ENGAGEMENT!

Use the clues below to complete the crossword puzzle.

S E I S M O G R A P H
G

M R

V O L C A N O
A C
V K

ACROSS DOWN

1. An instrument used to detect and record 3. Molten rock that is found beneath the
earthquakes. Earth’s surface.

2. A vent at the Earth’s surface through which 4. Molten rock that erupts from volcanoes.
magma and gases erupt.

5. Mountains formed from the build-up of

volcanic lava often take this shape.

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DISCUSSION
A volcano is a rupture or an opening in the Earth’s crust through which lava, steam,
gaseous sulfur compounds, ash and broken rock pieces are expelled. These materials come
out when a volcano becomes active. When there is enough pressure, it causes the volcano to
erupt. The pressure blows off the top of the volcano. The magma comes out, sometimes
quickly and sometimes slowly.

Volcano is mostly a curve along destructive and constructive plate boundaries where
plates push together and drag a path. Cracks or weaknesses allow magnetic rise up from the
lowest crust , pressure builds up which then releases something, causing the magma to
explode, called volcanic eruption. Magma reaches to surface is called lava. This molten lava
eventually cools to form new rock.

After more eruption every time magma builds up and form the cone shaped volcano
which have the key structure. Collection of magma underneath the volcano forms hot bubbling
furnace called magma chamber. The main vent allows this magma to escape and secondary
vents are the small holes from which the magma can flow. The caved in surface is called the
crater. It created after eruption blows the top of the volcano. Eruption occurs when pressure
forces magma from the chamber up the main vent towards crater.

Types of volcanic eruption

Strombolian eruption

A strombolian eruption is a type of volcanic eruption with

relatively mild blasts, having a volcanic explosivity index of about 1 to
3. The explosive bursts are accompanied by booming sounds, which is
caused by bursting gas bubbles. It doesn't cause catastrophic damage
to the volcano itself, they can keep going for years and years.

Vulcanian eruption

These are much stronger and more destructive with time. It

characterized by a dense cloud of ash-laden gas exploding from the
crater and rising high above the peak. They usually commence with
phreatomagmatic eruptions which can be extremely noisy due to the
rising magma that heats water in the ground. Their dome gets
damaged that leads to a more continuous lava flow instead of short
bursts of lava.

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Plinian eruption

They are caused by the fragmentation of gassy magma, and are

usually associated with very viscous magmas. They release enormous
amounts of energy and create eruption columns of gas and ash that can
rise up to 50 km high at speeds of hundreds of meters per second.

Pelean eruption

The eruptions occur when a large quantity of gas,

dust, ash and lava fragments are blown out of a volcano's
central crater. This material falls back, and then travels
down the side of the volcano at tremendous speeds – faster
than 150 km/hour. The fluidized slurries produced by these
eruptions are heavier than air but are of low viscosity and
pour down valleys and slopes at great velocities. As a result,
they are extremely destructive.

Hazards associated with volcanic eruptions

Lava flows

Lava (molten rock) flowing directly from a volcanic vent or fissure. Many lava flows are
slow and rugged, similar to a moving pile of rocks. Others are faster-moving and may look
almost like rivers of flowing honey. Some volcanoes produce both slow and fast moving lava.
Deaths and injuries from lava flows are not common because flows are typically quite slow.
However, the high temperatures of lava flows may cause fires, and anything in the path of the
lava flow will become encased in a thick layer of rock.

Debris flow

Debris flows on volcanoes are a mixture of rock, ash, soil, vegetation, and water that
flow down the slope of a volcano, sometimes funneling into river valleys. They can occur either
during an eruption or at other times in response to high rainfall events.

Lahars are a type of fast-moving volcanic debris flow consisting mostly of water, ash,
and rock fragments with the speed of a fast-moving river but the consistency of cement.
Lahars are mainly associated with steep-sided volcanoes and they can vary in their size and
speed. The size of the lahar usually increases as it travels down the slope and picks up more

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debris. Lahars can do serious damage to river valleys and flood plains, and can bury entire
villages. Lahars can travel along river valleys for much greater distances than lava and
pyroclastic flows, presenting unique risks for communities in these areas.

Landslide

Landslides are masses of rock and soil that slide rapidly due to gravity. In contrast with
a lahar, a landslide involves failure of the slope of the volcano itself. Landslides can be caused
by earthquakes or high rainfall, but volcanic activities such as magma intrusions and volcanic
gas explosions can also be triggers. Large landslides caused by eruptions can create dams
that block rivers and bury roads, bridges, and homes. Underwater and coastal landslides can
also trigger tsunamis.

Tephra and Ash

Tephra and ash are composed of varying sizes of rock particles ejected into the air from
volcanic eruptions. Tephra refers to larger rock fragments (from pebbles to size of a car) that
typically land close to the volcano, while ash is made up of small particles (sand size or
smaller). Ash clouds can travel hundreds of miles from an eruption site and cover the land and
sea surface in a blanket of ash. This ash blanket has serious economic effects because the tiny
ash particles can ruin machinery, contaminate water, damage power supplies, cause severe
damage to agricultural sites, and endanger aviation. Volcanic ash is not like ash from a fire: it is
made up of tiny pieces of rock and volcanic glass. This poses a serious health hazard because
inhalation of volcanic ash can lead to major respiratory problems.

Volcanic gases

Volcanic gases are dissolved in magma and are released as the magma rises towards
the Earth’s surface. These gases include sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and
many others. The release of gas can make a volcanic eruption more explosive, and some
volcanoes produce large amounts of gas. The gases can pose a variety of dangers to
surrounding populations in sufficiently high concentrations. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) can irritate the
skin, eyes, and respiratory system. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is denser than air, and large releases
of CO2 can be lethal if breathable air is displaced. Vog, or volcanic smog, is a term used to
describe the smog that forms from a complex series of chemical reactions involving volcanic
gases (especially sulfur dioxide), air, and sunlight. Volcanoes can also produce toxic gases
such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S).

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Safety and preparedness

Before the explosion

1. Evacuate immediately if you live or are staying within the radius of affected areas. Long
before the explosion, affected areas would have been given a warning to evacuate the
premises by local government units.

2. Stay tuned to national news and your local community’s channels to be on top of the
situation and stay informed with local safety plans and evacuation areas.

3. Charge your electronics. Keep your mobile devices and power banks charged in case of
power interruptions.

4. Know disaster hotlines and other emergency hotlines. Save these numbers in your
mobile phone:

• National Emergency Hotline: 911

• Philippine National Police: 117

• PHIVOLCs – (02) 8426-1468 to 79

• Philippine Red Cross – 143 or (02) 8790-2300

• Bureau of Fire Protection – (02) 8426-0246

• National Disaster Risk Reduction And Management Council (NDRRMC) – (02)

8911-5061 to 65 local 100

5. Prepare a go-bag in case of evacuation. This should include:

• A mask per person (N95 or makeshift)

• Copies of personal documents

• Phone and powerbank

• Flashlights and batteries or candles and matches

• 3 gallons of potable water per person

• 3 days worth of non-perishable food

• Hygiene and sanitation items

• First aid kit and maintenance medication

• Extra cash

During the explosion

1. Use an N95 dust mask to protect yourself from pulmo-respiratory injuries and diseases.
If these are unavailable, use a damp handkerchief or makeshift one from an old t-shirt.

2. Protect your skin and eyes with proper clothing and glasses or goggles. Ashfall is sharp
and abrasive, so don’t rub if any comes into contact with your skin or eyes.

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 3. Secure your pets inside your home. Fine, volcanic ash is harmful for them too.

4. If you are outside, seek cover immediately in case of rock or ash falls.

5. If you are inside, stay tuned to the news to keep informed of recent developments.
Close all doors and windows. Dampen curtains to keep fine particles from coming
through.

6. If you are driving a vehicle, pull over and stop if there is a heavy ashfall.

7. Cover food and water containers to avoid contamination with ash.

8. Wash all utensils thoroughly before eating. Fine ash particles may have settled on them.

9. Stay away from rivers or streams to avoid lahar flow.

After the explosion

1. Do not leave your home or indoor shelters until notified by the local government that it
is safe to do so. Evacuate to safer grounds only when notified.

2. Keep a watchful eye on your kids or loved ones who may be tempted to go out to see
what’s going on outside.

3. Wear protection. Use masks, glasses/goggles, long sleeves, pants, and shoes when
clearing out ash to protect your lungs, skin and eyes.

4. Clean your gutters and roof with water after clearing out the ash to prevent corrosion.

5. Wait for further announcements from LGUs or national news related to the volcanic
eruption.

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SYNTHESIS
Look for a recent article about volcanic eruption. You can choose events that occur in the
Philippines or other countries. Paste a picture in the box and summarize the important events.
Briefly discuss the main hazard/s that affect the lives of the people living near the vicinity of the
volcanic eruption.

Scoring rubrics:

Relevance of the news - 10

Logical explanation - 20

Content - 20

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References

https://www.usgs.gov

https://coins.ph/blog/what-to-do-volcanic-eruption-tips/

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ENGAGEMENT!
Define hazard map. Choose one hydrometeorological hazard and create a hazard map related
to it.

Hazard map
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Scoring rubrics:

Creativity - 5

Originality - 5

Content - 20

Visual impact - 20

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DISCUSSION

Hydrometeorological hazards are the results of natural processes and atmospheric,

hydrological, or oceanographic phenomena such as floods, tropical cyclones, drought,
tordnado, heat wave, and so on. These events can be a cause of a single, sequential or
combined effects of hazards.There are several types of hydrometeorological hazards that are
experienced in the Phillipines, and in this lecture, we will only look at the most common
phenomenon.

Before dealing with these hazards, it is important to learn about the Intertropical
Convergence Zone or ITCZ. The ITCZ or known as Equatorial Convergence Zone is a narrow
zone near the equator where northern and southern air masses converge (come together or
meet), typically producing low atmospheric pressure.

The extreme heat coming from the sun and warm water of the equator heats the air in
the ITCZ, raising its humidity and making it
bouyant. Since the trade winds converge in the
ITCZ, the bouyant air rises. And as the air rises,
it expands and cools, then later on releasing
the accumulated moisture in an almost
continuous thunderstorms.

The seasonal shifts in the location of the

ITCZ tremendously affects rainfall in many
countries near the equator. And that shift
actually results in the wet and dry seasons of
the tropical countries. When a longterm change
occurs in the ITCZ, it can result to severe
droughts and flooding in the immediate areas.

Tropical cyclone

Tropical cyclone is an intense

circular storm that originates over
w a r m t ro p i c a l o c e a n s a n d i s
characterized by low atmospheric
pressure, high winds, and heavy rain.
Cyclones can increase the strength of
winds, which may cause tropical
depression (45-62 km/hr), storm (63–
117 km/hr), and a typhoon (240 km/h
or higher).

Tropical cyclones form only

over warm ocean waters near the

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equator. And the ocean that we are refering is the Pacific Ocean. To form a cyclone, warm,
moist air over the ocean rises upward from near the surface. So basically as the warm air rises,
it causes an area of lower air pressure below. Air from surrounding areas with higher air
pressure pushes in to the low pressure area. Then this new “cool” air becomes warm and moist
and rises, too. And the cycle continue. As the warmed, moist air rises and cools the water in
the air forms clouds. The whole system of clouds and wind spins and grows, because of the
ocean’s heat and water evaporating from the ocean surface. As the storm system rotates faster
and faster, an eye forms in the centre. It is very calm and clear in the eye, with very low air
pressure. Higher pressure air from above flows down into the eye.

In awareness of the tropical cyclones, there are scales to determine how strong it is by
wind strength. Public Storm Warning Signals are raised to warn the public of incoming weather
disturbances.

Monsoon

A monsoon is a seasonal rain and wind pattern. "Monsoon" is from the Arabic word,
"mawsim" which means season. The Philippines experiences two monsoons every year.

Amihan is the Filipino term of Northeast monsoon that is a cool and dry northeast wind
from Siberia and China. This northeast wind later on blows down to Southeast Asia. The
amihan season is characterized with slight to moderate rainfall and a prevailing cold wind that
affects the eastern part of the Philippines. The monsoon usually occurs from October to late

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March, but the occurence may vary
every year. During the high peak
amihan season in the Philippines, cool
air, low humidity and less rain are
experienced.

While Habagat, is the southwest

wind with frequent heavy rainfall and
humid condition. This is experienced
from late June to October. The wind
blowing from the west and the heavy
rainfall usually creates a dangerous
typhoon that results to landslides, and
fl o o d i n g t h a t e n d a n g e r s t h e
community. The typhoon that it creates
causes millions to billions of disaster
and can kill hundreds of local people.

Tornado

Tornado is locally known as ipo-ipo. It is a violent rotating column of air extending from
a thunderstorm to the ground. The most violent tornadoes are capable of tremendous
destruction with wind speeds of up to 300 mph. Tornadoes are characterized by storm, debris,
and fire. They can destroy large buildings, uproot trees and hurl vehicles hundreds of yards. It
usually carries debris and other objects that can be picked up from the ground. Tornadoes
occur anywhere in an average number of 12-24 times a year.

Tornadoes form when warm, humid air collides with cold, dry air. The denser cold air is
pushed over the warm air, usually producing thunderstorms. The warm air rises through the
colder air, causing an updraft. The updraft will begin to rotate if winds vary sharply in speed or
direction.

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Flood

A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry and the most
common and widespread natural severe weather event. Floods can cover anything from a few
inches of water to several feet in just minutes. This can be caused by the following; inundation,
excessive rainfall, landslide leading to obstruction of flow, poor drainage system, and backing
water.

Flood can be classified as follows:

1. Flash flood: Floods occurring within six hours, mainly due to heavy rainfall
associated with towering cumulus clouds, thunderstorms, tropical cyclones or
during passage of cold weather fronts, or by dam failure

2. River flood: Floods caused by precipitation over a large catchment’s area, melting of
snow or both. Built up slowly or on a regular basis, these floods may continue for
days or weeks. The major factors of these floods are moisture, vegetation cover,
depth of snow, size of the catchment‟s basin, etc.

3. Coastal flood: Floods associated with cyclonic activities like Hurricanes generating
a catastrophic flood from rainwater which often aggravate wind-induced storm and
water surges along the coast.

4. Urban flood: As land is converted from agricultural fields or woodlands to roads and
parking lots, it loses its ability to absorb rainfall. Urbanization decreases the ability
to absorb water 2 to 6 times over what would occur on natural terrain. During
periods of urban flooding, streets can become swift moving rivers, while basements
can become death traps as they fill with water.

5. Ice jam: Floating ice can accumulate at a natural or human-made obstruction and
stop the flow of water thereby causing floods. Flooding too can occur when the
snow melts at a very faster rate.

6. Glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF): Many of the big glaciers which have melted
rapidly and gave birth to the origin of a large number of glacier lakes. Due to the
faster rate of ice and snow melting, possibly caused by the global warming, the
accumulation of water in these lakes has been increasing rapidly and resulting
sudden discharge of large volumes of water and debris and causing flooding in the
downstream.

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Coastal hazards

Coastal hazards are natural phenomenon that occurs in the coastal areas that also pose
threat to the immediate community, nearby structure and property. This type of hazard can also
cause severe damage to the affected areas.

The following are the 4 known coastal hazards:

1. Coastal Erosion: is the loss or displacement of land, or the long-term removal of

sediment and rocks along the coastline due to the action of waves, currents, tides,
wind-driven water, waterborne ice, or other impacts of storms.

2. Coastal submersion: is when the sediment is submersed under water and eventually
replaced back to its original location.

3. Storm Surges: is the rising of the sea level due to the low pressure, high winds, and
high waves associated with a hurricane as it makes landfall. The storm surge can
cause significant flooding and cost people their lives if they're caught unexpected.

4. Saltwater intrusion: is the movement of saline water into freshwater aquifers, which
can lead to groundwater quality degradation, including drinking water sources, and
other consequences. So basically, the saltwater contaminated the freshwater in the
land.

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SYNTHESIS
Give at least 5 important thing that you have to prepare/remember/do before, during and after
the following events.

Type of hazard Before the events During the event After the event

Tropical cyclone 1.
Prepare emergency kit 1.
Listen to the tv or radio 1.
Monitor news for information
2.
Evacuate soon 2.
Secure your home 2.
Remain in a safe place
3.
Turn off gas, power, etc. 3.
Turn off electronics 3.
Stay indoors
4.
Don't leave pets at home 4.
Stay indoors 4.
Remain cautious
5. Always listen to news 5. Go under sturdy objects 5. Avoid downed power lines

Tornado 1.
Listen to weather forecast 1.
Remain calm 1.
Listen to officials
2.
Evacuate quickly 2.
Protect yourselves 2.
Remain in a safe place
3.
Be alert 3.
Go to a low, flat location 3.
Avoid electrical wires
4.
Prepare emergency kits 4.
Get out of the building 4.
Be cautious
5. Don't leave pets 5. Always listen to news 5.Stay away from buildings

Flood 1.
Prepare emergency kits 1.
Be aware 1.
Stay away from moving water
2.
Bring pets with you 2.
Listen to news for updates 2.
Stay away from damaged builings
3.
Listen to news 3.
Turn off utilities 3.
Monitor news for information
Call
4.
rescue teams if stranded 4.
Don't swim or walk in the flood 4.
Remain cautious
5. Evacuate early 5.Stay on a high place 5.Avoid electric lines

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