts of Eurocode 1) have been
published. Where appropriate this NAD refers to them. It should be borne in mind that designs should be
consistent in their use of UK and CEN standards for all parameters.
2 Partial factors, combination factors and other values

a) The values for combination coefficients (Ó) should be those given in Table 1 of the NAD for EC2-1.1.
b) The values for partial factors for normal temperature design should be those given in
EC2-1.1 except where modified by the NAD for that code.
The values for partial factors for fire design should be those given in EC2-1.2. For thermal and
mechanical actions reference should be made to ENV 1991-2-2 (hereafter referred to as EC1-2.2) and
its NAD.
c) Other values should be those given in EC2-1.1, except where modified by the NAD for that code, and
in EC2-1.2 except for those given in Table 1 of this NAD.
Table 1 — Values to be used in referenced clauses instead of boxed values
Reference in EC2-1.2 Definition UK values
4.2.3 (4) Limit to fire resistance for distribution bars along sides of columns 120 min.
4.2.7.4 (2) Minimum top reinforcement over span in column strip 10 %
3 Tabulated data
Tables 4.1 to 4.11 of EC2-1.2:1995 are replaced with Table N4.1 to Table N4.11 respectively as given below.
All the tables in 4.2 of EC2-1.2:1995 have been reproduced, regardless of whether changes have been made,
to avoid unnecessary cross referencing. Changes in values from those given in EC2-1.2 are shown in bold.
These changes largely reflect the current values in BS 8110.
Table N4.1 — Minimum dimensions and axis distances for reinforced concrete
columns; rectangular and circular section
Minimum dimensions
mm
Column width bmin/axis distance a
Standard fire resistance
Column exposed on more than one side Exposed on one side
Èfi = 0.2 Èfi = 0.5 Èfi = 0.7 Èfi = 0.7
1 2 3 4 5
R 30 150/10a 150/10a 150/10a 100/10a
R 60 150/10a 180/10a 200/10a 120/10a
R 90 180/10a 210/10a 240/35 140/10a
R 120 200/40 250/40 280/40 160/45
R 180 240/50 320/50 360/50 200/60
R 240 300/50 400/50 450/50 300/60
a Normally the cover required by ENV 1992-1-1 will control.
© BSI 03-2000 v
DD ENV 1992-1-2:1996
Table N4.2 — Minimum wall thickness

of non load-bearing walls (partitions)
Minimum wall thickness
mm
1 2
EI 30 60
EI 60 80
EI 90 100
EI 120 120
EI 180 150
EI 240 175
Table N4.3 — Minimum dimensions and axis distances for load-bearing

reinforced concrete walls
Minimum dimensions
mm
Wall thickness/axis distance for
Standard fire
resistance Èf = 0.35 Èf = 0.7
Wall exposed on one Wall exposed on two Wall exposed on one Wall exposed on two
side sides side sides
1 2 3 4 5
REI 30 100/10 a
120/10 a
120/10 a
120/10a
REI 60 110/10a 120/10a 130/10a 140/10a

REI 90 120/20a 140/10a 140/25 170/25
REI 120 150/25 160/25 160/35 220/35
REI 180 180/35 200/35 210/45 250/45
REI 240 230/45 250/45 270/55 300/55
Table N4.4 — Minimum dimensions and axis

distances for reinforced and prestressed
concrete tensile members
Minimum dimensions
Standard fire mm
resistance Possible combinations of member width bmin/axis
distance a
1 2 3
R 30 80/25 200/10 a
R 60 120/40 300/25
R 90 150/55 400/45
R 120 200/65 500/45
R 180 240/80 600/60
R 240 280/90 700/70
NOTE For prestressed members the increase of axis distance according
to 4.2.2(4) should be noted.
vi © BSI 03-2000
DD ENV 1992-1-2:1996
Table N4.5 — Minimum dimensions and axis distances for simply supported beams
made with reinforced and prestressed concrete
Minimum dimensions
Standard fire mm
resistance Possible combinations of a and bmin where a is the average axis
Web thickness bw
distance and bmin is the width of beam
1 2 3 4 5 6
R 30 bmin 80 120 160 200 80
a 25 15a 10a 10a
R 60 bmin 120 160 200 300 100
a 40 35 30 25
R 90 bmin 150 200 250 400 100
a 55 45 40 35
R 120 bmin 200 240 300 500 120
a 65 55 50 45
R 180 bmin 240 300 400 600 140
a 80 70 65 60
R 240 bmin 280 350 500 500 160
a 90 80 75 70
asd = a + 10 mm
(see note 2.)
NOTE 1 For prestressed beams the increase of axis distance according to 4.2.2(4) of this Part 1-2 should be noted.
NOTE 2 asd is the axis distance to the side of beam for the corner bars (tendon or wire) of beams with only one layer of
reinforcement. For values of bmin greater than that given in column 4 no increase of a is required.
a
Normally the cover required by ENV 1992-1-1 will control.
Table N4.6 — Minimum dimensions and axis distances for continuous beams
Minimum dimensions
mm
Possible combinations of a and bmin where a is the average
axis distance and bmin is the width of beam Web thickness bw
1 2 3 4 5
R 30 bmin 80 160 200 80
a 12a 12a 12a
R 60 bmin 120 200 300 100
a 25 12a 12a
R 90 bmin150 250 400 100
a 35 25 25
R 120 bmin 180 300 450 120
a 55 45 35
R 180 bmin 225 350 550 140
a 70 60 50
R 240 bmin 275 450 650 160
a 80 70 60
asd = a + 10 mm
(see note 2.)
NOTE 1 For prestressed beams the increase of axis distance according to 4.2.2(4) should be noted.
NOTE 2 asd is the axis distance to the side of beam for the corner bars (tendon or wire) of beams with only one layer of
reinforcement. For values of bmin greater than that given in column 3 no increase of a is required.
a
© BSI 03-2000 vii

DD ENV 1992-1-2:1996
Table N4.7 — Reinforced and prestressed concrete

continuous I beams: increased beam width and web
thickness for conditions according to Table N4.6
Minimum beam width bmin and web
Standard fire resistance thickness bw
mm
1 2
R 120 220
R 180 380
R 240 480
Table N4.8 — Minimum dimensions and axis distances for reinforced and
prestressed concrete simply supported one-way and two-way slabs
Minimum dimensions

mm
Average axis-distance a
Slab thickness hs
One way Two way:
mm
ly/lx u 1.5 1.5 u ly/lx u 2
1 2 3 4 5
REI 30 60 10a 10a 10a
REI 60 80 20 10a 15a
REI 90 100 30 15a 20
REI 120 120 40 20 25
REI 180 150 55 30 40
REI 240 175 65 40 50
NOTE 1 lx and ly are the spans of a two-way slab (two directions at right angles) where ly is the longer span
NOTE 2 The minimum cover of any bar should not be less than half of required average axis distance, am’ defined in 4.2.2.
NOTE 3 For prestressed slabs the increase of axis distance according to 4.2.2(4) should be noted.
NOTE 4 The axis distance, a, in columns 4 and 5 for two way slabs relate to slabs supported at all four edges. Otherwise, they
should be treated as one-way spanning slab.
a
Table N4.9 — Minimum dimensions and axis distances

for reinforced and prestressed concrete flat slabs
Minimum dimensions
Standard fire resistance mm
Slab thickness hs Axis-distance a
1 2 3
REI 30 75 10 a
REI 60 95 15a
REI 90 110 25
REI 120 125 35
REI 180 150 45
REI 240 170 50
viii © BSI 03-2000

DD ENV 1992-1-2:1996
Table N4.10 — Minimum dimensions and axis distance for two-way spanning, simply
supported ribbed slabs in reinforced or prestressed concrete
Minimum dimensions
mm
Possible combinations of width of Slab thickness hs and axis
ribs bmin and axis distance a distance a, in span
1 2 3 4 5
REI 30 bmin W 80 hs 80
a 15 a
a 10a
REI 60 bmin 100 120 W 200 hs 80
a 35 25 15a a 10a
REI 90 bmin 120 160 W 250 hs 100
a 45 40 30 a 15a
REI 120 bmin 140 190 W 300 hs 120

a 60 55 40 a 20
REI 180 bmin 170 260 W 410 hs 150
a 75 75 60 a 30
REI 240 bmin 200 350 W 500 hs 175
a 90 75 70 a 40
asd = a + 10 mm
NOTE 1 For prestressed ribbed slabs, the axis-distance a should be increased in accordance with 4.2.2(4)
NOTE 2 asd denotes the distance measured between the axis of the reinforcement and the lateral surface of the
rib exposed to fire.
a
Table N4.11 — Minimum dimensions and axis distances for two way spanning ribbed
slabs in reinforced or prestressed concrete with at least one restrained edge
Minimum dimensions
mm
Possible combinations of width of ribs bmin and Slab thickness hs and axis distance
axis distance a a, in span
1 2 3 4 5
REI 30 bmin W 80 hs 80
a 10a a 10a
REI 60 bmin 100 120 W 200 hs 80
a 25 15a 10a a 10a
REI 90 bmin 120 160 W 250 hs 100
a 35 25 15a a 15a
REI 120 bmin 140 190 W 300 hs 120
a 45 40 30 a 20
REI 180 bmin 175 300 W 400 hs 150
a 60 50 40 a 30
REI 240 bmin 200 400 W 500 hs 175
a 70 60 50 a 40
asd = a + 10 mm
NOTE 1 For prestressed ribbed slabs, the axis-distance a should be increased in accordance with 4.2.2(4).
NOTE 2 asd denotes the distance measured between the axis of the reinforcement and the lateral surface of the
rib exposed to fire.
© BSI 03-2000 ix
DD ENV 1992-1-2:1996
4 Reference standards
Supporting standards including materials specifications and standards for construction are listed in
Table 2 of this NAD.
Table 2 — Reference in EC2 Part 1.2 to other codes and standards
Document
Reference in EC2-1.2 Subject area Status
referred to
Various ENV 1992-1-1 Design of concrete structures. General rules Published 1991
and rules for buildings
Various ENV 1991-2-1 Thermal and mechanical actions Published 1995
1.1(1)P 2.4.3(4) ENV 1991-2-2 Design for accidental situation of fire exposure Published 1995
1.3(1) ISO 834 Standards for fire tests Published 1975
1.4.12 ENV 1991-1 Fundamental combination of actions Published 1994
4.2.4.2(2) ENV 1992-1-6 Minimum thickness of plain concrete walls Published 1994
5 Additional recommendations
5.1 Chapter 4. Structural fire design
a) Clause 4.2.2(4)
Current British practice assumes a less conservative increase in axis distance, a, from that given in
this clause. The second sentence onwards of this clause may be replaced with the following:
If no special check according to (4) is made in prestressed tensile members and beams the required axis
distance, a, should be increased by:
10 mm for prestressing bars, corresponding to Ûcr = 400 °C;
15 mm for prestressing wires and strands, corresponding to Ûcr = 350 °C.
If no special check according to (4) is made in prestressed simply supported slabs (including simply
supported ribbed slabs) the required axis distance, a, may be increased by 5 mm for prestressing bars,
wires and strands.
If no special check according to (4) is made in prestressed continuous slabs (including continuous ribbed
slabs) the required axis distance, a, should be increased by:
5 mm for prestressing bars;
10 mm for prestressing wires and strands.
b) Clause 4.2.2(14)
Current British practice assumes a less conservative increase in axis distance, a, from that given in
this clause. The value of %ap in equation (4.6) may be assumed as follows:
%ap = 5 mm for prestressing bars;
= 15 mm for prestressing wires and strands.
c) Clause 4.2.7.1(4) — addition
The effective thickness, he, of hollow concrete slabs should be obtained by considering the total solid
part of the cross-section area as follows:
he = h1. M0.7 (4.12A)
where
h1 is the total thickness of concrete slab (See Figure 4.7 of EC2-1.2);
M is the proportion of concrete cross section area to the total cross section area of
concrete slab including voids.
x © BSI 03-2000
EUROPEAN PRESTANDARD ENV 1992-1-2:1995
PRÉNORME EUROPÉENNE
November 1995
EUROPÄISCHE VORNORM
ICS 91.040.00; 91.080.40
Descriptors: Buildings, concrete structure, design, computation, fire resistance
English version
Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures —

Part 1-2: General rules — Structural fire design
Eurocode 2: Calcul des structures en béton — Eurocode 2: Planung von Stahlbeton- und
Partie 1-2: Règles générales — Calcul du Spannbetontragwerken — Teil 1-2: Allgemeine
comportement au feu Regeln — Tragwerksbemessung für den
Brandfall
This European Prestandard (ENV) was approved by CEN on 1994-01-14 as a

prospective standard for provisional application. The period of validity of this
ENV is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN
will be requested to submit their comments, particularly on the question
whether the ENV can be converted into an European Standard (EN).
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this ENV in the same
way as for an EN and to make the ENV available promptly at national level in
an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in
force (in parallel to the ENV) until the final decision about the possible
conversion of the ENV into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and
United Kingdom.
CEN
European Committee for Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation
Europäisches Komitee für Normung
Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels
© 1995 All rights of reproduction and communication in any form and by any means reserved in all
countries to CEN and its members
Ref. No. ENV 1992-1-2:1995 E
ENV 1992-1-2:1995
Foreword (8) Separate subcommittees have been formed by

CEN/TC250 for the various Eurocodes listed above.
Objectives of the Eurocodes (9) This Part 1-2 of Eurocode 2 is being published as
(1) The “Structural Eurocodes” comprise a group of a European Prestandard (ENV) with an initial life of
standards for the structural and geotechnical design three years.
of buildings and civil engineering works. (10) This Prestandard is intended for experimental
(2) They cover execution and control only to the application and for the submission of comments.
extent that is necessary to indicate the quality of the (11) After approximately two years CEN members
construction products, and the standard of the will be invited to submit formal comments to be
workmanship needed to comply with the taken into account in determining future actions.
assumptions of the design rules.
(12) Meanwhile feedback and comments on this
(3) Until the necessary set of harmonized technical Prestandard should be sent to the Secretariat of
specifications for products and for the methods of CEN/TC250/SC2 at the following address:
testing their performance are available, some of the
Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V. (DIN)
Structural Eurocodes cover some of these aspects in
informative Annexes. Burggrafenstrasse 6

Background of the Eurocode program D-10787 Berlin
(4) The Commission of the European Communities Phone:(+49) 30 2601 2501
(CEC) initiated the work of establishing a set of Fax:(+49) 30 2601 1231
harmonized technical rules for the design of or to your national standards organisation
building and civil engineering works which would
National Application Documents (NAD’S)
initially serve as an alternative to the different rules
in force in the various Member States and would (13) In view of the responsibilities of authorities in
ultimately replace them. These technical rules member countries for safety, health and other
became known as the “Structural Eurocodes”. matters covered by the essential requirements of
the Construction Products Directive (CPD), certain
(5) In 1990, after consulting their respective
safety elements in this ENV have been assigned
Member States, the CEC transferred the work of
indicative values which are identified by|_|(“boxed
further development, issue and updating of the
values”). The authorities in each member country
Structural Eurocodes to CEN, and the EFTA
Secretariat agreed to support the CEN work. are expected to assign definitive values to these
safety elements.
(6) CEN Technical Committee CEN/TC250 is
(14) Some of the supporting European or
responsible for all Structural Eurocodes.
International Standards may not be available by
Eurocode program the time this Prestandard is issued. It is therefore
(7) Work is in hand on the following Structural anticipated that a National Application Document
Eurocodes, each generally consisting of a number of (NAD) giving definitive values for safety elements,
parts: referencing compatible supporting standards and
EN 1991, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions providing national guidance on the application of
on structures. this Prestandard, will be issued by each member
country or its Standards Organisation.
EN 1992, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete
structures. (15) It is intended that this Prestandard is used in
conjunction with the NAD valid in the country
EN 1993, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures.
where the building or civil engineering works is
EN 1994, Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel located.
and concrete structures.
Matters specific to this prestandard
EN 1995, Eurocode 5: Design of timber
(16) The scope of Eurocode 2 is defined in 1.1.1 of
structures.
ENV 1992-1-1 and the scope of this Part of
EN 1996, Eurocode 6: Design of masonry Eurocode 2 is defined in 1.1. Additional Parts of
structures. Eurocode 2 which are planned are indicated in 1.1.3
EN 1997, Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design. of ENV 1992-1-1; these will cover additional
EN 1998, Eurocode 8: Design provisions for technologies or applications, and will complement
earthquake resistance of structures. and supplement this Part.
EN 1999, Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium alloy
structures.
2 © BSI 03-2000
ENV 1992-1-2:1995
(17) In using this Prestandard in practice,

particular regard should be paid to the underlying
assumptions and conditions given in 1.3 of
ENV 1992-1-1.
(18) The provisions of this Prestandard are based
substantially on recent CEB and FIP documents.
(19) This Part 1-2 of Eurocode 2 complements
ENV 1992-1-1 for the particular aspects of
structural fire design of concrete structures. The
provisions in this Part 1-2 have to be considered
additionally to those in other Parts of ENV 1992.
(20) The framework and structure of this Part 1-2 do
not correspond to ENV 1992-1-1.
(21) This Part 1-2 contains five sections and four
informative Annexes. These Annexes have been

introduced by moving some of the more detailed
Application Rules, which are needed in particular
cases, out of the main part of the text to aid its
clarity.
(22) Required functions and levels of performance
are generally specified by the National
Authorities — mostly in terms of standard fire
resistance rating. Where fire safety engineering for
assessing passive and active measures is accepted,
requirements by authorities will be less prescriptive
and may allow for alternative strategies.
© BSI 03-2000 3
ENV 1992-1-2:1995
Contents Page
4.6 Anchorage 36
Page
5 Protective layers 37
Foreword 2
Annex A (informative) Additional
1 General 7 information on material properties 38
1.1 Scope 7 Annex B (informative) Temperature
1.2 Distinction between principles profiles and reduced cross section 54
and application rules 7 Annex C (informative) Simplified method
1.3 Normative References 7 of calculation for beams and slabs 58
1.4 Definitions 7 Annex D (informative) A procedure for
1.5 Symbols 10 assessing the structural response of
reinforced concrete elements under fire 59
1.6 Units 10
Figure 2.1 — Variation of ½fi as a function
2 Basic principles 11
of ß = Qk1/Gk for different values of Ó1,1 13
2.1 Performance requirements 11

Figure 3.1 — Coefficient kc(G) allowing
2.2 Actions 11 for decrease of compressive strength (fck)
2.3 Design values of material properties 11 of silicious concrete at elevated temperature 15
2.4 Verification methods 12 Figure 3.2 — Coefficient ks(G) allowing for
2.4.1 General 12 decrease of characteristic strength (fyk) of
reinforcing steels at elevated
2.4.2 Global structural analysis 12
temperature 16
2.4.3 Analysis of parts of the structure 12
Figure 3.3 — Coefficient kp(G) allowing
2.4.4 Member analysis 13 for decrease of characteristic strength (fpk)
2.4.5 Testing 13 of prestressing steels at elevated
3 Material properties 14 temperature 16
3.1 General 14 Figure 4.1 — Sections through
structural members, showing nominal
3.2 Concrete 14 axis distance a, and nominal concrete
3.3 Steel 14 cover c to reinforcement 19
4 Structural fire design 17 Figure 4.2 — Dimensions used to
4.1 General 17 calculate average axis distance am 19
4.2 Tabulated data 17 Figure 4.3 — Exposure of built-in columns 21
4.2.1 Scope 17 Figure 4.4 — Definition of dimensions
4.2.2 General design rules 18 for different types of beam section 23
4.2.3 Columns 20 Figure 4.5 — I-shaped beam with increasing
web width bw satisfying the requirements
4.2.4 Walls 21 of an imaginary cross-section 24
4.2.5 Tensile members 22 Figure 4.6 — Envelope of resisting bending
4.2.6 Beams 23 moments over supports in fire conditions 25
4.2.7 Slabs 27 Figure 4.7 — Concrete slab with floor finishes 27
4.3 Simplified calculation method 31 Figure 4.8 — Slab systems for which minimum
4.3.1 General 31 reinforcement areas according to 4.2.7.3 (3)
should be provided 29
4.3.2 Temperature profiles 32
Figure 4.9 — Reductions of strength and
4.3.3 Reduced cross section 32
cross-sections found by means of
4.4 General calculation methods 35 equivalent walls (wall1 and wall2) exposed
4.4.1 General 35 to fire on both sides 33
4.4.2 Thermal response 35 Figure 4.10 — Divisions of a wall, exposed
4.4.3 Mechanical response 35 on both sides, into zones for use in
calculation of strength reduction
4.4.4 Validation of general calculation method 36
and az values 34
4.5 Shear and torsion 36
4 © BSI 03-2000
ENV 1992-1-2:1995
Page Page
Figure A.1 — Coefficient kct(G) allowing Figure A.14 — Thermal elongation of concrete 50
for decrease of tensile strength, (fctk) of Figure A.15 — Specific heat of concrete 51
concrete at elevated temperature 38
Figure A.16 — Thermal conductivity of concrete 51
Figure A.2 — Model for compression
Figure A.17 — Thermal elongation of steel 53
stress-strain relationships of siliceous
and calcareous concrete at elevated Figure A.18 — Relationship between Öc,fi
temperatures 39 and h (or b) for risk of explosive spalling
for normal weight concrete members 54
Figure A.3 — Parameters for stress-strain
relationships of concrete at elevated Figure B.1 — Temperature profiles for beams 55
temperatures, according to Figure A.2 Figure B.2 — Temperature profiles for slabs 56
and Table A.1 40 Figure B.3 — Reduction in cross section and
Figure A.4 — Stress-strain relationships concrete strength assuming a standard fire 57
of siliceous concrete under uniaxial Figure C.1 — Positioning the free bending
compression at elevated temperatures 41 moment diagram MSd,fi to establish equilibrium 59

Figure A.5 — Model for stress-strain Figure D.1 — Temperature profiles in concrete
relationships of reinforcing and prestressing elements. Gm is the average temperature
steels at elevated temperatures (notations along a horizontal section y-y 60
for prestressing steels “p” instead of “s”) 42
Figure D.2 — Layers of thermo-elements
Figure A.6 — Stress-strain relationships of assumed free to move axially 60
hot-rolled reinforcing steels at elevated
Figure D.3 — Hypothetical and equalising
temperatures, according to Figure A.5
forces 61
and Table A.3 45
Figure A.7 — Parameters for stress-strain Figure D.4 — Final internal self-equilibrating
relationships of hot-rolled reinforcing stresses 62
steels at elevated temperatures, according Figure D.5 — Equivalent temperature
to Figure A.5 and Table A.3 45 values Geff for typical reinforced concrete
sections exposed to a standard fire 63
Figure A.8 — Stress-strain relationships
for cold-worked reinforcing steels at Table 4.1 — Minimum dimensions and
elevated temperatures, according to axis distances for reinforced concrete
Figure A.5 and Table A.4 46 columns; rectangular and circular section 21
Figure A.9 — Parameters for stress-strain Table 4.2 — Minimum wall thickness of
relationships of cold-worked reinforcing non load-bearing walls (partitions) 22
steels at elevated temperatures, Table 4.3 — Minimum dimensions and
according to Figure A.5 and Table A.4 47 axis distances for load-bearing reinforced
Figure A.10 — Stress-strain relationships concrete walls 22
for quenched and tempered prestressing Table 4.4 — Minimum dimensions and axis
steels (bars) at elevated temperatures, distances for reinforced and prestressed
according to Figure A.5 and Table A.5 47 concrete tensile members 23
Figure A.11 — Parameters for Table 4.5 — Minimum dimensions and axis
stress-strain relationships of quenched distances for simply supported beams
and tempered prestressing steels (bars) at made with reinforced and prestressed concrete 26
elevated temperatures, according to Figure A.5; Table 4.6 — Minimum dimensions and axis
and Table A.5 48 distances for continuous beams made with
Figure A.12 — Stress-strain relationships reinforced and prestressed concrete 26
for cold-worked prestressing steels (wires Table 4.7 — Reinforced and prestressed
and strands) at elevated temperatures, concrete continuous I-beams; increased
according to Figure A.5 and Table A.6 48 beam width and web thickness for
Figure A.13 — Parameters for stress-strain conditions according to 4.2.6.3 (6) 27
relationships of cold-worked prestressing Table 4.8 — Minimum dimensions and axis
steels (wires and strands) at elevated distances for reinforced and prestressed
temperatures, according to Figure A.5 concrete simply supported one-way
and Table A.6 49 and two-way slabs 28
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Page
Table 4.9 — Minimum dimensions and
axis distances for reinforced and
prestressed concrete flat slabs 29
axis distance for two-way spanning, simply
supported ribbed slabs in reinforced or
prestressed concrete 30
axis distances for two-way spanning ribbed
slabs in reinforced or prestressed concrete
with at least one restrained edge 31
Table A.1 — Values for the main parameters
of the stress-strain relationships in
compression of siliceous and calcareous

concrete at elevated temperatures
(range I in Figure A.2) 39
Table A.2 — Recommended values
for ºc1(G) and ºcu(G) and admissible range
of ºc1(G) 41
Table A.3 — Values for the parameters
of the stress-strain relationship of hot
rolled reinforcing steel 43
of the stress-strain relationship of cold
worked reinforcing steel 43
of the stress-strain relationship of
quenched and tempered prestressing steel 44
of the stress-strain relationship of cold
worked prestressing steel 44
6 © BSI 03-2000
ENV 1992-1-2:1995
1 General
1.1 Scope
(1)P ENV 1992-1-2 deals with the design of concrete structures for the accidental situation of fire exposure
and shall be used in conjunction with ENV 1992-1-1 and ENV 1991-2-2. It provides additions to and
identifies differences from the design of structures at normal temperatures.
(2)P Part 1-2 applies only to passive methods of fire protection. Active methods are not included.
(3)P Part 1-2 applies to structures which for reasons of general fire safety, are required to fulfil the
following criteria when exposed to fire:
— avoid premature collapse of the structure (load-bearing function)
— limit fire spread (flames, hot gases, excessive heat) beyond designated areas (separation function)
(4)P Part 1-2 gives Principles and Application Rules (see 1.2 in ENV 1992-1-1) in respect to the design of
structures to fulfil the criteria given in (3)P (e.g. in terms of required standard fire resistance).
(5)P Part 1-2 applies to those structures or parts of structures which are within the scope of Part 1-1, 1-3
to 1-6. However, it does not cover:
— structures with prestressing by external tendons
— shell structures.
(6) For structures using unbonded tendons reference should be made to 4.1(6) and 4.2.2(6).
1.2 Distinction between principles and application rules

(1) Depending on the character of the individual clauses, distinction is made in this Part between principles
and application rules.
(2) The principles comprise:
— general statements and definitions for which there is no alternative, as well as
— requirements and analytical models for which no alternative is permitted unless specifically stated.
(3) The principles are identified by the letter P following the paragraph number.
(4) The application rules are generally recognized rules which follow the principles and satisfy their
requirements.
(5) It is permissible to use alternative rules different from the application rules given in this Eurocode,
provided it is shown that the alternative rules accord with the relevant principles and have at least the
same reliability.
(6) In this Part the application rules are identified by a number in brackets eg. as this clause.
1.3 Normative references

(1) European standards for fire tests are under preparation. In National Application Documents reference
may be made to national or International Standards. For structural members ISO 834 is generally used.
1.4 Definitions
1.4.1
critical temperature of reinforcement
the temperature at which failure is expected to occur in reinforcement at a given load level
1.4.2
design fire
a specified fire development assumed for design purposes
1.4.3
effects of actions E (as described in ENV 1992-1-1, 2.2.2.5)
the effects of actions (E) are responses (for example internal forces and moments, stresses, strains) of the
structure to the actions
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1.4.4
fire compartment
a space within a building extending over one or several floors which is enclosed by separating members
such, that fire spread beyond the compartment is prevented during the relevant fire exposure
1.4.5
fire resistance
the ability of a structure or part of it to fulfil its required functions (load-bearing and/or separating
function) for a specified fire exposure, for a specified period of time
1.4.6
global structural analysis (for fire)
the analysis of the entire structure, when either the entire structure or only parts of it are exposed to fire.
Indirect fire actions are considered throughout the structure
1.4.7
indirect fire actions

thermal expansions or thermal deformations causing forces and moments
1.4.8
integrity criterion “E”
a criterion by which the ability of a separating member to prevent passage of flames and hot gases is
assessed
1.4.9
load-bearing criterion “R”
a criterion by which the ability of a structure or a member to sustain specified actions during the relevant
fire, is assessed
1.4.10
load-bearing function
the ability of a structure or member to sustain specified actions during the relevant fire
1.4.11
member analysis (for fire)
the thermal and mechanical analysis of a structural member exposed to fire in which the member is
considered as isolated with appropriate support and boundary conditions. Indirect fire actions are not
considered, apart from those resulting from thermal gradients
1.4.12
normal temperature design
ultimate limit state design for ambient temperatures according to ENV 1992-1-1 for the fundamental
combination of actions (see ENV 1991-1)
1.4.13
protected members
members for which measures are taken to reduce the temperature rise in the member due to fire
1.4.14
separating function
the ability of a separating member to prevent fire spread by passage of flames or hot gases (integrity) or
ignition beyond the exposed surface (thermal insulation) during the relevant fire
1.4.15
separating members
structural and non-structural members (walls or floors) forming the enclosure of a fire compartment
8 © BSI 03-2000
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1.4.16
standard fire resistance
the ability of a structure or part of it (usually only members) to fulfil required functions (load-bearing
function and/or separating function) for exposure to heating according to the standard temperature-time
curve, for a stated period of time
1.4.17
structural members
the load-bearing members of a structure including bracings
1.4.18
sub-assembly analysis (for fire)
the structural analysis of parts of the structure exposed to fire in which the respective part of the structure
is considered as isolated with appropriate support and boundary conditions. Indirect fire actions within the
sub-assembly are considered, but time-dependent interaction with other parts of the structure is not
considered
NOTE 1 Where the effects of indirect fire actions within the sub-assembly are negligible, sub-assembly analysis is equivalent to
member analysis.
NOTE 2 Where the effects of indirect fire actions between sub-assemblies are negligible, sub-assembly analysis is equivalent to
global structural analysis.
1.4.19
support and boundary conditions
description of restraints at supports and boundaries for structural modelling
1.4.20
temperature analysis
the procedure to determine the temperature development in members on the basis of thermal actions and
the thermal material properties of the members and of the protective layers, where relevant
1.4.21
temperature-time curves
gas temperatures in the environment of member surfaces as a function of time. They may be either
— Nominal: Conventional curves, adopted for classification or verification of fire resistance, e.g. the
standard temperature-time curve.
— Parametric: Determined on the basis of fire models and the specific physical parameters defining the
conditions in the fire compartment.
1.4.22
thermal actions
actions on the structure described by the net heat flux to the members
1.4.23
thermal insulation criterion “I”
a criterion by which the ability of a separating member to prevent excessive transmission of heat is
assessed
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1.5 Symbols
The following symbols supplement those given in ENV 1992-1-1:
Ed,fi design effect of actions in the fire situation
Ed design effect of actions for normal temperature design
Rd,fi design load bearing capacity (resistance) in the fire situation Rd,fi(t) at a given time t.
R 30 or R 60,... a member meeting the load-bearing criterion for 30, or 60... minutes in standard fire
exposure
E 30 or E 60,... a member meeting the integrity criterion for 30, or 60... minutes in standard fire
exposure
I 30 or I 60,... a member meeting the thermal insulation criterion for 30, or 60... minutes in standard
fire exposure
Xk characteristic value of a strength or deformation property for normal temperature design
Xd,fi design strength or deformation property in the fire situation
a axis distance of the steel from the nearest exposed surface

c specific heat (characteristic value) [J/kgK]
fck(G) characteristic value of compressive strength of concrete at temperature G for a specified strain
fpk(G) characteristic value of strength of prestressing steel at temperature G for a specified strain
fsk(G) characteristic strength of reinforcing steel at temperature G for a specified strain
k(G) = Xk,(G)/Xk reduction factor to describe a strength or deformation property at temperature G
t time of fire exposure (min)
YM,fi partial safety factor for a material in fire design
½fi = Ed,fi/Ed ratio of design effect of actions in the fire situation to that in normal design
ºs,fi strain of the reinforcing or prestressing steel at temperature G.
Æ thermal conductivity (characteristic value) [W/mK]
Èfi = Ed,fi/Rd,fi(0) ratio of design effect of actions in the fire situation to the design resistance of the
structural element at time t = 0
Öc,fi compressive stress of concrete in fire situation
Ös,fi steel stress in fire situation
G temperature [°C]
Gcr critical temperature [°C]
1.6 Units
(1) Temperature G in degrees Celsius (°C)
Temperature difference in kelvins (K)
Specific heat c in joule per kilogramme per kelvin (J/kgK)
Coefficient of thermal conductivity Æ in watts per metre per kelvin (W/mK)
10 © BSI 03-2000
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2 Basic principles
2.1 Performance requirements
(1)P Where structures are required to have mechanical resistance under fire conditions, they shall be
designed and constructed in such a way that they maintain their load bearing function during the relevant
fire exposure — Criterion “R”.
(2)P Where compartmentation is required, the members forming the compartment, including joints, shall
be designed and constructed in such a way that they maintain their separating function during the relevant
fire exposure, i.e.
— no integrity failure due to cracks, holes or other openings, which are large enough to cause fire
penetration by hot gases or flame — Criterion “E”
— no insulation failure due to temperatures of the non-exposed surface exceeding ignition temperatures
— Criterion “I”.
(3) Criterion “I” may be assumed to be met where the average temperature rise over the whole of the
non-exposed surface during the standard fire exposure does not exceed 140K and the maximum
temperature rise of that surface does not exceed 180K.
(4)P Members shall comply with criteria R, E and I as follows:
separating only: E and I
loadbearing only: R
separating and loadbearing: R, E and I
(5) When using general calculation methods (see 4.4) the deformation criteria should be used where
separating members or protective measures are affected by the deformation of the load bearing structure.
Reference should be made to the relevant product specifications.
2.2 Actions
(1)P Thermal and mechanical actions shall be obtained from ENV 1991-2-2.
(2) Where rules given in this Part 1-2 are only valid for the standard fire exposure, this is identified in the
relevant clauses.
2.3 Design values of material properties

(1)P Design values of thermal and mechanical properties (Xd,fi) are defined as follows:
— thermal properties for thermal analysis
if an increase of the property is favourable for safety
Xd,fi = Xk(G)/YM,fi (2.1)
if an increase of the property is unfavourable for safety
Xd,fi = Xk(G) YM,fi (2.2)
— strength and deformation properties for structural analysis
Xd,fi = k(G) Xk/YM,fi (2.3)
where
Xk(G) is the characteristic value of a material property in fire design, generally dependent on the
material temperature
Xk is the characteristic value of a strength or deformation property (e.g. fck and fyk) for normal
temperature design to ENV 1992-1-1
k(G) = Xk(G)/Xk is the reduction factor for a strength or deformation property dependent on the material
temperature — see 3.2 and 3.3
YM,fi is the partial safety factor for material property in fire design
(2) For thermal and mechanical properties of concrete and steel reinforcement the partial safety factor for
fire design should be taken as
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YM,fi =|1,0|
2.4 Verification methods

2.4.1 General
(1)P The fire resistance of a concrete structure may be determined by any of the methods given
in 2.4.2 to 2.4.5.
(2) Tabulated data given in 4.2 are based on the standard temperature-time curve. The simplified and
general calculation methods may also be used with parametrical temperature-time relationship,
see ENV 1991-2-2.
2.4.2 Global structural analysis
(1)P For the global structural analysis, it shall be verified that
Ed,fi(t) u Rd,fi(t) (2.4)
where
Ed,fi(t) is the design effect of actions in the fire situation, determined from the general rule given in
ENV 1991-2-2, including indirect fire actions
Rd,fi(t) is the corresponding design resistance at elevated temperatures
t is the relevant duration of fire exposure
(2)P The structural model adopted for design to this ENV 1992-1-2 shall reflect the expected performance
of the structure in fire exposure.
(3) The global structural analysis should take into account the relevant failure mode in fire exposure, the
temperature-dependent material properties including stiffness, and effects of thermal expansions and
deformations (indirect fire actions).
(4) General calculation methods given in 4.4 are suitable for global structural analysis. They are based on
models which determine the temperature development within the structure and the mechanical behaviour
of the structure.
2.4.3 Analysis of parts of the structure
(1) As an alternative to the global structural analysis of the entire structure for various fire situations, a
structural analysis of parts of the structure (sub-assemblies) may be performed, where the sub-assemblies
are exposed to fire and analyzed in accordance with 2.4.2
(2) Sub-assemblies should be specified on the basis of the potential thermal expansions and deformations
such, that their interaction with other parts of the structure can be approximated by time-independent
support and boundary conditions during fire exposure.
(3) Effects of (permanent and variable) actions at supports and boundaries may be assumed to correspond
to those in ENV 1992-1-1.
(4) As an approximation to performing a global structural analysis for t = 0, effects of (permanent and
variable) actions at supports and boundaries may be obtained from the normal temperature design by
using
Ed,fi = ½fi.Ed (2.5)
where
Ed is the design effect of actions from ultimate limit state design to ENV 1992-1-1 using the
fundamental combination
½fi is a reduction factor, depending on ß = Qk1/Gk, which is the ratio between the main variable and
permanent actions applied to the structure, see ENV 1991-2-2:
½fi = ([1,0] + Ó1,1,ß)/(YG + YQ.ß) (2.6)
Values of Ó1,i are given in ENV 1991-1. Equation (2.6) is graphically represented presented in Figure 2.1.
(5) As a simplification ½fi =|0,6|may be used, except for load category E as given in ENV 1991-2-1 (areas
susceptible to accumulation of goods, including access areas) for which a value of|0,7|should be used.
12 © BSI 03-2000
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(6) Simplified and general methods given in 4.3 and 4.4 respectively are suitable for analysis of parts of the
structure.
Figure 2.1 — Variation of ½fi as a function of ß = Qk1/Gk for different values of Ó1,1
2.4.4 Member analysis
(1) The support and boundary conditions of members corresponding to those in ENV 1992-1-1 may be used.
Where different conditions apply, they are identified in the relevant clauses.
(2) 2.4.3 (4) also applies to member analysis.
(3) The effects of thermal expansion need not, in general, be taken into account for member analysis.
(4) For verifying standard fire resistance requirements, member analysis is sufficient.
(5) Tabulated data, simplified or general methods given in 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4 respectively are suitable for
verifying members under fire conditions.
The tabulated data method consists of simple checks of dimensions of cross-sections and of axis distances
of the reinforcement. In some cases simple checks of the load level and additional detailing rules are also
required. When the actual steel stress and temperature are known more accurately, the values in the tables
may be modified.
2.4.5 Testing
(1) As an alternative to the use of calculation methods, fire design may be based on the results of tests.
(2) Combinations of testing and calculations may also be used.
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3 Material properties
3.1 General
(1)P In fire conditions the temperature dependent properties shall be taken into account.
(2) The material properties at 20 °C should be assessed according to ENV 1992-1-1.
(3) Values for the reduction of the characteristic compressive strength of concrete, and of the characteristic
strength of reinforcing and prestressing steels are given in this section. They may be used with the
simplified calculation methods. These values may also be used for the evaluation of the critical temperature
of reinforcement when adapting tabulated data for critical temperatures other than 500 °C (see 4.2.2).
(4) Additional information on thermo-mechanical properties for general calculation methods is given in
Informative Annex A. Reference may also be made to appropriate documents.
(5) The material models given in 3.2 and 3.3 below should only be applied for heating rates similar to those
appearing under standard fire exposure until the time of the maximum temperature.
(6) Alternative formulations of material laws (e.g. for parametric fires) may be applied, provided solutions
are within the range of appropriate experimental evidence.

(7) The standard fire conditions are defined between 20 °C and 1 200 °C, the properties are also defined
between the same limits.
The values at the higher temperatures shown dashed in Figure 3.1, Figure 3.2 and Figure 3.3 are given as
indication only.
3.2 Concrete
(1) The reduction of the characteristic compressive strength of concrete as a function of the temperature G
is allowed for by the coefficient kc(G) for which:
fck(G) = kc(G) fck(20 °C) (3.1)
(2) In the absence of more accurate information the following kc(G) values, applicable to concretes with
siliceous aggregates, should be used (see Figure 3.1).
They may be considered as conservative values for other types of concrete.
kc(G) = 1,0 for 20 °C u G u 100 °C
kc(G) = (1 600 – G)/1 500 for 100 °C u G u 400 °C
kc(G) = (900 – G)/625 for 400 °C u G u 900 °C
kc(G) = 0 for 900 °C u G u 1 200 °C
3.3 Steel
(1) The reduction of the characteristic strength of a reinforcing steel as a function of the temperature G is
allowed for by the coefficient ks(G) for which:
fsk(G) = ks(G)fyk(20 °C) (3.2)
(2) The reduction of the characteristic strength of a prestressing steel as a function of the temperature G
is allowed for by the coefficient kp(G) for which:
fpk(G) = kp(G)fpk(20 °C) (3.3)
(3) Where ks(G) and kp(G) are taken from documented data they should be derived from tests performed
under constant stress and variable temperature (transient tests).
(4)In the absence of more accurate information the following ks(G) values should be used for reinforcement
(see Figure 3.2).
14 © BSI 03-2000
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For tension reinforcement in beams and slabs where ºs,fi W 2 %, the strength reduction may be used as given
below (see Figure 3.2, Curve 1). This corresponds to the values given in the tables in 4.2.
ks(G) = 1,0 for 20 °C u G u 350 °C
ks(G) = (6 650 – 9G)/3 500 for 350 °C u G u 700 °C
ks(G) = (1 200 – G)/5 000 for 700 °C u G u 1 200 °C
For compression reinforcement in columns and compressive zones of beams and slabs the strength
reduction at 0,2 % proof strain should be used as given below (see Figure 3.2, Curve 2). This also applies
for tension reinforcement where ºs,fi < 2 % when using the simplified or general calculation methods.
ks(G) = 1,0 for 20 °C u G u 100 °C
ks(G) = (1 100 – G)/1 000 for 100 °C u G u 400 °C
ks(G) = (8 300 – 12 G)/5 000 for 400 °C u G u 650 °C
ks(G) = (1 200 – G)/5 500 for 650 °C u G u 1 200 °C
(5) In the absence of more accurate information the following kp(G) values should be used for prestressing
steel (see Figure 3.3).
For prestressing steel bars:
kp(G) = 1,0 for 20 °C u G u 100 °C
kp(G) = (1 600 – G)/1 500 for 100 °C u G u 250 °C
kp(G) = (700 – G)/500 for 250 °C u G u 650 °C
kp(G) = (1 000 – G)/3 500 for 650 °C u G u 1 000 °C
kp(G) = 0 for 1 000 °C u G u 1 200 °C
For prestressing steel wires and strands:

kp(G) = 1,0 for 20 °C u G u 100 °C
kp(G) = (850 – G)/750 for 100 °C u G u 250 °C
kp(G) = (650 – G)/500 for 250 °C u G u 600 °C
kp(G) = (1 000 – G)/4 000 for 600 °C u G u 1 000 °C
kp(G) = 0 for 1 000 °C u G u 1 200 °C
Figure 3.1 — Coefficient kc(G) allowing for decrease of compressive strength (fck) of
silicious concrete at elevated temperature
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Figure 3.2 — Coefficient ks(G) allowing for decrease of characteristic strength (fyk) of reinforcing
steels at elevated temperature
Figure 3.3 — Coefficient kp(G) allowing for decrease of characteristic strength (fpk) of
prestressing steels at elevated temperature
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4 Structural fire design

4.1 General
(1)P This section deals with the following design procedures as indicated in 2.4.1
— detailing according to recognized design solutions (tabulated data), see 4.2
— simplified calculation methods for specific types of members, see 4.3
— general calculation methods for simulating the behaviour of structural members, sub-assemblies or
the entire structure, see 4.4.
(2)P Where necessary, explosive spalling shall be avoided by appropriate measures.
(3) In the absence of more accurate data, the risk of explosive spalling can be assessed on the safe side by
using Figure A.18. For more accurate assessments, moisture content, type of aggregate, tightness of
concrete and heating rate should be considered.
(4) As a rule a check of explosive spalling is not required for members designed to exposure class 1 of
Table 4.1 of ENV 1992-1-1.

(5) Where local experience indicates increased susceptibility of lightweight concrete to explosive spalling
relevant documents should be used to determine member size.
(6) For prestressed members with unbonded tendons the danger of progressive collapse should be
considered which may occur with excessive steel elongation due to heating (see appropriate documents).
Special precautions should be taken to protect the anchorages.
4.2 Tabulated data

4.2.1 Scope
(1) In absence of more precise methods for structural fire design (i.e. general calculation method, simplified
calculation method), reference should be made to the tabulated data given in this section.
The following rules refer to member analysis according to 2.4.4. The tables apply for the standard fire
exposure as defined in 1.3 above.
(2) The tables have been developed on an empirical basis confirmed by experience and theoretical
evaluation of tests.
Therefore, this data is derived from approximate conservative assumptions for the more common
structural elements. More specific tabulated data can be found in the product standards for some particular
types of concrete products.
(3) The values given in the tables apply to normal weight concrete-made with siliceous aggregates
(see ENV 1992-1-1, 3.1.2.1).
If calcareous aggregates are used in beams and slabs either the minimum dimension of the cross-section or
the minimum value of the axis distance, a, of reinforcement may be reduced by|10 %|.
For lightweight aggregate concrete with an oven dry density of up to|1 200|kg/m3 the reduction may
be |20 %|, except for non-load bearing walls (see 4.2.4.1). For densities between|1 200|kg/m3
and |2 000|kg/m3 linear interpolation is permitted [see also 4.1(5)].
(4) The tabulated data takes into account requirements to prevent explosive spalling for all exposure
classes in Table 4.1 of ENV 1992-1-1 [see 4.1 (2)P to (4)] and no further check is required.
(5) Unless stated otherwise when using tabulated data no further checks are required concerning shear and
torsion capacity (4.5) and anchorage details (4.6).
(6) When using tabulated data, protective layers may be taken into account (see Section 5).
© BSI 03-2000 17
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4.2.2 General design rules

(1) Requirements for separating function (Criterion E and I, see 1.3) may be considered satisfied where the
minimum thickness of walls or slabs accords with Table 4.2.
(2) For loadbearing function (Criterion R), the minimum requirements concerning section sizes and heat
protection (axis distance) of steel have been set up in the tables so that
Ed,fi/Rd,fi u 1,0 (4.1)
where:
Ed,fi is the design effect of actions in the fire situation.
Rd,fi is the design load-bearing capacity (resistance) in the fire situation.
(3) In order to ensure the necessary steel protection (covers, axis distance) in tensile zones of simple
supported members, the Table 4.4, Table 4.5 and Table 4.8, Column 3 (one way), are based on a critical
steel temperature of Gcr = 500 °C. Gcr is the critical temperature of reinforcement at which yielding becomes
imminent under the actual steel stress Ös,fi. This assumption corresponds approximately to Ed,fi = 0,7Ed
and Ys = 1,15 [see Equation (4.2)] where Ed denotes the design effect of actions according to ENV 1992-1-1.
(4) For prestressing tendons the critical temperature for bars is assumed to be 400 °C and for strands and
wires to be 350 °C. If no special check according to (5) is made in prestressed tensile members, beams and
slabs the required axis distance, a, should be increased by
10 mm for prestressing bars, corresponding to Gcr = 400 °C
15 mm for prestressing wires and strands, corresponding to Gcr = 350 °C.
(5) For tensile and simply supported bending members, except for those with unbonded tendons,
modification of the required axis distance a, given in the Table 4.4, Table 4.5 and Table 4.8, Column 3, for
critical temperatures of reinforcement other than 500 °C may be carried out as follows:
a) evaluate the steel stress Ös,fi for the actions in a fire situation (Ed,fi) using Equation (4.2).
(4.2)
where:
Ys is the partial safety factor for reinforcing steel;
Ys = 1,15 (see 2.3.3.2 of ENV 1992-1-1)
As,req is the area of reinforcement required for ultimate limit
state according to ENV 1992-1-1
As,prov is the area of reinforcement provided
Ed,fi/Ed may be assessed using 2.4.3 (4) and (5).
b) evaluate the critical temperature of reinforcement Gcr, corresponding to the reduction

factor ks(G) = Ös,fi/fyk(20 °C) using Figure 3.2 (Curve 1) for reinforcement or kp(G) = Öp,fi/fpk(20 °C)
using Figure 3.3 for prestressing steel.
c) adjust the minimum axis distance given in the Tables, for the new critical temperature, Gcr, using the
approximate Equation (4.3) where %a is the change in axis distance in millimetres:
%a = 0,1 (500 – Gcr) (mm) (4.3)
(6) The above approximation is valid for 350 °C < Gcr < 700 °C. For prestressing steel, Equation (4.2) may
be applied analogously.
For unbonded tendons critical temperatures greater than 350 °C should only be used where more accurate
methods are used to determine the effects of deflections.
(7) For tensile members or beams where the design requires Gcr to be below 400 °C the cross sectional
dimensions should be increased by increasing the minimum width of the tensile member or beam according
to Equation (4.4).
bmod W bmin + 0,8 (400 – Gcr) (mm) (4.4)
18 © BSI 03-2000
ENV 1992-1-2:1995
where bmin is the minimum dimension b given in the Tables, related to the required standard fire
resistance.
An alternative to increasing the width according to Equation (4.4) may be to adjust the axis distance of the
reinforcement in order to obtain the temperature required for the actual stress. This requires using a more
accurate method such as that given in Annex B.
(8) Values given in the Tables provide minimum dimensions for fire resistance in addition to the detailing
rules required by ENV 1992-1-1. Some values of the axis distance of the steel, used in the Tables are less
than that required by ENV 1992-1-1 and should be considered for interpolation only.
(9) Linear interpolation between the values given in the Tables is allowed.
(10) In situations for which the Tables do not apply, reference should be made to appropriate documents.
(11) Symbols used in the tables are defined in Figure 4.1.
Figure 4.1 — Sections through structural members, showing nominal axis distance a,
and nominal concrete cover c to reinforcement
(12) The nominal values of axis distance a to a steel bar, wire or tendon, should not be less than the
minimum values given in the Tables below.
(13) When reinforcement is arranged in several layers similar to Figure 4.2, and where it consists of either
reinforcing or prestressing steel with the same characteristic strength fyk and fpk respectively, the average
axis distance am should not be less than the axis distance a given in the Tables. The average axis distance
may be determined by Equation (4.5).
(4.5)
where:
Asi is the cross sectional area of steel bar (tendon, wire) “i”
ai is the axis distance of steel bar (tendon, wire) “i” from the nearest exposed surface.
When reinforcement consists of steels with different characteristic strength Asi should be replaced
by Asi fyki (or Asi fpki) in Equation (4.5).
Figure 4.2 — Dimensions used to calculate average axis distance am
© BSI 03-2000 19
ENV 1992-1-2:1995
(14) Where reinforcing and prestressing steel is used simultaneously (e.g. in a partially prestressed
member), the axis distances of the prestressing steel should be introduced in Equation (4.5) as a nominal
value given by:
ai,nom = ai – %ap (4.6)
where:
ai is the actual axis distance of the tendon considered
%ap is an allowance for the different critical temperatures of reinforcing and prestressing steel.
%ap may be assumed as follows:
%ap = 10 mm for prestressing bars
= 15 mm for prestressing wires and strands
(15) The minimum axis distance for any individual bar should not be less than that required for R 30 and
not less than half the average axis distance [see Equation (4.5)].
(16) In tensile members, beams and slabs with concrete covers c W|50|mm to the main longitudinal
reinforcement, surface reinforcement should be provided in order to prevent the fall off of the concrete
unless it can be justified, generally by tests, that falling off does not occur within the period of fire
resistance. Where necessary, for the cover to surface reinforcement reference should be made to
ENV 1992-1-1, 4.1.3.3 (6) and (7).
4.2.3 Columns
(1) Fire resistance of reinforced concrete columns may be satisfied by the use of Table 4.1 and the following
rules.
(2) In Table 4.1 a load level in the fire situation Èfi has been introduced accounting for load combinations
and the design column resistance to compression and, possibly, bending, including second order effects.
The effective length lo, is assumed to be equal to the actual column length lcol (notation as in
ENV 1992-1-1, 4.3.5).
Èfi may be taken as|0,7|in all cases. However, a more accurate value may be obtained using Equation (4.7):
Èfi = Ed,fi/Rd,fi(0) = ½fi Ed/Rd,fi(0) (4.7)
where:
½fi = Ed,fi/Ed [see 2.4.3 (4)];
Rd,fi(0) denotes the design resistance calculated according to ENV 1992-1-1 with lo = lcol, YM = 1 and t = 0
(3) For concrete made with calcareous or lightweight aggregate, no reduction of the minimum column
width b [see 4.2.1 (3)] given in Table 4.1 is permitted.
(4) In columns where As W|0,02|Ac, distribution of the bars along the sides of the cross-section is required
for a fire resistance higher than|90|minutes. However, this rule does not apply to lapping zones.
(5) The dimension b in Table 4.1 for columns exposed to fire on one side only (Column 5), applies to columns
which lie flush with wall of the same standard fire resistance or to protruding columns if that part of the
cross-section embedded in the wall is able to carry the whole load. Any opening in the wall should not be
nearer to the column than the minimum dimension b given in Table 4.1, Column 5 for the standard fire
resistance required (see Figure 4.3). Otherwise it should be treated as a column exposed to fire on more
than one side.
20 © BSI 03-2000
ENV 1992-1-2:1995
NOTE t × b is the load bearing part of the cross section

Figure 4.3 — Exposure of built-in columns
(6) Where the actual width or diameter b of column is at least 1,2 times the minimum value bmin given
in Table 4.1 the axis distance a may be reduced to a value not less than the nominal cover required by
ENV 1992-1-1. Linear interpolation of the axis distance may be used for values b/bmin between 1 and 1,2.
For such situation 4.2.3 (4) does not apply.
Table 4.1 — Minimum dimensions and axis distances for reinforced
concrete columns; rectangular and circular section
Minimum dimensions (mm)
Column width bmin/axis distance a
Standard fire
resistance Exposed on one
Column exposed on more than one side
side
Èfi = 0,2 Èfi = 0,5 Èfi = 0,7 Èfi = 0,7
1 2 3 4 5
R 30 |150/10| a
|150/10| a
|150/10| a
|100/10|a
R 60 |150/10|a |180/10|a |200/10|a |120/10|a
R 90 |180/10|a |210/10|a |240/35| |140/10|a
R 120 |200/40| |250/40| |280/40| |160/45|
R 180 |240/50| |320/50| |360/50| |200/60|
R 240 |300/50| |400/50| |450/50| |300/60|
4.2.4 Walls
4.2.4.1 Non load-bearing walls (partitions)
(1) Where the fire resistance of a partition is only required to meet the thermal insulation criterion I and
integrity criterion E, the minimum wall thickness should not be less than that given in Table 4.2 below.
Requirements of axis distance may be disregarded.
(2) If calcareous or lightweight aggregates are used the minimum wall thickness given in Table 4.2 may
be reduced by|10 %|.
(3) To avoid excessive thermal deformation and subsequent failure of integrity between wall and slab, the
ratio of clear height of wall lw to wall thickness t should not exceed|40|.
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Table 4.2 — Minimum wall thickness of non

load-bearing walls (partitions)
Standard fire resistance Minimum wall thickness (mm)
1 2
EI 30 |60|
EI 60 |80|
EI 90 |100|
EI 120 |120|
EI 180 |150|
EI 240 |175|
4.2.4.2 Load-bearing solid walls

(1) Adequate fire resistance of load-bearing reinforced concrete walls may be assumed if the data given
in Table 4.3 and the following rules are applied.
(2) For plain concrete walls (see ENV 1992-1-6) the minimum wall thickness values given in Table 4.3
may be used.
(3) 4.2.3 (2), (3) and (6) also apply for load-bearing solid walls.
Table 4.3 — Minimum dimensions and axis distances for load-bearing
reinforced concrete walls
Wall thickness/axis distance for
Standard fire
resistance Èf = 0,35 Èf = 0,7
wall exposed on one wall exposed on two wall exposed on one wall exposed on two
side sides side sides
1 2 3 4 5
REI 30 |100/10|a |120/10|a |120/10|a |120/10|a
REI 60 |110/10|a |120/10|a |130/10|a |140/10|a
REI 90 |120/20|a |140/10|a |140/25| |170/25|
REI 120 |150/25| |160/25| |160/35| |220/35|
REI 180 |180/45| |200/45| |210/55| |300/55|
REI 240 |230/60| |250/60| |270/70| |360/70|
4.2.5 Tensile members

(1) Fire resistance of reinforced or prestressed concrete tensile members may be assumed adequate if the
data given in Table 4.4 and the following rules are applied.
(2) Where excessive elongation of a tensile member affects the load bearing capacity of the structure it may
be necessary to reduce the steel temperature in the tensile member to 400 °C. In such situations the axis
distances in Table 4.4 should be increased by 10 mm. For the assessment of the reduced elongation
reference is made to appropriate documents.
(3) The cross-section of tensile members should not be less than 2bmin2, where bmin is the minimum member
width given in Table 4.4.
22 © BSI 03-2000
ENV 1992-1-2:1995
Table 4.4 — Minimum dimensions and axis distances for

reinforced and prestressed concrete tensile members
Standard fire Minimum dimensions (mm)
resistance Possible combinations of member width bmin/axis distance a
1 2 3
R 30 |80/25| |200/10|a
R 60 |120/40| |300/25|
R 90 |150/55| |400/45|
R 120 |200/65| |500/45|
R 180 |240/80| |600/60|
R 240 |280/90| |700/70|
For prestressed members the increase of axis distance according to 4.2.2(4) should be noted.
a
4.2.6 Beams
4.2.6.1 General
(1) Adequate fire resistance of reinforced and prestressed concrete beams may be assumed if the data
given in Table 4.5 to Table 4.7 together with the following rules are used.
(2) The Tables apply to beams which can be exposed to fire on three sides, i.e. the upper side is insulated
by slabs or other elements which continue their insulating function during the whole fire resistance period.
For beams, exposed to fire on all sides, 4.2.6.4 applies.
(3) Values in the Tables are valid for the cross-sections shown in Figure 4.4. Rules (5) to (8) ensure adequate
cross-sectional dimensions to protect the reinforcement.
Figure 4.4 — Definition of dimensions for different types of beam section

(4) For beams with varying width [Figure 4.4 (b)] the minimum value b relates to the centroid of the tensile
reinforcement.
(5) The effective height deff of the bottom flange of I-shaped beams with varying webs [Figure 4.4 (c)] should
not be less than:
deff = d1 + 0,5 d2 W bmin (4.8)
where bmin is the minimum value of beam width according to Table 4.5
This rule does not apply if an imaginary cross section [(a) in Figure 4.5] which fulfils the minimum
requirements with regard to fire resistance and which includes the whole reinforcement can be drawn
inside the actual cross section.
© BSI 03-2000 23
ENV 1992-1-2:1995
Figure 4.5 — I-shaped beam with increasing web width bw satisfying the
requirements of an imaginary cross-section
(6) Where the actual width of the bottom flange b exceeds the limit 1,4 bw, [bw denotes the actual width of
web, see Figure 4.4 (c)], the axis distance to the reinforcing or prestressing steel should be increased to:
(4.9)
where:
deff is given by Equation (4.8)
bmin is the minimum beam width given in Table 4.5.
(7) For flanges with b > 3,5 bw [see (6) above for definitions] 4.2.6.4 applies.
(8) Holes through the webs of beams do not affect the fire resistance provided that the remaining
cross-sectional area of the member in the tensile zone is not less than Ac = 2b2min where bmin is given
by Table 4.5 below.
(9) Higher temperature concentrations occur at the bottom corners of beams. For this reason the axis
distance asd to the side of beam for corner bar (tendon or wire) in the bottom of beams with only one layer
of reinforcement, should be increased by|10| mm for widths of beam up to that given in Column 4 of
Table 4.5 for simply supported beams, and Column 3 of Table 4.6 for continuous beams, for the relevant
standard fire resistance.
4.2.6.2 Simply supported beams
(1) Table 4.5 provides minimum values of axis distance to the soffit and sides of simply supported beams
together with minimum values of the width of beam, for standard fire resistances of R 30 to R 240.
4.2.6.3 Continuous beams
(1) Table 4.6 provides minimum values of axis distance to the soffit and sides of continuous beams together
with minimum values of the width of beam, for standard fire resistance of R 30 to R 240.
(2) Table 4.6 and the following rules apply for beams where the moment redistribution according to
ENV-1992-1-1, 2.5.3.4.2 does not exceed|15 %|. In the absence of a more rigorous calculation and where
the redistribution exceeds|15 %|, or the detailing rules of this Part 1-2 are not followed, each span of a
continuous beam should be assessed using Table 4.5 for simple supported beams.
24 © BSI 03-2000
ENV 1992-1-2:1995
(3) The area of top reinforcement over each intermediate support for standard fire resistance of|R90|and
above, for up to a distance of|0,3|/eff (as defined in ENV 1992-1-1, 2.5.2.2.2) from the centre line of support
should not be less than (see Figure 4.6):
As,req(x) = As,req(0) × (1 – 2,5x/leff) (4.10)
where:
x is the distance from the section considered to the centre line of the support (x u 0,3/eff)
As,req(0) is the area of top reinforcement required over the support, according to ENV 1992-1-1
As,req(x) is the minimum area of top reinforcement required in the section considered but not less than
As(x) required by ENV 1992-1-1.
Where leff varies in the adjacent spans it should be taken as the greater value.
Explanation:
(1) Diagram of bending moments for the actions in a fire situation at t = 0
(2) Envelope line of acting bending moments to be resisted by tensile reinforcement according to ENV 1992-1-1
(3) Diagram of bending moments in fire conditions
(4) Envelope line of resisting bending moments according to Equation (4.10)
Figure 4.6 — Envelope of resisting bending moments over supports in fire conditions
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ENV 1992-1-2:1995
Table 4.5 — Minimum dimensions and axis distances for simply supported
beams made with reinforced and prestressed concrete
Standard fire
resistance Possible combinations of a and bmin where a is the average axis Web thickness
distance and bmin is the width of beam bw
1 2 3 4 5 6
R 30 bmin = |80| |120| |160| |200| |80|
a = |25| |15|a |10|a |10|a
R 60 bmin = |120| |160| |200| |300| |100|
a = |40| |35| |30| |25|
R 90 bmin = |150| |200| |250| |400| |100|
a = |55| |45| |40| |35|
R 120 bmin = |200| |240| |300| |500| |120|
a = |65| |55| |50| |45|

R 180 bmin = |240| |300| |400| |600| |140|
a = |80| |70| |65| |60|
R 240 bmin = |280| |350| |500| |500| |160|
a = |90| |80| |75| |70|
asd = a + 10 mm (see note below)
For prestressed beams the increase of axis distance according to 4.2.2(4) should be noted.
asd is the axis distance to the side of beam for the corner bars (tendon or wire) of beams with only one layer of
reinforcement. For values of bmin greater than that given in Column 4 no increase of a is required.
a
Table 4.6 — Minimum dimensions and axis distances for continuous beams
Standard fire
resistance Possible combinations of a and bmin where a is the average axis distance
Web thickness bw
and bmin is the width of beam
1 2 3 4 5
R 30 bmin = |80| |160| |200| |80|
a = |12|a |12|a |12|a
R 60 bmin = |120| |200| |300| |100|
a = |25| |12|a |12|a
R 90 bmin = |150| |250| |400| |100|
a = |35| |25| |25|
R 120 bmin = |220| |300| |500| |120|
a = |45| |35| |35|
R 180 bmin = |380| |400| |600| |140|
a = |60| |60| |50|
R 240 bmin = |480| |500| |700| |160|
a = |70| |70| |60|
asd = a + 10 mm (see note below)
For prestressed beams the increase of axis distance according to 4.2.2(4) should be noted.
asd is the axis distance to the side of beam for the corner bars (tendon or wire) of beams with only one layer of reinforcement.
For values of bmin greater than that given in Column 3 no increase of a is required.
(4) Table 4.6 applies to continuous beams using unbonded tendons only, where additional bonded top
reinforcement over intermediate supports is provided to ensure static equilibrium under fire conditions.
26 © BSI 03-2000
ENV 1992-1-2:1995
(5) The web thickness of I-shaped continuous beams bw [see Figure 4.4 (c)] should not be less than the
minimum value bmin in Table 4.6, Columns 2 to 4, for a distance of 2h from an intermediate support unless
it can be shown that explosive spalling will not occur using Figure A.18.
(6) In order to prevent a concrete compression or shear failure of a continuous beam at the first
intermediate support, the beam width and web thickness should be increased for standard fire
resistances |R 120 – R 240|in accordance with Table 4.7, if both the following conditions exist:
a) no bending resistance is provided at the end support, either by the joint or beam (for the purposes
of this clause ENV 1992-1-1, 5.4.2.1.2 (1) does provide moment resistance when incorporated in a
joint which can transfer moment), and
b) Vsd > 2/3 VRd2 at the first intermediate support, where VRd2 is the design shear resistance of the
compression struts according to ENV 1992-1-1, 4.3.2.
Table 4.7 — Reinforced and prestressed concrete
continuous I-beams; increased beam width and web
thickness for conditions according to 4.2.6.3 (6)
Standard fire Minimum beam width bmin (mm) and web
resistance thickness bw (mm)

1 2
R 120 |220|
R 180 |380|
R 240 |480|
4.2.6.4 Beams exposed on all sides
(1) Table 4.5, Table 4.6 and Table 4.7 apply: however
— the height of the beam should not be less than the minimum width required for the respective fire
resistance period,
— the cross-sectional area of the beam should not be less than
Ac = 2b2min (4.11)
Where bmin is given by Table 4.5 to Table 4.7.

4.2.7 Slabs
4.2.7.1 General
(1) Fire resistance of reinforced and prestressed concrete slabs may be considered adequate if the values
in Table 4.8 and together with the following rules are applied.
(2) The minimum slab thickness hs given in Table 4.8 ensures adequate separating function (Criterion E
and I). Floor-finishes will contribute to the separating function in proportion to their thickness
(see Figure 4.7). If loadbearing function (Criterion R) is required only the necessary slab thickness assumed
for design to ENV 1992-1-1 may be taken.
Explanation:
(1) Concrete slab
(2) Flooring (non-combustible)
(3) Sound insulation (possibly combustible)
h1 + h2 = hs as given in Table 4.8
Figure 4.7 — Concrete slab with floor finishes
(3) The rules given in 4.2.7.2 and 4.2.7.3 also apply for the flanges of T- or TT-shaped beams.
© BSI 03-2000 27
ENV 1992-1-2:1995
4.2.7.2 Simply supported slabs

(1) Table 4.8 provides minimum values of axis distance to the soffit of simply supported slabs for standard
fire resistances of R 30 to R 240.
(2) In two-way spanning slabs, a denotes the axis distance of the reinforcement in the lower layer.
Table 4.8 — Minimum dimensions and axis distances for
reinforced and prestressed concrete simply supported
one-way and two-way slabs
Standard fire axis-distance a

resistance slab thickness
one way two way:
hs (mm)
ly/lx u 1,5 1,5 < ly/lx u 2
1 2 3 4 5
REI 30 |60| |10|a |10|a |10|a

REI 60 |80| |20| |10|a |15|a
REI 90 |100| |30| |15|a |20|
REI 120 |120| |40| |20| |25|
REI 180 |150| |55| |30| |40|
REI 240 |175| |65| |40| |50|
lx and ly are the spans of a two-way slab (two directions at right angles) where ly is
the longer span.
For prestressed slabs the increase of axis distance according to 4.2.2(4) should be
noted.
The axis distance a in Column 4 and 5 for two way slabs relate to slabs supported
at all four edges. Otherwise, they should be treated as one-way spanning slab.
4.2.7.3 Continuous slabs

(1) The values given in Table 4.8 (Columns 2 and 4) also apply to one-way or two-way continuous slabs.
(2) The rules in 4.2.6.3 (2) and (3) for continuous beams also apply to continuous slabs. If these rules are
not followed each span of a continuous slab should be assessed as a simply supported slab using Table 4.8
(Columns 2, 3, 4 or 5 respectively).
(3) A minimum negative reinforcement As W|0,005|Ac over intermediate support should be provided if the
following conditions apply:
a) normal ductility steel is used (see ENV 1992-1-1, 3.2.4.2)
b) in two-span continuous slabs, no restraint to bending at end supports is provided by design provisions
according to ENV 1992-1-1 and/or by adequate detailing [see, for example, ENV 1992-1-1, 5.4.3.2.2 (2)].
c) no possibility is given to redistribute load-effects transverse to the span direction, such, for example,
intermediate walls or other supports in span direction, not taken into account in the design
(see Figure 4.8).
28 © BSI 03-2000
ENV 1992-1-2:1995
Explanation:
(a) Span direction of slab
(b) Large extent of system without cross walls
(c) No rotational restraint provided
Figure 4.8 — Slab systems for which minimum reinforcement areas

according to 4.2.7.3 (3) should be provided
4.2.7.4 Flat slabs

(1) The following rules apply to flat slabs where the moment redistribution according to
ENV 1992-1-1, 2.5.3.5.4 does not exceed|15 %|. Otherwise axis distances should be taken as for
one-way slab (Column 3 in Table 4.8) and the minimum thickness from Table 4.9.
(2) For fire ratings of|REI 90|and above, at least|20 %|of the total top reinforcement in each direction
over intermediate supports, required by ENV 1992-1-1, should be continuous over the full span. This
reinforcement should be placed in the column strip.
(3) Minimum slab-thicknesses should not be reduced (e.g. by taking floor finishes into account).
(4) The axis distance a denotes the axis distance of the reinforcement in the lower layer.
Table 4.9 — Minimum dimensions and axis
distances for reinforced and prestressed
concrete flat slabs
Standard fire Minimum dimensions (mm)
resistance slab-thickness hs axis-distance a
1 2 3
REI 30 |150| |10|a

REI 60 |200| |15|a
REI 90 |200| |25|
REI 120 |200| |35|
REI 180 |200| |45|
REI 240 |200| |50|
a
4.2.7.5 Ribbed slabs

(1) For the assessment of the fire resistance of one-way reinforced and prestressed ribbed
slabs, 4.2.6.2, 4.2.6.3 and 4.2.7.3, Table 4.8, Columns 2 and 5, apply.
(2) For two-way reinforced and prestressed ribbed slabs, adequate fire resistance may be assumed if the
values in Table 4.10 and Table 4.11, together with the following rules, are applied.
© BSI 03-2000 29
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(3) The values in Table 4.10 and Table 4.11 are valid for ribbed slabs subjected to uniformly distributed
loading.
(4) For ribbed slabs with reinforcement placed in several layers, 4.2.6.1 (4) applies.
(5) In continuous ribbed slabs, the top reinforcement should be placed in the upper half of the flange.
(6) Table 4.10 is valid for simply supported, two-way spanning ribbed slabs. It is also valid for two-way
spanning ribbed slabs with at least one restrained edge and standard fire resistances lower than REI 180
where the detailing of the upper reinforcement does not meet the requirements in 4.2.6.3 (3).
Table 4.11 is valid for two-way spanning ribbed slabs with at least one restrained edge. For the detailing
of the upper reinforcement, 4.2.6.3 (3) applies for all standard fire resistances.
Table 4.10 — Minimum dimensions and axis distance for two-way
spanning, simply supported ribbed slabs in reinforced or prestressed
concrete
Standard Fire
Resistance Possible combinations of width of ribs bmin and slab thickness hs and
axis distance a axis distance a in span
1 2 3 4 5
REI 30 bmin = |W 80| hs = |80|
a = |15|a a = |10|a
REI 60 bmin = |100| |120| |W 200| hs = |80|

a = |35| |25| |15|a a = |10|a
REI 90 bmin = |120| |160| |W 250| hs = |100|

a = |45| |40| |30| a = |15|a
REI 120 bmin = |160| |190| |W 300| hs = |120|

a = |60| |55| |40| a = |20|
REI 180 bmin = |W 220| |260| |W 410| hs = |150|

a = |75| |70| |60| a = |30|
REI 240 bmin = |280| |W 500| hs = |175|

a = |90| |70| a = |40|
asd = a +|10|
For prestressed ribbed slabs, the axis-distance a should be increased in accordance with 4.2.2(4).
asd denotes the distance measured between the axis of the reinforcement lateral surface of the rib
exposed to fire.
a
30 © BSI 03-2000
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Table 4.11 — Minimum dimensions and axis distances for two-way spanning ribbed slabs in
reinforced or prestressed concrete with at least one restrained edge
Standard Fire
Resistance possible combinations of width of ribs bmin and axis slab thickness hs and axis distance
distance a a in span
1 2 3 4 5
REI 30 bmin = |W 80| hs = |80|
a = |10|a a = |10|a
REI 60 bmin = |100| |120| |W 200| hs = |80|

a = |25| |15|a |10|a a = |10|a
REI 90 bmin = |120| |160| |W 250| hs = |100|

a = |35| |25| |15|a a = |15|a
REI 120 bmin = |160| |190| |W 300| hs = |120|

a = |45| |40| |30| a = |20|
REI 180 bmin = |310| |600| hs = |150|

a = |60| |50| a = |30|
REI 240 bmin = |450| |700| hs = |175|

a = |70| |60| a = |40|
asd = a +|10|
For prestressed ribbed slabs, the axis-distance a should be increased in accordance with 4.2.2(4).
asd denotes the distance measured between the axis of the reinforcement lateral surface of the rib exposed to fire.
a
4.3 Simplified calculation method

4.3.1 General
(1)P The simplified calculation method described below determines the ultimate load bearing capacity of a
heated cross section.
(2)P The method is applicable to structures subjected to a standard fire exposure until the time of
maximum gas-temperature.
(3)P The procedure is also applicable for the calculation of the ultimate resistance at a specified time for
any other fire exposure, if the temperature profiles corresponding to that exposure are known or calculated,
and correct data for material properties corresponding to it are used. However, this Part 1-2 only provides
temperature profiles and material data for the standard fire exposure up to the time of maximum gas
temperature.
(4) The procedure is to first determine the temperature profile of the cross section, reduce the concrete cross
section, the strength and the short term modulus of elasticity of concrete and reinforcement and then
calculate the ultimate load bearing capacity of the construction with the reduced cross section in
accordance with the rules of ENV 1992-1-1, and to compare the capacity with the relevant combination of
actions, see 2.4.2.
(5) Structural members should be detailed so that spalling, anchorage failure and lack of rotational
capacity will have a lower probability of occurrence than failure caused by bending moments, shear or axial
loads.
(6) The reduction factor µ given in ENV 1992-1-1, 4.2.1.3.3 (11) and (12) is assumed to be|1,0|in fire
design. Thus the design compressive strength of concrete in fire design is
fcd(G) = kc(G) fck(20 °C). (4.12)
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4.3.2 Temperature profiles

(1) Temperatures in a concrete structure exposed to a fire may be determined from tests or by calculation.
The temperature profiles given in Annex B may be used where more accurate information is not available.
(2) The temperature profiles given in Annex B are acceptable for determining the temperatures in
cross-sections with silicious aggregate and exposed to a standard fire up to the time of maximum gas
temperature. The profiles are conservative for most other aggregates, but not in general for other than the
standard fire exposure.
4.3.3 Reduced cross section
(1) It is assumed that the isotherms in the compression zone of a rectangular cross section are parallel with
the sides.
(2) The fire damaged cross-section is represented by a reduced cross-section by ignoring a damaged zone of
thickness az at the fire exposed surfaces, as shown in Figure 4.9.
(3) For a rectangular shape exposed to fire on one face only the width is assumed to be w, see Figure 4.9 c)
and the flange of Figure 4.9 f). Where two opposite faces are exposed to fire the width is assumed to be 2w
[see Figure 4.9 a), Figure 4.9 b), Figure 4.9 d), Figure 4.9 e) and the web of Figure 4.9 f)]. For any
rectangular part of a member an equivalent wall of thickness 2w is considered for which the thickness az
is calculated. For example the slab in Figure 4.9 c) is related to the equivalent wall in Figure 4.9 d), and
the flange of Figure 4.9 f) is also related to the equivalent wall in Figure 4.9 d), but the web of Figure 4.9 f)
is related to the equivalent wall of Figure 4.9 a).
(4) For the bottom and ends of rectangular members exposed to fire, where the width is less than the height,
the value of az is assumed to be the same as that calculated for the sides [see Figure 4.9 b), Figure 4.9 e)
and Figure 4.9 f)].
(5) The compressive strength and the modulus of elasticity of the reduced concrete cross section are
assumed to be constant and equal to that calculated for the point M. M corresponds to any point in the
middle plane of the equivalent wall.
The thickness az of the damaged zone and the reduced properties of the concrete should be determined
separately for each rectangular part of a cross section. This means that az may be different for the flange
of a T shaped, cross section, from that of the web of the same cross section [see Figure 4.9 f)].
32 © BSI 03-2000
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Figure 4.9 — Reductions of strength and cross-sections found by means of

equivalent walls (wall1 and wall2) exposed to fire on both sides
(6) The reduced compressive strength fcd(GM) at the point M in a member exposed to fire on both sides is
fcd(GM) = kc(GM) fck(20 °C) (4.13)
where GM is the temperature at the point M.

The reduced short term modulus of elasticity at this point is
Ecd(GM) = (kc(GM))2 Eck(20 °C). (4.14)
The short term value of modulus of elasticity does not take account of the effect of creep or transient strain
(that part of the thermal expansion resisted by compressive stresses). Where second order effects for
columns and walls need to be considered the method given in ENV 1992-1-1 should be used with this value
of the modulus of elasticity and the reduced cross section of this clause. (The value of Ecd(GM) cannot be
derived from Annex A where creep and transient strain are included in the data).
(7) The damaged zone az is estimated for an equivalent wall exposed on both sides as follows:
a) The half thickness of the wall w is divided into n parallel zones of equal thickness, where n W 3
(see Figure 4.10).
b) The temperature is calculated for the middle of each zone.
c) The corresponding reductions kc(Gi) of the compressive strength of the concrete are determined.
© BSI 03-2000 33
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Figure 4.10 — Divisions of a wall, exposed on both sides, into zones for use in calculation of
strength reduction and az values
The reduced compressive strength and the damaged zone z may be estimated by means of Annex B for
a standard fire exposure until the time of maximum gas temperature or by means of the following
procedure.
d) The mean reduction coefficient incorporating a factor (1 – 0,2/n) which allows for the variation in
temperature within each zone, may be calculated using Equation (4.15):
(4.15)
e) The width of damaged zone for beams, slabs and members subjected to in-plane shear may be
calculated using Equation (4.16):
(4.16)
where kc(Gm) denotes the reduction coefficient for concrete at point M.

For columns, walls and other constructions where second order effects may be calculated using
Equation (4.17):
(4.17)
(8) The reinforcement is taken into account with reduced strength and modulus of elasticity according to
the temperature of each bar, even if it is placed outside the reduced cross section, see Annex B.
(9) For compression bars a strain of 0,2 % with the corresponding stress reductions should be applied. For
bars in tension an increased stress as an effect of a larger strain may be taken into account. The reduction
of the modulus of elasticity of a bar may be assessed as equal to the reduction of the 0,2 % stress of the bar.
(10) Beams and slabs might become over-reinforced. For the analysis of this, the short term value of ¼cu,max
may be assessed as
¼cu,max = 0,0035/kc(GM) (4.18)
within the limits of the reduced cross section.

(11) In situations where a larger strain than 0,2 % is assumed for the reinforcement, it should be verified
that this larger strain occurs at the ultimate limit state under fire conditions.
34 © BSI 03-2000
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4.4 General calculation methods

4.4.1 General
(1)P General calculation methods may be used for individual members, for sub-assemblies or for entire
structures and for any type of cross-section.
(2)P General calculation methods shall provide a realistic analysis of structures exposed to fire. They shall
be based on fundamental physical behaviour leading to a reliable approximation of the expected behaviour
of the relevant structural component under fire conditions.
(3)P General calculation methods may include separate sub-models for the determination of:
a) the development and distribution of the temperature within structural members (thermal response
model);
b) the mechanical behaviour of the structure or of any part of it (mechanical response model).
(4)P Any potential failure mode not covered by the general calculation method shall be excluded by
appropriate detailing (e.g. insufficient rotational capacity, spalling, local buckling of compressed
reinforcement, shear and bond failure, damage to anchorage devices).

(5)P General calculation method may be used in association with any heating curve, provided that the
material properties are known for the relevant temperature range.
4.4.2 Thermal response
(1)P General calculation methods for thermal response shall be based on the acknowledged principles and
assumptions of the theory of heat transfer.
(2)P The thermal response model shall consider:
a) the thermal actions evaluated according to ENV 1991-2-2;
b) the temperature dependant thermal properties of the materials as specified in relevant documents
(see Annex A);
c) the contribution of protective layers, if any.
(3) The influence of moisture content and of migration of the moisture within concrete or protective layers
if any, may conservatively be neglected.
(4) The temperature profile in a reinforced concrete element may be assessed apart from the presence of
reinforcement.
(5) The effects of non-uniform thermal exposure and of heat transfer to adjacent building components may
be included where appropriate.
4.4.3 Mechanical response
(1)P General calculation methods for mechanical response shall be based on the acknowledged principles
and assumptions of the theory of structural mechanics, taking into account the changes of mechanical
properties with temperature.
(2)P The deformations at ultimate limit state implied by the calculation methods shall be limited as
necessary to ensure that compatibility is maintained between all parts of the structure.
(3)P Where relevant, the mechanical response of the model shall also take account of geometrical
non-linear effects.
(4)P The effects of thermally induced strains and stresses both due to temperature rise and due to
temperature differentials, shall be considered.
(5) The total strain º may be assumed to be:
º = ºth + ºload + ºcreep + ºtr (4.15)
where
ºth is the thermal strain,
ºload is the instantaneous stress-dependent strain
ºcreep is the creep strain and
ºtr is the transient strain
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During fire exposure the creep strain may be disregarded; its contribution may only be significant for
calculation of deflections after a fire.
(6) For practical calculations, deformations and indirect actions in hyperstatic structures during fire may
be assessed by means of imposed strains (mean axis elongation and curvature) estimated on the basis of
appropriate documents (see for example Annex D).
(7) The load bearing capacity of individual members, sub-assemblies or entire structures exposed to fire
may be assessed by plastic methods of analysis (ref. ENV 1992-1-1, 2.5.3).
(8) The plastic rotation capacity of reinforced concrete sections should be estimated in account of the
increased ultimate strains ºcu and ºsu in hot condition. ºcu will also be affected by the confinement
reinforcement provided.
(9) The compressed zone of a section, especially if directly exposed to fire (e.g. negative bending in
continuous beams), should be checked and detailed with particular regard to spalling or falling-off of
concrete cover.
(10) In the analysis of individual members or sub-assemblies the boundary conditions should be checked
and detailed in order to avoid failure due to the loss of adequate support to the members.
4.4.4 Validation of general calculation methods
(1)P The validity of the general calculation methods shall be verified by the following procedures:
a) justification of the design assumptions shall be made on basis of relevant test results.
b) sensitivity analysis of the effect of the critical parameters shall be performed.
4.5 Shear and torsion

(1) The shear and torsion capacity may be calculated according to the methods given in ENV 1992-1-1 using
reduced material properties and reduced prestress for each part of the section.
(2) When using the simplified calculation method of 4.3, ENV 1992-1-1 may be applied directly to the
reduced cross section.
(3) When using the simplified calculation method of 4.3, if no shear reinforcement is provided or the shear
capacity relies mainly on the reduced tensile strength of the concrete, the actual shear behaviour of the
concrete at elevated temperatures must be considered.
In the absence of more accurate information concerning the reduction of the tensile strength of concrete,
the values of kct(G) given in Figure A.1 may be applied.
(4) When using the simplified calculation method of 4.3, for elements in which the shear capacity is
dependent on the tensile strength, special consideration should be given where tensile stresses are caused
by non-linear temperature distributions (e.g. voided slabs, thick beams, etc). A reduction in shear strength
should be taken equivalent to these tensile stresses.
4.6 Anchorage
(1) Where necessary for fire purposes the anchorage capacity may be calculated according to
ENV 1992-1-1 using reduced temperature related material properties [see 3.1 (4)].
36 © BSI 03-2000
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5 Protective layers
(1)P Required fire resistance can be obtained by the application of protective layers.
(2) The properties and performance of the insulation material to be used for protective layers should be
assessed using appropriate test procedure.
(3) The test procedure should confirm that the material remains coherent and cohesive for all foreseen
temperatures and deformations. It should provide information concerning
— temperature at the relevant depths of the concrete cross-section related to the fire duration, protective
material and layer thickness, or
— where possible equivalent concrete thickness, related to the fire duration, or
— thermal material properties related to the temperature.
A further alternative is to provide a thermal analyses in accordance with the general calculation method
given in 4.4.
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Annex A (informative)
Additional information on material properties
A.1 Strength and deformation properties of concrete
(1) The strength and deformation properties of uniaxial stressed concrete at elevated temperatures are
characterized by a set of stress-strain relationships with a shape as specified in Figure A.2.
(2) For a given concrete temperature, the stress-strain curves are defined by two parameters:
— the compressive strength fc(G)
— the strain ºc1(G) corresponding to fc(G).
(3) Values for each of these parameters are given in Table A.1 as a function of the concrete temperatures.
For intermediate values of the temperature, linear interpolation is permitted.
(4) A graphical display of the two parameters of Table A.1 is given as a function of the concrete
temperatures in Figure A.3. Further illustration of the stress-strain relationships at various temperatures
is given in Figure A.4.
(5) The values given in Table A.1 are recommended values. Due to various ways of testing specimens, ºc1(G)
shows considerable scatter, which is presented in Table A.2. Recommended values for ºcu(G) defining the
range of the descending branch are also presented.
(6) The stress-s train relationships include in an approximate way the effect of high temperature creep.
(7) In case of natural fire simulation, particularly when considering the decreasing temperature branch,
the material model given here has to be modified.
(8) In all situations the ultimate tensile strength of concrete may be assumed to be zero, which is on the
safe side. If it is necessary to take account of the tensile strength, when using the simplified or general
method of calculation, Figure A.1 may be used.
Figure A.1 — Coefficient kct(G) allowing for decrease of tensile strength, (fctk) of
concrete at elevated temperature
38 © BSI 03-2000
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Range I
to be chosen according to the values of Table A.1

Range II: For numerical purposes a descending branch should be adopted.
Linear and non linear models are permitted.
Figure A.2 — Model for compression stress-strain relationships of siliceous and

calcareous concrete at elevated temperatures
Table A.1 — Values for the main parameters of the stress-strain

relationships in compression of siliceous and calcareous concrete
at elevated temperatures (range I in Figure A.2)
fc(G)/fc(20 °C)
Concrete Temperature (°C) ºc1(G) × 10–3
siliceous calcareous
20 1,00 1,00 2,5
100 0,95 0,97 3,5
200 0,90 0,94 4,5
300 0,85 0,91 6,0
400 0,75 0,85 7,5
500 0,60 0,74 9,5
600 0,45 0,60 12,5
700 0,30 0,43 14,0
800 0,15 0,27 14,5
900 0,08 0,15 15,0
1 000 0,04 0,06 15,0
1 100 0,01 0,02 15,0
1 200 0,00 0,00 —
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Figure A.3 — Parameters for stress-strain relationships of concrete at elevated

temperatures, according to Figure A.2 and Table A.1
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Figure A.4 — Stress-strain relationships of siliceous concrete under uniaxial

compression at elevated temperatures
Table A.2 — Recommended values for ºc1(G) and ºcu(G) and

admissible range of ºc1(G)
Concrete ºc1(G) × 10–3 ºcu(G) × 10–3
Temperature (°C) Range Recommended Recommended
20 2,5 2,5 20,0

100 2,5 – 4,0 3,5 22,5
200 3,0 – 5,5 4,5 25,0
300 4,0 – 7,0 6,0 27,5
400 4,5 – 10,0 7,5 30,0
500 5,5 – 15 9,5 32,5
600 6,5 – 25 12,5 35,0
700 7,5 – 25 14,0 37,5
800 8,5 – 25 14,5 40,0
900 10 – 25 15,0 42,5
1 000 10 – 25 15,0 45,0
1 100 10 – 25 15,0 47,5
1 200 — — —
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A.2 Strength and deformation properties of steel

(1) The strength and deformation properties of steel at elevated temperatures are characterized by a set of
stress-strain relationships with a linear elliptical shape as specified in Figure A.5.
Range I elastic
Range II
non-linear
Range III plastic
Range IV For numerical purposes a descending branch should be adopted.

Linear and non-linear models are permitted.
Figure A.5 — Model for stress-strain relationships of reinforcing and prestressing steels
at elevated temperatures (notations for prestressing steels “p” instead of “s”)
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(2) For a given steel temperature, the stress-strain curves of Figure A.5 are defined by three parameters:
— the slope of the linear elastic range E s ( G ) , Ep ( G ) for reinforcement and prestressing steels
respectively,
— the proportional limit Öspr(G), Öppr(G) respectively and
— the maximum stress level fy(G), fpy(G) respectively.
Values for each of the above parameters are given as a function of the steel temperature for various types
of reinforcing and prestressing steels in Table A.3 – Table A.6.
Table A.3 — Values for the parameters of the
stress-strain relationship of hot rolled reinforcing steel
E (G)
s Ö spr (G) f (G)
y
Steel Temperature (°C) ----------------------
- ------------------------
- ------------------------
-
E s ( 20 °C ) f 0,2 ( 20 °C ) f 0,2 ( 20 °C )
20 1,00 1,00 1,00

100 1,00 0,96 1,00
200 0,87 0,92 1,00

300 0,72 0,81 1,00
400 0,56 0,63 0,94
500 0,40 0,44 0,67
600 0,24 0,26 0,40
700 0,08 0,08 0,12
800 0,06 0,06 0,11
900 0,05 0,05 0,08
1 000 0,03 0,03 0,05
1 100 0,02 0,02 0,03
1 200 0,00 0,00 0,00
Table A.4 — Values for the parameters of the stress-strain

relationship of cold worked reinforcing steel
E (G)
s Ö spr (G) f (G)
y
Steel Temperature (°C) ----------------------
- ------------------------
- ------------------------
-
E s ( 20 °C ) f 0,2 ( 20 °C ) f 0,2 ( 20 °C )
20 1,00 1,00 1,00

100 1,00 1,00 1,00
200 0,90 0,81 1,00
300 0,80 0,61 1,00
400 0,70 0,42 1,00
500 0,60 0,36 0,78
600 0,31 0,18 0,47
700 0,13 0,07 0,23
800 0,09 0,05 0,11
900 0,07 0,04 0,06
1 000 0,04 0,02 0,04
1 100 0,02 0,01 0,02
1 200 0,00 0,00 0,00
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relationship of quenched and tempered prestressing steel
E (G)p Ö ppr (G) f py
(G)
Steel Temperature (°C) -----------------------
- --------------------------- ---------------------------
E p ( 20 °C ) f p0,2 ( 20 °C ) f p0,2 ( 20 °C )
20 1,00 1,00 1,00

100 0,76 0,77 0,98
200 0,61 0,62 0,92
300 0,52 0,58 0,86
400 0,41 0,52 0,69
500 0,20 0,14 0,26
600 0,15 0,11 0,21
700 0,10 0,09 0,15
800 0,06 0,06 0,09
900 0,03 0,03 0,04
1 000 0,00 0,00 0,00

1 100 0.00 0,00 0,00
1 200 0,00 0,00 0,00

relationship of cold worked prestressing steel
E (G)
p Ö ppr ( G) f py
( G)
Steel Temperature (°C) -----------------------
- --------------------------- ---------------------------
E p ( 20 °C ) f p0,2 ( 20 °C ) f p 0,2 ( 20 °C )
20 1,00 1,00 1,00

100 0,98 0,68 0,99
200 0,95 0,51 0,87
300 0,88 0,32 0,72
400 0,81 0,13 0,46
500 0,54 0,07 0,22
600 0,41 0,05 0,10
700 0,10 0,03 0,08
800 0,07 0,02 0,05
900 0,03 0,01 0,03
1 000 0,00 0,00 0,00
1 100 0,00 0,00 0,00
1 200 0,00 0,00 0,00
(3) A graphical display of the parameters of Table A.3 – Table A.6 is given in Figure A.7, Figure A.9,
Figure A.11 and Figure A.13. Further illustration of the stress-strain relationships at various
temperatures is given in Figure A.6, Figure A.8, Figure A.10 and Figure A.12.
44 © BSI 03-2000
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Figure A.6 — Stress-strain relationships of hot-rolled reinforcing steels at elevated

Figure A.7 — Parameters for stress-strain relationships of hot-rolled reinforcing steels at

elevated temperatures, according to Figure A.5 and Table A.3
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Steel ºp2(G) ºpu(G)

Temperature (°C)
Recommended
values (%)
20 5 10
100 5 10
200 5 10
300 5,5 10,5
400 6 11
500 6,5 11,5
600 7 12
700 7,5 12,5
800 8 13
900 8,5 13,5

1 000 9 14
1 100 9,5 14,5
1 200 10 15
Figure A.8 — Stress-strain relationships for cold-worked reinforcing steels at elevated

46 © BSI 03-2000
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Figure A.9 — Parameters for stress-strain relationships of cold-worked reinforcing

steels at elevated temperatures, according to Figure A.5 and Table A.4
Steel ºp2(G) ºpu(G)

Temperature Recommended
(°C) values (%)
20 5 10
100 5 10
200 5 10
300 5 10,5
400 6 11
500 6,5 11,5
600 7 12
700 7,5 12,5
800 8 13
900 8,5 13,5
1 000 9 14
1 100 9,5 14,5
1 200 10 15
Figure A.10 — Stress-strain relationships for quenched and tempered

prestressing steels (bars) at elevated temperatures, according to Figure A.5 and Table A.5
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Figure A.11 — Parameters for stress-strain relationships of quenched and tempered

prestressing steels (bars) at elevated temperatures, according to Figure A.5 and Table A.5
Figure A.12 — Stress-strain relationships for cold-worked prestressing steels (wires

and strands) at elevated temperatures, according to Figure A.5 and Table A.6
48 © BSI 03-2000
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Figure A.13 — Parameters for stress-strain relationships of cold-worked prestressing steels

(wires and strands) at elevated temperatures, according to Figure A.5 and Table A.6
(4) The stress-strain relationships include in an approximate way the effect of high temperature creep.
As creep effects are not explicitly considered, this material model has only been checked for heating rates
similar to those appearing under standard fire conditions. For heating rates outside the above range, the
reliability of the strength and deformation properties used for steel must be demonstrated explicitly.
(5) In case of natural fire simulation, particularly when considering the decreasing temperature branch,
the stress-strain relationships given here may be used as a sufficiently precise approximation in case of
hot-rolled steels. At the present time, verified formulations of properties for the decreasing branch are not
available for other types of steel.
(6) The stress-strain relationships may be applied for steel in tension as well as in compression.
A.3 Thermal properties
A.3.1 Concrete (siliceous, calcareous and lightweight aggregates)
(1) The thermal elongation %l/l of concrete may be adopted according to Equations (A.1) – (A.5).
siliceous aggregates:
for 20 °C < G u 700 °C
(%l/l)c = (– 1,8 × 10–4) + (9 × 10– 6G) + (2,3 × 10–11 G3) (A.1)
for 700 °C < G u 1 200 °C
(%l/l)c = 14 × 10–3 (A.2)
calcareous aggregates:
for 20 °C < G u 805 °C
(%l/l)c = (– 1,2 × 10–4) + (6 × 10–6 G) + (1,4 × 10–11 G3) (A.3)
for 805 °C < G u 1 200°
(%l/l)c = 12 × 10–3 (A.4)
lightweight aggregates:
for 20 °C < G u 1200 °C
(%l/l)c = 8 × 10– 3(G – 20) (A.5)
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where:
lc is the length at room temperature
%lc is the temperature induced elongation
G is the concrete temperature (°C)
The above equations are presented graphically in Figure A.14 below.
Figure A.14 — Thermal elongation of concrete

If only an approximate answer is required (simple calculation, estimation) the coefficient of thermal
elongation may be used and considered as independent of the concrete temperature:
(%l/l)c = 18 × 10–3 G for concrete with siliceous aggregates
(%l/l)c = 12 × 10–3 G for concrete with calcareous aggregates
(%l/l)c = 8 × 10–3 G for concrete with lightweight aggregates.
(2) The specific heat cc of concrete may be adopted according to Equations (A.6) and (A.7)
(see Figure A.15):
Concrete with siliceous or calcareous aggregates:
for 20 °C < G u 1 200 °C
cc = 900 + 80 G/120 – 4(G/120)2 (J/kgK) (A.6)
Concrete with lightweight aggregates:
for 20 °C < G u 1 200 °C
cc = 840 (J/kgK) (A.7)
In case the moisture content is not considered on the level of the heat and mass balance, the function given
for the specific heat of concrete with siliceous or calcareous aggregates may be completed by a peak value
situated between 100 °C and 200 °C such as
cc,peak = 1 875 J/kgK for a humidity of 2 % of concrete weight
cc,peak = 2 750 J/kgK for a humidity of 4 % of concrete weight.
If only an approximate answer is required (simple calculation, estimation), the specific heat may be
considered as independent of the concrete temperature cc = 1 000 J/kgK for concrete with siliceous or
calcareous aggregates.
50 © BSI 03-2000
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Figure A.15 — Specific heat of concrete
(3) The thermal conductivity Æc of concrete may be calculated according to Equations (A.8) to (A.11):
Concrete with siliceous aggregates:
for 20 °C < G u 1 200 °C
Æc = 2 – 0,24 G/120 + 0,012(G/120)2 (W/Mk) (A.8)
Concrete with calcareous aggregates:
for 20 °C < Gc u 1 200 °C
2c = 1,6 – 0,16 G/120 + 0,008(G/120)2 (W/Mk) (A.9)
Concrete with lightweight aggregates:
for 20 °C < G u 800 °C
2c = 1,0 – G/1 600 (W/Mk) (A.10)
for 800 °C < G u 1 200°
2c = 0,5 (W/Mk) (A.11)
The above Equations are presented graphically in Figure A.16.
Figure A.16 — Thermal conductivity of concrete
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If only an approximate answer is required (simple calculation, estimation), the thermal conductivity may
be considered as independent of the concrete temperature:
Æc = 1,60 W/Mk for concrete with siliceous aggregates
Æc = 1,30 W/Mk for concrete with calcareous aggregates
Æc = 0,80 W/Mk for concrete with lightweight aggregates
(4) The density Ôc of unreinforced concrete may be considered as independent of the concrete temperature
and may be evaluated according to ENV 1992-1-2.
For thermal response models the value Ôc = 2 300 kg/m3 may be adopted for normal dense concrete
(siliceous or calcareous).
The density may also be reduced by 100 kg/m3 after having reached 100 °C, due to the evaporation of free
water.
(5) The moisture content of concrete may be taken equal to the equilibrium moisture content. If these data
are not available, moisture content may be considered u 2 % of the concrete weight.
A high moisture content delays the heating up of concrete, but increases the risk of spalling.
(6) If only an approximate answer is required (simple calculation, estimation), the thermal diffusivity of
concrete ac (m2/s) may be used.
It may be considered as independent of the concrete temperature:
ac = 0,69 × 10– 6 m2/s for concrete with siliceous aggregates
ac = 0,56 × 10– 6 m2/s for concrete with calcareous aggregates
dependent on the density for lightweight concrete.
A.3.2 Steel (reinforcing and prestressing)
(1) The thermal elongation %l/l of steel may be adopted according to Equations (A.11) – (A.15).
reinforcing steel:
for 20 °C < G u 750 °C
(%l/l)s = (– 2,416 × 10–4) + (1,2 × 10–5G) + (0,4 × 10–8 G2) (A.12)
for 750 °C < G u 860 °C
(%l/l)s = 11 × 10–3 (A.13)
for G W 860 °C
(%l/l)s = (– 6,2 × 10–3) + (2 × 10–5 G) (A.14)
prestressing steel:
for 20 °C < G u 1 200 °C
(%l/l)p = (– 2,016 × 10–4) + 10–5 G + (0,4 × 10–8 G2) (A.15)
where:
ls, lp is the length at room temperature
%ls, %lp is the temperature induced elongation (see Figure A.17)
G is the steel temperature (°C)
52 © BSI 03-2000
ENV 1992-1-2:1995
Figure A.17 — Thermal elongation of steel
If only an approximate answer is required (simple calculation, estimation), the coefficient of thermal
elongation may be used and considered as independent of the steel temperature:
(%l/l)s = 14 × 10–6 G for reinforcing steels
(%l/l)p = 12 × 10 G
–6
for prestressing steels
(2) The density Ôs of reinforcing and prestressing steel should be considered as independent from the steel
temperature:
Ôs = 7 850 kg/m3
(3) Normally in both reinforced and prestressed concrete members, the thermal properties Æs, cs, and as, of
steel may be ignored since the influence of the reinforcement on the temperature rise of the cross-section
is of little importance.
A.4 Spalling
(1) Normally explosive spalling is unlikely to occur where the smaller of the cross section dimensions h or
b in the compressive zones of beams, slabs, walls and columns satisfy the conditions given in Figure A.18.
The compressive stress Öc,fi may be calculated for the combination of actions in the fire situation using the
cross section required by ENV 1992-1-1.
© BSI 03-2000 53
ENV 1992-1-2:1995
NOTE a (in mm) is taken as the lesser of h and b.

Figure A.18 — Relationship between Öc,fi and h (or b) for risk of explosive spalling
for normal weight concrete members
Annex B (informative)
Temperature profiles and reduced cross section
B.1 Temperature profiles
(1) Figure B.1 and Figure B.2 provide temperature profiles for beams and slabs. These are conservative
values and are intended for use in determining the temperature of reinforcing bars and prestressing
tendons.
B.2 Cross section and concrete strength
(1) Figure B.3 provides curves which give values of the reduction in concrete compressive strength and
cross section with respect to the thickness of section.
(2) The thickness of section w is assessed as follows:
— For slabs: w = h
— For beams: w = " bw
— For columns or walls exposed on one side only: w = width of wall or column
— For columns or walls exposed on two sides: w = " × width of wall or column
— For columns exposed on four sides: w = " × the smaller section dimension
(3) The reduction in cross section az is described in 4.3.3, see Figure 4.9.
(4) The reduction in strength kc(GM) is defined in 3.2.
54 © BSI 03-2000
© BSI 03-2000
Figure B.1 — Temperature profiles for beams
55
ENV 1992-1-2:1995
56
ENV 1992-1-2:1995
Figure B.2 — Temperature profiles for slabs
© BSI 03-2000
ENV 1992-1-2:1995
w is assessed as:
* The thickness of a slab,

* The thickness of a one sided exposed wall or
column,
* Half the thickness of the web of a beam,
* Half the thickness of a two sided exposed wall or
column or
* Half the smallest dimension of a four sided exposed
column.
a) Reduction of compression strength for a reduced

cross-section using siliceous aggregate concrete.
b) Reduction in cross-section az of a beam or slab c) Reduction in cross section az of a column or wall

using siliceous aggregate concrete. using siliceous aggregate concrete.
NOTE The values for siliceous aggregate concrete are conservative for most other aggregate concretes.
Figure B.3 — Reduction in cross section and concrete strength assuming a standard fire
© BSI 03-2000 57
ENV 1992-1-2:1995
Annex C (informative)
Simplified method of calculation for beams and slabs
C.1 General
(1) This simplified method of calculation provides an extension to the use of the tabular method for beams
exposed on three sides and slabs, Table 4.4 to Table 4.8. It determines the affect on bending resistance for
situations where the axis distance, a, to bottom reinforcement is less than that required by the tables.
The minimum cross-section dimensions (b, bw, hs) given in Table 4.4 to Table 4.7 should not be reduced.
This method uses strength reduction factors based on Curve 1 of Figure 3.2 for reinforcing steels
and Figure 3.3 for prestressing steels.
(2) This simplified method may be used to justify reducing the axis distance a. Otherwise the rules given
in 4.2.6.1 to 4.2.6.3 should be followed. This method is not valid for continuous beams where, in the areas
of negative moment, the width b or bw is less than 200 mm and the height hs is less than 2b, where b is the
value given in Column 3 of Table 4.4.
C.2 Simply supported beams and slabs

(1) It should be verified that
Msd,fi u MRd,fi (C.1)
(2) The loading under fire conditions Fd,fi (kN) may be determined using Equation (2.5).
(3) The maximum fire design moment MSd,fi for predominantly uniformly distributed load may be calculated
using Equation (C.2).
MSd,fi = Fd,fileff/8 (C.2)
where leff is the effective length of beam or slab.

(4) The moment of resistance MRd,fi for design for the fire situation may be calculated using Equation (C.3).
MRd,fi = (Ys/Ys,fi) × ks(G) × MSd (As,prov/As,req) (C.3)
where:
Ys is the partial material factor for steel used in ENV 1992-1-1, (normally taken to be 1,15)
Ys,fi is the partial material factor for steel under fire conditions (normally taken to be 1,0)
ks(G) is the strength reduction factor of the steel for the given temperature G under the required fire
resistance. G may be taken from Figure B.1 and Figure B.2 for the chosen axis distance
MSd is the applied moment for cold design to ENV 1992-1-1
As,prov is the area of tensile steel provided
As,req is the area of tensile steel required for cold design by ENV 1992-1-1
As,prov/As,req should not be taken as greater than 1,3.
C.3 Continuous beams and slabs
(1) Static equilibrium of flexural moments and shear forces should be ensured for the full length of
continuous beams and slabs under the design fire conditions.
(2) In order to satisfy equilibrium of fire design, moment redistribution from the span to the supports is
permitted where sufficient area of reinforcement is provided over the supports to take the design fire
loading. This reinforcement should extend a sufficient distance into the span to ensure a safe bending
moment envelope.
(3) The moment of resistance MRdSpan,fi of the section at the position of maximum sagging moment should
be calculated for fire conditions in accordance with C.2 (4). The maximum free bending moment for applied
loads in the fire situation (Fd,fi leff/8 for uniformly distributed load) should be fitted to this moment of
resistance MRdSpan,fi such that the support moments MRd1,fi and MRd2,fi provide equilibrium as shown
in Figure C.1. This may be carried out by choosing the moment to be supported at one end as equal to or
less than the moment of resistance at that support [calculated using Equation (C.4)], and then calculating
the moment required at the other support.
58 © BSI 03-2000
ENV 1992-1-2:1995
Figure C.1 — Positioning the free bending moment diagram MSd,fi to establish equilibrium
(4) In the absence of more rigorous calculations, the moment of resistance at supports for design for the fire
situation may be calculated using Equation (C.4).
MRd,fi = (Ys/Ys,fi) MSd (As,prov/As,req) (d – a)/d (C.4)
where
Ys, MSd, Ys, Ys,fi, As,prov and As,req are defined in C.2
a is the required average axis distance given in Table 4.5 for beams and Table 4.8, Column 3 for slabs,
d is the effective depth of section
As,prov/As,req should not be taken as greater than 1,3.
(5) Equation (C.4) is valid where the temperature of the top steel over the supports does not exceed 350 °C
for reinforcing bars nor 100 °C for prestressing tendons.
For higher temperatures MRd,fi should be reduced by ks(G) according to Figure 3.2, curve 1, for reinforcing
bars, and by kp(G) according to Figure 3.3 for prestressing tendons.
(6) The curtailment length lbnet,fi required under fire conditions should be checked. This may be calculated
using Equation (C.5).
lbnet,fi = (Ys/Ys,fi) (Yc,fi/Yc) lbnet (C.5)
where lbnet is given in ENV 1992-1-1, Equation (5.4).

The length of bar provided should extend beyond the support to the relevant contra-flexure point as
calculated in C.3 (3) plus a distance equal to lb net,fi.
Annex D (informative)
A procedure for assessing the structural response of reinforced concrete
elements under fire
D.1 General
(1) This step by step procedure describes a method for assessing the structural response of reinforced
concrete structures composed of typical elements (beams, columns, slabs and walls) under fire condition,
by means of simple methods of statics.
(2) The effective thermal strain profiles and the consequent behaviour under fire may be estimated with
good approximation, in spite of the uncertainties and the inaccuracy of the physical model used.
D.2 Rules for application
(1) For appropriately chosen durations of the given fire, or corresponding steps of %G (eg. 50 °C or
even 100 °C), the development of surface temperatures on the exposed surfaces and the “temperatures
profiles” of the concrete elements should be determined (see Figure D.1).
© BSI 03-2000 59
ENV 1992-1-2:1995
Figure D.1 — Temperature profiles in concrete elements. Gm is the average

temperature along a horizontal section y-y
(2) For each temperature level, determine the modified elastic modulus Ec(Gm) and elongation (%/(Gm/l)c of
concrete (see Annex A).
(3) Assume that the structural element is composed of independent longitudinal fibres (layers), known as
thermo-elements, which are free to move axially. Under fire conditions the temperature profiles induce
thermal elongations which are not distributed linearly, so that sections do not remain plane
(see Figure D.2).
Figure D.2 — Layers of thermo-elements assumed free to move axially
60 © BSI 03-2000
ENV 1992-1-2:1995
(4) The equivalent action effects N(G) and M(G) are then determined by applying a hypothetical stress Ö(G)
to each layer, sufficient to cause an equal and opposite strain to its thermal strain. The forces from each
layer are summed over the height of the section to give N(G), e and hence M(G) (see Figure D.3).
(D.1)
(D.2)
where:
Ec(G) and (%l(G)/l)c are defined in D.2 (see also Annex A),
h is the height of the cross section,
y is the distance of a thermo-element from the element axis and
y1, and y2 are the distances of the upper and lower thermo-elements from the member axis.
Figure D.3 — Hypothetical and equalising forces
(5) The residual internal stresses are found by combining the hypothetical stresses Ö(G) and the stresses
due to N(G) and M(G), as shown in Figure D.4.
(6) The effective imposed strains are equal to the sum of the thermal strains of the thermo-elements
(see Figure D.2) and the mechanical strains due to the final internal stresses (see Figure D.4).
Hence:
a) The mean axial strain imposed on the cross-section is given by the expression:
(D.3)
© BSI 03-2000 61
ENV 1992-1-2:1995
b) The curvature, i.e. the mean strain gradient imposed on the cross-section is given by the expression:
(D.4)
where:
Ac is the area of the cross-section,
lc is the moment of inertia of the cross-section, subscripts 1 and 2 refer respectively to the upper and
lower fibre of the cross-section.
Figure D.4 — Final internal self-equilibrating stresses
(7) If the member is axially unrestrained (i.e. free to expand) the mean axial strain imposed on the
cross-section [Equation (D.3)] will result in an overall axial deformation.
If the member is free to rotate the mean strain gradient imposed on the cross-section [Equation (D.4)]
will result in an overall curvature of the section.
The resulting axial elongations, rotations and deflections of such unrestrained building elements do not
produce any further external forces.
(8) In the general case of statically indeterminate structural elements or sub-assemblies, the mean strains
and curvatures developed under elevated temperatures, lead to a modification of axial deformations,
deflections and rotations, as well as to redistribution of action-effects.
The relevant analysis can be carried out by means of conventional methods of statics, based on
moment/curvature and axial-force/elongation diagrams of selected cross-sections for a given temperature
profile. Such diagrams provide all the necessary values of (variable) stiffness for every situation and
corresponding level of action-effects.
(9) It is also possible to evaluate the safety margin (against flexural or shear failure) and the ductility at
critical sections of structural elements. In order to do this, the properties of concrete, steel and their bond
characteristics should be modified to take account of the corresponding internal temperature levels.
D.3 Possible further simplifications
(1) In order to overcome the laborious procedure of setting up thermo-elements and calculating the internal
stresses, practical diagrams may be used to obtain an approximate estimation of the effective thermal
deformations (mean elongation and curvature) assuming sections remain plane under fire conditions.
62 © BSI 03-2000
ENV 1992-1-2:1995
(2) For certain shapes and dimensions of typical cross-sections, practical diagrams may be prepared using
an equivalent linear temperature distribution Geff at the exposed faces of the considered cross-section,
instead of the actual temperature distribution Gact. An example of such a practical diagram is given
in Figure D.5. This is only valid for cross-sections similar to those shown. Using such diagrams, the
redistribution of action-effects and the modification of deformations of reinforced concrete elements during
fire may be analyzed using normal loads with effective imposed deformations.
(D.5)
(D.6)
Figure D.5 — Equivalent temperature values Geff for typical reinforced concrete
sections exposed to a standard fire
© BSI 03-2000 63
DD ENV
1992-1-2:1996
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ICS 91.040; 91.080.40

Committees responsible for this

The preparation of this Draft for Development was entrusted by Technical

Association of Consulting Engineers

Institution of Structural Engineers

This Draft for Development,

The following BSI references

ISBN 0 580 25809 2

the subject covered by these documents.

© BSI 03-2000 iii

Table N4.1 — Minimum dimensions and axis distances for reinforced

2 Partial factors, combination factors and other values

Table N4.2 — Minimum wall thickness

Table N4.3 — Minimum dimensions and axis distances for load-bearing

REI 60 110/10a 120/10a 130/10a 140/10a

Table N4.4 — Minimum dimensions and axis

© BSI 03-2000 vii

Table N4.7 — Reinforced and prestressed concrete

Standard fire resistance

Table N4.9 — Minimum dimensions and axis distances

Standard fire resistance mm

Slab thickness hs Axis-distance a

viii © BSI 03-2000

REI 120 bmin 140 190 W 300 hs 120

ICS 91.040.00; 91.080.40

Descriptors: Buildings, concrete structure, design, computation, fire resistance

Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures —

This European Prestandard (ENV) was approved by CEN on 1994-01-14 as a

Foreword (8) Separate subcommittees have been formed by

informative Annexes. Burggrafenstrasse 6

(17) In using this Prestandard in practice,

informative Annexes. These Annexes have been

2.1 Performance requirements 11

compression at elevated temperatures 41 moment diagram MSd,fi to establish equilibrium 59

compression of siliceous and calcareous

1.2 Distinction between principles and application rules

1.3 Normative references

indirect fire actions

a axis distance of the steel from the nearest exposed surface

2.3 Design values of material properties

2.4 Verification methods

are within the range of appropriate experimental evidence.

For prestressing steel wires and strands:

4 Structural fire design

Table 4.1 of ENV 1992-1-1.

4.2 Tabulated data

4.2.2 General design rules

b) evaluate the critical temperature of reinforcement Gcr, corresponding to the reduction

Figure 4.2 — Dimensions used to calculate average axis distance am

NOTE t × b is the load bearing part of the cross section

Table 4.2 — Minimum wall thickness of non

4.2.4.2 Load-bearing solid walls

4.2.5 Tensile members

Table 4.4 — Minimum dimensions and axis distances for

Figure 4.4 — Definition of dimensions for different types of beam section

a = |65| |55| |50| |45|

resistance thickness bw (mm)

Where bmin is given by Table 4.5 to Table 4.7.