DRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENT DD ENV

1992-1-4:1996

Eurocode 2:
Design of concrete
structures —
Part 1.4 General rules —
Lightweight aggregate concrete with
Licensed copy:Heriot Watt University, 20/04/2004, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI

closed structure —

(together with United Kingdom

National Application Document)

ICS 91.040; 91.080.40

 DD ENV 1992-1-4:1996

Committees responsible for this

Draft for Development

The preparation of this Draft for Development was entrusted by Technical

Committee B/525, to Subcommittee B/525/2, Structural use of concrete, upon
which the following bodies were represented:

Association of Consulting Engineers

British Cement Association
British Precast Concrete Federation Ltd.
Department of the Environment (Property and Buildings Directorate)
Department of Transport (Highways Agency)
Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors
Institution of Civil Engineers
Institution of Structural Engineers
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Steel Reinforcement Commission

This Draft for Development,

having been prepared under the
direction of the Sector Board for
Building and Civil Engineering,
was published under the
authority of the Standards Board Amendments issued since publication
and comes into effect on
15 September 1996 Amd. No. Date Comments
© BSI 02-2000

The following BSI reference

relates to the work on this Draft
for Development:
Committee reference B/525/2

ISBN 0 580 25819 X

 DD ENV 1992-1-4:1996

Contents

Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
National foreword ii
Foreword 2
Text of National Application Document iii
Text of ENV 1992-1-4 7
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© BSI 02-2000 i
 DD ENV 1992-1-4:1996

National foreword

This Draft for Development was prepared by Subcommittee B/525/2 and is the
English language version of ENV 1992-1-4:1994 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete
structures Part 1.4: General rules — Lightweight aggregate concrete with closed
structure, as published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN).
This Draft for Development also includes the United Kingdom (UK) National
Application Document (NAD) to be used with the ENV in the design of buildings
to be constructed in the UK.
ENV 1992-1-4 results from a programme of work sponsored by the European
commission to make available a common set of rules for the structural and
geotechnical design of building and civil engineering works.
This publication is not to be regarded as a British Standard.
An ENV is made available for provisional application, but does not have the
status of a European Standard. The aim is to use the experience gained to modify
the ENV so that it can be adopted as a European Standard. The publication of this
ENV and its National Application Document should be considered to supersede
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any reference to a British Standard in previous DD ENV Eurocodes concerning

the subject covered by these documents.
The values for certain parameters in the ENV Eurocodes may be set by individual
CEN Members so as to meet the requirements of national regulations. These
parameters are designated by |_| in the ENV.
During the ENV period of validity, reference should be made to the supporting
documents listed in the National Application Document (NAD).
The purpose of the NAD is to provide essential information, particularly in
relation to safety, to enable the ENV to be used for buildings constructed in the
UK. The NAD takes precedence over corresponding provisions in the ENV.
The Building Regulations 1991, Approved Document A 1992, draws attention to
the potential use of ENV Eurocodes as an alternative approach to Building
Regulation compliance. ENV 1992-1-4 is considered to offer such an alternative
approach, when used in conjunction with its NAD.
Users of this document are invited to comment on its technical content, ease of
use and any ambiguities or anomalies. These comments will be taken into account
when preparing the UK national response to CEN on the question of whether the
ENV can be converted to an EN.
Comments should be sent in writing to the Secretary of Subcommittee B/525/2,
BSI, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL, quoting the document reference,
the relevant clause and, where possible, a proposed revision, by 31 October 1996.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to vi,
the ENV title page, pages 2 to 17 and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the
inside front cover.

ii © BSI 02-2000
 DD ENV 1992-1-4:1996

National Application
Document
for use in the UK with
ENV 1992-1-4:1994
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© BSI 02-2000 iii

 DD ENV 1992-1-4:1996

Contents of
National Application Document

Page
Introduction v
1 Scope v
2 Partial factors, combination factors and other values v
3 Reference standards vi
4 Additional recommendations vi
Table 1 — Values to be used in referenced clauses instead of boxed values v
Table 2 — Reference in EC2-1.4 to other codes and standards vi
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iv © BSI 02-2000
 DD ENV 1992-1-4:1996

Introduction
This National Application Document (NAD) has been prepared by Subcommittee B/525/2. It has been
developed from the following.
a) A textual examination of ENV 1992-1-4.
b) A parametric calibration against BS 8110, supporting standards and test data.
c) Trial calculations.

1 Scope
This NAD provides information to enable ENV 1992-1-4 (hereafter referred to as EC2-1.4) to be used for
the design of buildings to be constructed in the UK. It will be assumed that it will be used in conjunction
with DD ENV 1992-1-1, the NAD of which refers to BSI publications for values of actions.

2 Partial factors, combination factors and other values

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a) The values for combination coefficients (Ò) should be those given in Table 1 of the NAD for EC2-1.1.
b) The values for partial factors for normal temperature design should be those given in EC2-1.1, except
where modified by the NAD for that code.
c) Other values should be those given in EC2-1.1, except where modified by the NAD for that code,
and EC2-1.4, except for those given in Table 1 of this NAD.
Table 1 — Values to be used in referenced clauses instead of boxed values
Reference in EC2-1.4 Definition UK values

4.4.3.2 (106) Basic ratios of span/effective depth 0.85 times Table 7 of the NAD to
EC2-1.1:1991. [Note the value 38
in Table 7 should be 47]
5.2.1.2 (104) Minimum diameters of mandrel 0 % not 30 %, but use Table 8 of
the NAD to EC2-1.1:1991

© BSI 02-2000 v
 DD ENV 1992-1-4:1996

3 Reference standards
Supporting standards including materials specifications and standards for construction are listed
in Table 2 of this NAD.
Table 2 — Reference in EC2-1.4 to other codes and standards
Reference in Document
EC2-1.4 Document title or subject area Status UK document
referred to
Various ENV 1992-1-1 Design of concrete Published DD ENV 1992-1-1
1.1.2 P (106) ENV 206 Concrete: Performance, Published DD ENV 206:1992
production, placing and 1990
compliance
1.1.2 P (106) ENV 1992-1-6 Plain concrete structures Published DD ENV 1992-1-6:1996
1994
1.4.2 P (103) ENV 206 Concrete: Performance, Published DD ENV 206:1992
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production, placing and 1990

compliance
2.5.5.1 (113) ENV 1992-1-1 Effects of time-dependent Published DD ENV 1992-1-1:1992
Appendix 1 deformation of concrete 1990
3.1.2.1 P (102) ENV 206 Concrete: Performance, Published DD ENV 206:1992
production, placing and 1990
compliance
3.1.2.1 (103) ENV 206 Concrete: Performance, Published DD ENV 206:1992
production, placing and 1990
compliance
3.1.2.5.2 (105) ISO 6784 Concrete — Determination of Published —
static modulus of elasticity in 1982
compression
3.1.2.5.5 (107) ENV 1992-1-1 Effects of time-dependent Published DD ENV 1992-1-1:1992
Appendix 1 deformation of concrete 1990
4.2.1.3.3 (103) ENV 1992-1-1 Non-linear analysis and Published DD ENV 1992-1-1:1992
Appendix 2 & 3 supplementary information on 1990
the ultimate limit state induced
by structural deformations
4.2.1.3.3 (104) ENV 1992-1-1 Supplementary information on Published DD ENV 1992-1-1:1992
Appendix 3 the ultimate limit state induced 1990
by structural deformations
4.3.5.2 P (106) ENV 1992-1-1 Supplementary information on Published DD ENV 1992-1-1:1992
Appendix 3 the ultimate limit state induced 1990
by structural deformations

4 Additional recommendations
4.1 Chapter 3. Material Properties
a) Clause 3.1.2.3 (105)
Equation (3.106) should be replaced by:
½1 = 0.4 + 0.6Ô/2400
b) Clause 3.1.2.5.2 (105)
Equation (3.107) should be replaced by:
½E = (Ô/2400)2

vi © BSI 02-2000
 EUROPEAN PRESTANDARD ENV 1992-1-4:1994
PRÉNORME EUROPÉENNE
October 1994
EUROPÄISCHE VORNORM

ICS 91.040.00; 91.100.30

Descriptors: Buildings, concrete structure, computation, building codes, rules of calculation

English version

Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures —

Part 1-4: General rules —
Lightweight aggregate concrete with closed structure
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Eurocode 2: Calcul des structures en béton — Eurocode 2: Plannung von Stahlbeton-und

Partie 1-4: Pègles générales — Spannbetontragwerken —
Béton de granulats à structure fermée Teil 1-4: Allgemeine Regeln —
Leichtbeton mit geschlossenem Gefüge

This European Prestandard (ENV) was approved by CEN on 1993-06-25 as a

prospective standard for provisional application. The period of validity of this
ENV is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN
will be requested to submit their comments, particularly on the question
whether the ENV can be converted into a European Standard (EN).
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this ENV in the same
way as for an EN and to make the ENV available promptly at national level in
an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in
force (in parallel to the (ENV) until the final decision about the possible
conversion of the ENV into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and
United Kingdom.

CEN
European Committee for Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation
Europäisches Komitee für Normung
Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels
© 1994 Copyright reserved to CEN members
Ref. No. ENV 1992-1-4:1994 E
 ENV 1992-1-4:1994
Foreword
Objectives of the Eurocodes
(1) The “Structural Eurocodes” comprise a group of
standards for the structural and geotechnical design
of buildings and civil engineering works.
(2) They cover execution and control only to the
extent that is necessary to indicate the quality of
the construction products, and the standard of the
workmanship needed to comply with the
assumptions of the design rules.
(3) Until the necessary set of harmonized technical
specifications for products and for the methods of
testing their performance are available, some of the
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Structural Eurocodes cover some of these aspects in
informative Annexes.
Background of the Eurocode
programme
(4) The Commission of the European Communities
(CEC) initiated the work of establishing a set of
harmonized technical rules for the design of
building and civil engineering works which would
initially serve as an alternative to the different
rules in force in the various Member States and
would ultimately replace them. These technical
rules became known as the “Structural Eurocodes”.
(5) In 1990, after consulting their respective
Member States, the CEC transferred the work
of further development, issue and updating of
the Structural Eurocodes to CEN, and the EFTA
Secretariat agreed to support the CEN work.
(6) CEN Technical Committee CEN/TC250 is
responsible for all Structural Eurocodes
Eurocode programme
(7) Work is in hand on the following Structural
Eurocodes, each generally consisting of a number
of parts:
EN 1991, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions
on structures.
EN 1992, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete
structures.
EN 1993, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures.
EN 1994, Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel
and concrete structures.
EN 1995, Eurocode 5: Design of timber
structures.
EN 1996, Eurocode 6: Design of masonry
structures.
EN 1997, Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design.
2 © BSI 02-2000
EN 1998, Eurocode 8: Design provisions for
earthquake resistance of structures.
EN 1999, Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium alloy
structures.
(8) Separate sub-committees have been formed by
CEN/TC250 for the various Eurocodes listed above.
(9) This Part 1-4 of Eurocode 2 is being published
as a European Prestandard (ENV) with an initial
life of three years.
(10) This Prestandard is intended for experimental
application and for the submission of comments.
(11) After approximately two years CEN members
will be invited to submit formal comments to be
taken into account in determining future actions.
(12) Meanwhile feedback and comments on this
Prestandard should be sent to the Secretariat
of CEN/TC250/SC2 at the following address:
Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V. (DIN)
Burggrafenstrasse 6
D – 10787 Berlin
phone: (+ 49) 30 p 26 01 p 25 01
fax: (+ 49) 30 p 26 01 p 12 31
or to your national standards organization.
National application documents
(NAD’S)
(13) In view of the responsibilities of authorities
in member countries for safety, health and other
matters covered by the essential requirements of
the Construction Products Directive (CPD), certain
safety elements in this ENV have been assigned
indicative values which are identified by [ ] (“boxed
values”). The authorities in each member country
are expected to assign definitive values to these
safety elements.
(14) Some of the supporting European or
International Standards may not be available by
the time this Prestandard is issued. It is therefore
anticipated that a National Application Document
(NAD) giving definitive values for safety elements,
referencing compatible supporting standards and
providing national guidance on the application of
this Prestandard, will be issued by each member
country or its Standards Organization.
(15) It is intended that this Prestandard is used in
conjunction with the NAD valid in the country
where the building or civil engineering works is
located.
 ENV 1992-1-4:1994

Matters specific to this prestandard Some Principles and Application Rules of

(16) The scope of Eurocode 2 is defined in 1.1.1
of ENV 1992-1-1 and the scope of this Part of
Eurocode 2 is defined in 1.1.2. Additional Parts
of Eurocode 2 which are planned are indicated
in 1.1.3 of ENV 1992-1-1; these will cover
additional technologies or applications, and
will complement and supplement this Part.
(17) In using this Prestandard in practice,
particular regard should be paid to the underlying
assumptions and conditions given in 1.3 of
ENV 1992-1-1.
(18) The seven chapters of this Prestandard are
complemented by four Appendices which have
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ENV 1992-1-1 are modified or replaced in this
Part, in which case they are superseded.
Where a Principle or Application Rule in
ENV 1992-1-1 is modified or replaced, the new
number is identified by the addition of 100 to
the original number. Where a new Principle or
Application Rule is added, it is identified by a
number which follows the last number of
ENV 1992-1-1 with 100 added to it.
A subject not covered by ENV 1992-1-1 is introduced
in this Part by a new sub-clause. The sub-clause
number for this follows the most appropriate clause
number in ENV 1992-1-1.

(25) The numbering of equations, figures, footnotes

the same normative status as the chapters to and tables in this Part follow the same principles as
which they relate. These Appendices have been the clause numbering in (24) above.
introduced by moving some of the more detailed
Principles/Application Rules, which are needed in
particular cases, out of the main part of the text to
aid its clarity.
(19) As indicated in paragraph (14) of this Foreword,
reference should be made to National Application
Documents which will give details of compatible
supporting standards to be used. For this Part of
Eurocode 2, particular attention is drawn to the
approved Prestandard ENV 206 (Concrete —
performance, production, placing and compliance
criteria), and the durability requirements given
in 4.1 of this Prestandard.
(20) The provisions of this Prestandard are based
substantially on the 1978 edition of the CEB Model
Code and other more recent CEB and FIP
documents.
(21) In developing this Prestandard, background
documents have been prepared, which give
commentaries on and justifications for some of
the provisions in this Prestandard.
For ENV 1992-1-4, the following additional
sub-clauses apply:
(22) This Part 1-4 of Eurocode 2 complements
ENV 1992-1-1 for the particular aspects of
lightweight aggregate concrete with closed
structure.
(23) The framework and structure of this Part 1-4
correspond to ENV 1992-1-1. However, Part 1-4
contains Principles and Application Rules which
are specific to structure made with lightweight
aggregate concrete with closed structure.
(24) Where a particular sub-clause of ENV 1992-1-1
is not mentioned in this ENV 1992-1-4, that
sub-clause of ENV 1992-1-1 applies as far as
deemed appropriate in each case.

© BSI 02-2000 3
 ENV 1992-1-4:1994

Contents Page
4.3.5 Ultimate limit states induced by
Page structural deformation (buckling) 14
Foreword 2 4.3.5.2 Design procedures 14
1 Introduction 7 4.4 Serviceability limit states 15
1.1 Scope 7 4.4.2 Limit states of cracking 15
1.1.2 Scope of part 1-4 of Eurocode 2 7 4.4.2.2 Minimum reinforcement areas 15
1.4 Definitions 7 4.4.3 Limit states of deformation 15
1.4.2 Special terms used in part 1-4 4.4.3.2 Cases where calculations may be
of Eurocode 2 7 omitted 15
1.7 Special symbols used in this part 1-4 5 Detailing provisions 15
of Eurocode 2 7
5.0 Notation 15
1.7.2 Latin upper case symbols 7
5.1 General 15
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1.7.4 Greek symbols 7

5.2 Steel for reinforced concrete 15
1.7.5 Subscripts 7
5.2.1 General detailing arrangements 15
2 Basis of design 8
5.2.1.2 Permissible curvatures 15
2.5 Analysis 8
5.2.2 Bond 16
2.5.5 Determination of the effects of
5.2.2.2 Ultimate bond stress 16
time dependent deformations of
concrete 8 5.2.2.3 Basic anchorage length 16
2.5.5.1 General 8 5.2.3 Anchorage 16
3 Material properties 8 5.2.3.2 Anchorage methods 16
3.1 Concrete 8 5.2.3.4 Required anchorage length 16
3.1.0 Notation 8 5.2.6 Additional rules for high bond bars
exceeding |32| mm in diameter 16
3.1.2 Lightweight aggregate concrete 8
5.2.6.0 General 16
3.1.2.1 Definitions 8
5.2.6.2 Bond 16
3.1.2.3 Tensile strength 9
5.2.7 Bundled high bond bars 16
3.1.2.4 Strength classes of lightweight
aggregate concrete 9 5.2.7.1 General 16
3.1.2.5 Deformation properties 10 6 Construction and workmanship 16
4 Section and member design 11 7 Quality control 16
4.1 Durability requirements 0 Appendix 1 Additional provisions for
the determination of the effects of
4.1.3 Design 11
time-dependent deformation of concrete 17
4.1.3.3 Concrete cover 11
Appendix 2 Non-linear analysis 17
4.2 Design data 11
Appendix 3 Supplementary information
4.2.1 Lightweight aggregate concrete 11 on the ultimate limit states induced
4.2.1.2 Physical properties 11 by structural deformation 17
4.2.1.3 Mechanical properties 11 Appendix 4 Checking deflections by
4.2.3 Prestressed concrete 14 calculation 17
4.2.3.5 Design of members in prestressed Figure 4.101 — Schematic stress-strain
concrete 14 diagram of lightweight aggregate
concrete for structural analysis 12
4.3 Ultimate limit states 14
Figure 4.102 — Bi-linear stress-strain
4.3.2 Shear 14
diagram for the design of cross sections
4.3.2.3 Elements not requiring design made with lightweight aggregate
shear reinforcement 14 concrete 13
4.3.4 Punching 14
4.3.4.5 Shear resistance 14

4 © BSI 02-2000
 ENV 1992-1-4:1994

Page
Table 3.105 — Density classes and
corresponding design densities of
lightweight aggregate concrete
according to ENV 206 9
Table 3.106 — Strength classes and
characteristic compressive strengths flck
of lightweight aggregate
concrete (in N/mm2) 9
Table 3.107 — Factors for the evaluation
of the creep coefficients and shrinkage
strains of lightweight aggregate concrete 10
Table 4.114 — Basic ratios of
span/effective depth for reinforced
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lightweight aggregate concrete

members without axial compression 15

© BSI 02-2000 5
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6
blank
 ENV 1992-1-4:1994

1 Introduction
This clause of ENV 1992-1-1 is applicable except as follows:

1.1 Scope
1.1.2 Scope of part 1-4 of Eurocode 2
Addition after Principle P(5):
P(106) Part 1-4 of Eurocode 2 gives a general basis for the design of buildings and civil engineering
works in reinforced and prestressed concrete made with lightweight aggregate concrete with
closed structure as defined in ENV 206.
For plain concrete structures made with lightweight aggregate concrete with closed structure,
Part 1-6 of ENV 1992 and this Part 1-4 shall be applied analogously.
P(107) All clauses of ENV 1992-1-1 are generally applicable, unless they are substituted by special
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clauses of this Part 1-4.

P(108) This Part 1-4 applies to all concretes with closed structure made with natural or artificial
mineral lightweight aggregates, unless reliable experience indicates that provisions different
from those given can be adopted safely.
(109) This Part 1-4 does not apply to aerated concrete either autoclaved or normally cured
nor to lightweight aggregate concrete with open structure.

1.4 Definitions
1.4.2 Special terms used in part 1-4 of Eurocode 2
Addition after Principle P(2):
P(103) Lightweight aggregate concrete: concrete having a closed structurea and an oven-dry density
of not more than 2 000 kg/m3 consisting of or containing a proportion of artificial or natural
lightweight aggregates having a particle density of less than 2 000 kg/m3.
a
according to ENV 206, 5.2, so made and compacted as to retain no appreciable amount of entrapped air other than entrained air.

1.7 Special symbols used in this part 1-4 of Eurocode 2

1.7.2 Latin upper case symbols
Addition:
LC The strength classes of lightweight aggregate concrete are preceeded by the symbol LC.

1.7.4 Greek symbols

Addition:
½E, ½1, ½2, ½3, ½4: conversion coefficient or ratio.
1.7.5 Subscripts
Addition:
lc Material properties of lightweight aggregate concrete are indicated by the subscript lc.

© BSI 02-2000 7
 ENV 1992-1-4:1994

2 Basis of design
This clause of ENV 1992-1-1 is applicable except as follows:

2.5 Analysis
2.5.5 Determination of the effects of time dependent deformation of concrete
2.5.5.1 General
Replacement of Application Rule (13) by:
(113) Appendix 1 in Part 1-1 of ENV 1992 does not apply to lightweight aggregate concrete with
closed structure.

Addition after Application Rule (13):

(114) When the influence of the time dependent deformation of concrete is considered to be of
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particular significance so that its evaluation requires the use of rigorous calculation procedures,
reference should be made to appropriate documents in complying with P(1), P(2) and (5) in
ENV 1992-1-1. In performing such calculations, a knowledge of environmental conditions and
of material composition and properties is important for accurate prediction.

3 Material properties
This clause of ENV 1992-1-1 is applicable except as follows:

3.1 Concrete
3.1.0 Notation (see also 1.7)
Addition:
½E Conversion factor for the calculation of the modulus of elasticity
½1 Coefficient for the determination of the tensile strength
½2 Ratio of the moduli of elasticity of lightweight aggregate concrete with closed structure and normal
weight concrete
Ô Oven-dry density of lightweight aggregate concrete in kg/m3

3.1.2 Lightweight aggregate concrete

3.1.2.1 Definitions
Replacement of Principles P(1) and P(2) by:
P(101) The density of lightweight aggregate concrete is defined as the mass per unit volume after
oven-drying (105 °C).
P(102) The density shall be determined in accordance with ENV 206.
Addition after Principle P(2):
(103) In ENV 206, Clause 7.3.2, lightweight aggregate concrete is classified according to its
density as shown in lines 1 and 2 of Table 3.105 on page 9. In addition, Table 3.105
gives corresponding densities for plain and reinforced concrete with normal
percentages of reinforcement which may be used for design purposes in calculating self-
weight or imposed permanent loading.
(104) The contribution of the reinforcement to the density may alternatively be determined
by calculation.

8 © BSI 02-2000
 ENV 1992-1-4:1994

Table 3.105 — Density classes and corresponding design densities of lightweight

aggregate concrete according to ENV 206
Density class 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Oven-dry 901 – 1 000 1 001 – 1 200 1 201 – 1 400 1 401 – 1 600 1 601 – 1 800 1 801 – 2 000
density Ô (kg/m3)
Density plain 1 050 1 250 1 450 1 650 1 850 2 050
concrete
(kg/m3) reinforced 1 150 1 350 1 550 1 750 1 950 2 150
concrete

3.1.2.3 Tensile strength

Addition after Application Rule (4):
(105) In the absence of more accurate data, an estimate of the tensile strength can be obtained by
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multiplying the fct-values calculated from equations (3.2) to (3.4), or obtained from Table 3.1
in Clause 3.1.2.4 of ENV 1992-1-1 by a coefficient
Ô
½1= 0.40 + 0.60 ------------- (3.106)
2200
where Ô denotes the upper limit of the oven-dry density in line 2 of Table 3.105 (kg/m3).

3.1.2.4 Strength classes of lightweight aggregate concrete

Replacement of Principle P(1) and Application Rules (2) and (3) by:
P(101) Design shall be based on a strength class of concrete which corresponds to a specified value of
the characteristic compressive strength.
For lightweight aggregate concrete the same strength classes apply as for normal weight
concrete.
(102) The compressive strength of concrete is classified by concrete strength classes which
relate to the cylinder strength, fck, or the cube strength fck, cube, in accordance with
ENV 206, Clauses 7.3.1.1 and 11.3.5.
The strength classes of lightweight aggregate concrete are preceeded by the symbol LC.
(103) For design calculations, the concrete strength classes and the characteristic
compressive strength can be obtained from Table 3.106.
Table 3.106 — Strength classes and characteristic compressive strengths flck of lightweight
aggregate concrete (in N/mm2)
Strength LC 12/15 LC 16/20 LC 20/25 LC 25/30 LC 30/37 LC 35/45 LC 40/50 LC 45/55 LC 50/60
flck 12 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Addition after Application Rule (3):

(104) Concrete of strength classes LC 12/15 or less, and concrete of classes higher than LC 50/60
should not be used unless their use is appropriately justified. For prestressed concrete, classes
lower than LC 30/37 should not be used for pre-tensioned and lower than LC 25/30 not for
post-tensioned work.

© BSI 02-2000 9
 ENV 1992-1-4:1994

3.1.2.5 Deformation properties

3.1.2.5.2 Modulus of elasticity
Addition after Application Rule (4):
(105) An estimate of the mean values of the secant modulus Elcm for lightweight aggregate concrete
can be obtained by multiplying the values in Table 3.2 or acc. to equation (3.5) in ENV 1992-1-1
by a coefficient
½E = (Ô/2200)2 (3.107)
where:
Ô denotes the upper limit of the oven-dry density in line 2 of Table 3.105 (kg/m3).
The values so obtained are approximate. Where accurate data are needed, e.g. where deflections
are of great importance, tests should be carried out to determine the Elcm-values in accordance
with ISO 6784. In other cases, experience with a particular aggregate backed by general test
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data, will often provide a reliable value for Elcm, but with unknown aggregates, it would be
advisable to consider a range of values.

3.1.2.5.4 Coefficient of thermal expansion

Replacement of Principle P(1) by:
(101) The coefficient of thermal expansion depends mainly on the type of aggregates used and varies
over a wide range.

Addition after Principle P(1):

(102) For design purposes where thermal expansion is of no great importance, the coefficient may be
taken as 8 * 10–6/°C. However, the actual value may be significantly higher.
(103) The difference between the coefficients of thermal expansion of steel and of lightweight aggregate
concrete need not be considered in design.

3.1.2.5.5 Creep and shrinkage

Addition after Application Rule (5):
(106) In the absence of test results, Tables 3.3 and 3.4 in 3.1.2.5.5 of Part 1-1 of ENV 1992 can be taken
as a basis for calculation, subject to the following modifications:
The final values for the creep coefficient Ì(Z, to) can be reduced by the ratio:

(3.108)

The creep strain so derived and the basic shrinkage strains should be multiplied by the factors ½3
and ½4 respectively given in Table 3.107 below.
(107) Appendix 1 of ENV 1992-1-1 is not applicable (see 2.5.5.1(113) of this Part 1-4).

Table 3.107 — Factors for the evaluation of the

creep coefficients and shrinkage strains
of lightweight aggregate concrete
Factors for
Concrete strength class
Creep Shrinkage
½3 ½4
LC 12/15, LC 16/20 1.3 1.5
LC 20/25 to LC 50/60 1.0 1.2

10 © BSI 02-2000
 ENV 1992-1-4:1994

4 Section and member design

This clause of ENV 1992-1-1 is applicable except as follows:

4.1 Durability requirements

4.1.3 Design
4.1.3.3 Concrete cover
Replacement of Principle P(3) by:
P(103) The protection of reinforcement against corrosion depends upon the continuing presence of
a surrounding alkaline environment provided by an adequate thickness of good quality,
well-cured concrete. The thickness of cover required depends both upon the exposure
conditions and on the concrete quality.
The quality of cover in lightweight aggregate concrete is more sensitive to poor workmanship
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than in normal weight concrete and, for this reason, special care is necessary to ensure the
required standards of worksmanship are achieved.

4.2 Design
4.2.1 Lightweight aggregate concrete
4.2.1.2 Physical properties
Replacement of this clause by:
a) Density
See section 3.1.2.1, Table 3.105, of this Part 1-4.
b) Poisson’s ratio
Section 3.1.2.5.3 of Part 1-1 of ENV 1992 applies.
c) Coefficient of thermal expansion
Section 3.1.2.5.4 of this Part 1-4 applies.
4.2.1.3 Mechanical properties
4.2.1.3.1 Strength
Replacement of Application Rules (1) and (2) by:
(101) Characteristic values of the compressive strength for defined strength classes of concrete may be
taken from Table 3.106 above (see 3.1.2.4 of this Part 1-4).
(102) For each strength class of concrete three values of concrete tensile strength are to be
distinguished. They should be applied appropriately, depending on the problem being considered.
They can be derived by applying 3.1.2.3(105) in this Part 1-4.

4.2.1.3.2 Modulus of elasticity

Replacement of Application Rules (1) by:
(101) Clause 3.1.2.5.2 of this Part 1-4 applies.
4.2.1.3.3 Stress-strain diagrams
Replacement of Application Rules (3) to (12) by:
a) Diagrams for structural analysis
(103) For non-linear or plastic analysis (see Appendix 2 of ENV 1992-1-1), or for the calculation of
second order effects (Appendix 3 of Part 1-1), stress-strain diagrams for short term loads as
shown schematically in Figure 4.101 may be used. They are characterized by the modulus of
elasticity Elc,nom, the concrete compressive strength flc, and the strain &lcl at the peak stress flc
(compressive stress Blc and strain &lc are both taken as negative).

© BSI 02-2000 11
 ENV 1992-1-4:1994
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Figure 4.101 — Schematic stress-strain diagram of lightweight aggregate concrete

for structural analysis

(104) For the relevant values of the modulus of elasticity Elc,nom and the compressive strength flc, either
— mean values of Elcm (see 3.1.2.5.2) and flcm [see equation (4.103)]
or
— design values, respectively given by

(4.101)

are applicable according to the relevant clauses in sections 2.5.3 and 4.3.5 of ENV 1992-1-1. *c is the
partial safety factor for concrete (see 2.3.3.2 and Appendix 3, A3.1, of Part 1-1).
(105) The Blc – &lc relationship given in Figure 4.101 for short-term loading, can be expressed by the
following function:

= (4.102)

where:
½ = &lc/&lcl (&lc and &lcl are both < 0)
&lcl = p 0.0022 (strain at the peak compressive stress flc)
k = (1.1*Elc,nom) * &lcl/flc
(flc introduced as – flc)
Elc,nom denotes either the mean value Elcm of the longitudinal modulus of deformation
or the corresponding design value Elcd [see paragraph (104) above].
Equation (4.102) is valid for k U 1.0 and 0 k ½ k 1.
The mean value of the concrete compressive strength may be assumed as
flcm = flck + |8|(N/mm2) (4.103)
(106) For simplification, the strain &lc beyond &lcl may be ignored (e.g. &lcu = &lcl).
(107) Otherwise, a constant value Blc = flc may be adopted for &lcl U &cl U &clu; in this case it
should be assumed that &lcu = – 0.0035.

12 © BSI 02-2000
 ENV 1992-1-4:1994

(108) Other idealized stress-strain diagrams may be used, e.g. a bi-linear diagram. Assuming
k = 1.0 in expression (4.102) and applying paragraph (107) above, the diagram in
Figure 4.101 yields to a bi-linear one with &lcl = – 0.0022 and &lcu = – 0.0035. This bi-linear
diagram may be used for k k 1.0.
b) Stress distribution for cross-section design
(109) The idealized parabolic-rectangular stress-strain diagram in Figure 4.2 of ENV 1992-1-1
may be used.
(110) However, for lightweight aggregate concrete the preferred idealization for cross-section design
is the bi-linear diagram in Figure 4.102.
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Figure 4.102 — Bi-linear stress-strain diagram for the design of cross sections made
with lightweight aggregate concrete

(111) The design concrete strength is defined by

(4.104)

The design diagram is derived from the chosen idealized diagram by means of a reduction of the
stress ordinate of the idealized diagram by a factor !/*c, in which
*c is the partial coefficient for concrete (see 2.3.3.2 in ENV 1992-1-1)
! is a coefficient taking account of long term effects on the compressive strength and of
unfavourable effects resulting from the way the load is applied.
The additional reduction factor ! for sustained compression may generally be assumed
to be |0.77| for the parabolic-rectangular diagram and |0.80| for the bi-linear diagram.
When using the parabolic-rectangular diagram for the application of paragraphs (3) to (5)
in 2.5.3.4.2 of Part 1-1 of ENV 1992 (e.g. approximate check of rotation capacity), the
coefficient ! = |0.77| should be replaced by ! = |0.72| for the calculation of the ratio x/d.
(112) A rectangular stress distribution as given in Figure 4.4 in ENV 1992-1-1 may be assumed.
The factor ! = |0.77| given for the idealized parabolic-rectangular diagram is valid, except that
it should be reduced to |0.72| when the compression zone decreases in width in the direction of
the extreme compression fibre.

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 ENV 1992-1-4:1994

4.2.3 Prestressed concrete

4.2.3.5 Design of members in prestressed concrete
4.2.3.5.6 Anchorage zones of pre-tensioned members
Addition after Application Rule (9):
(110) Sub-clause 4.2.3.5.6 3) of ENV 1992-1-1 applies with the provision that equation (4.12) is
replaced by

(4.112)

in which ½1 is given by clause 3.1.2.3 of this Part 1-4.

4.3 Ultimate limit states

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4.3.2 Shear
4.3.2.3 Elements not requiring design shear reinforcement (Vsd k VRd1)
Addition after Application Rule (3):
(104) This section of ENV 1992-1-1 applies with the provisions that:
a) Table 4.8 of Part 1-1 should not be used.
b) in equation (4.18) in Part 1-1, the basic design shear strength ERd should be taken as

with flct,k0.05 according to 3.1.2.3 of this Part 1-4.

c) Equation (4.20) in ENV 1992-1-1 is replaced by

(4.120)

4.3.4 Punching
4.3.4.5 Shear resistance
4.3.4.5.1 Slabs or foundations without punching shear reinforcement
Addition after Application Rule (2):
(103) In equation (4.56) in ENV 1992-1-1, ERd should be calculated according to 4.3.2.3 (104) of
this Part 1-4.

4.3.5 Ultimate limit states induced by structural deformation (buckling)

4.3.5.2 Design procedures
Addition after Application Rule (5):
P(106) Clauses 4.3.5.2 to 4.3.5.7 and Appendix 3 of ENV 1992-1-1 apply subject to the conditions set
out below.
(107) Values appropriate to lightweight aggregate concrete for Elc and the creep effect
should be considered (see 3.1.2.5.2 and 3.1.2.5.5 of this Part 1-4 respectively).
(108) Bi-linear stress strain diagrams (see 4.2.1.3.3 of this Part 1-4) may be taken into
consideration.

14 © BSI 02-2000
 ENV 1992-1-4:1994

4.4 Serviceability limit states

4.4.2 Limit states of cracking
4.4.2.2 Minimum reinforcement areas
Addition after Application Rule (8):
(109) This clause of ENV 1992-1-1 applies with the provision that in equation (4.78) fct,eff should be
replaced by flct,eff, with
flct,eff = the tensile strength of the concrete effective at the time when the cracks may first be
expected to occur. In many cases, such as where the dominant imposed deformation
arises from dissipation of the heat of hydration, this may be within 3–5 days from casting
depending on the environmental conditions, the shape of the member and the nature of
the form-work. Values of flct,eff may be obtained according to clause 3.1.2.3 of this Part 1-4,
by taking as the class the strength at the time cracking is expected to occur. When the
time of cracking cannot be established with confidence as being less than 28 days, it is
suggested that a minimum tensile strength of |2.5| N/mm2 be adopted.
4.4.3 Limit states of deformation
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4.4.3.2 Cases where calculations may be omitted

Addition after Application Rule (5):
(106) Sub-clause 4.4.3.2 2) in ENV 1992-1-1 applies except that Table 4.14 is replaced by Table 4.114
below.
Table 4.114 — Basic ratios of span/effective depth for reinforced lightweight aggregate
concrete members without axial compression
Concrete Concrete
Structural system
highly stressed lightly stressed
1. Simply supported beam, one or two-way spanning simply supported slab |15| |21|
2. End span of continuous beam or one way continuous slab or two-way |20| |27|
spanning slab continuous over one long side
3. Interior span of beam or one-way or two-way spanning slab |21| |30|
4. Slab supported on columns without beams (Flat slab) (based on |18| |25|
longer span)
5. Cantilever |6| |8|

5 Detailing provisions
This clause of ENV 1992-1-1 is applicable except as follows:

5.0 Notation
Addition:
½1 Coefficient for determination of the tensile strength.

5.1 General
Addition after Principle P(4):
P(105) The rules given in this sub-clause are the supplementary rules for lightweight aggregate
concrete as referred to in 5.1 2) of ENV 1992-1-1.
(106) The diameter of bars embedded in lightweight aggregate concrete should not normally
exceed |32| mm (see 5.2.6 of ENV 1992-1-1).

5.2 Steel for reinforced concrete

5.2.1 General detailing arrangements
5.2.1.2 Permissible curvatures
Addition after Application Rule (3):
(104) This clause of ENV 1992-1-1 applies with the provision that the minimum diameters of mandrels
given in Tables 5.1 and 5.2 of ENV 1992-1-1 should be increased by |30| %.

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 ENV 1992-1-4:1994

5.2.2 Bond
5.2.2.2 Ultimate bond stress
Addition after Application Rule (3):
(104) This clause of ENV 1992-1-1 applies with the provision that the design values fbd given in
Table 5.3 of Part 1-1 are multiplied by ½1 in which ½1 is given by equation (3.106) in clause 3.1.2.3
of this Part 1-4.
5.2.2.3 Basic anchorage length
Replacement of Application Rule (2) by:
(102) The basic anchorage length required for the anchorage of a bar of diameter Ì is:
lb = (Ì/4) * (fyd/fbd) (5.103)
Values for fbd are according to clause 5.2.2.2 of this Part 1-4.
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5.2.3 Anchorage
5.2.3.2 Anchorage methods
Replacement of Application Rule (4) by:
(104) Spalling or splitting may be prevented by complying with clause 5.2.1.2 of this Part 1-4.
5.2.3.4 Required anchorage length
5.2.3.4.1 Bars and wires
Addition after Application Rule (1):
(102) Application Rule (1) of ENV 1992-1-1 applies with the provision that lb is derived according to
clause 5.2.2.3 of this Part 1-4.
5.2.6 Additional rules for high bond bars exceeding |32| mm in diameter
Additional clause:
5.2.6.0 General

P(101) This section applies only if the use of such bars can be justified by experience or test data.

5.2.6.2 Bond
Replacement of Principle P(1) by:
P(101) For bar diameters Ì > |32| mm, the values fbd in Table 5.3 of ENV 1992-1-1 should be
multiplied by ½1 * (132 – Ì)/100 (Ì in mm). For ½1, see 3.1.2.3(105) of this Part 1-4.
5.2.7 Bundled high bond bars
5.2.7.1 General
Replacement of Principle P(1) by:
P(101) Bundles of bars should not be used unless their use is justified by experience or test data. In
that case, Section 5.2.7 of ENV 1992-1-1 applies, however with the limitation Ì k |20| mm.

6. Construction and workmanship

This clause of ENV 1992-1-1 is applicable.

7. Quality control
This clause of ENV 1992-1-1 is applicable.

16 © BSI 02-2000
 ENV 1992-1-4:1994

Appendix 1 Additional provisions for the determination of the effects of

time-dependent deformation of concrete
Appendix 1 of ENV 1992-1-1 does not apply for lightweight aggregate concrete with closed structure.

Appendix 2 Non-linear analysis

Appendix 2 of ENV 1992-1-1 applies.

Appendix 3 Supplementary information on the ultimate limit states induced

by structural deformation
Appendix 3 in Part 1-1 of ENV 1992 applies as far as deemed appropriate in each case.

Appendix 4 Checking deflections by calculation

Appendix 4 in ENV 1992-1-1 applies.
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© BSI 02-2000 17
 DD ENV
1992-1-4:1996
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