GOOD AFTERNOON EVERYONE, WE ARE THE GROUP 5 I HOPE YOU ALL STILL ALIVE AND LISTENING.

Volcano refer to the eruption of hot molten lava from below the surface of earth.

A volcano is a vent in the earth’s crust through which Lava, Steam, ashes etc. are expelled.

Volcanic eruption is form when temperature and pressure rises,where the rock melts and moves thru
the surface and crust , kaya nagrerelease ito ng magma and gases.

Various Volcanic-Related Hazards:

Lahars

- Lahars are a specific kind of mudflow made up of volcanic debris

- a hot or cold mixture of water and rock fragments that flow quickly down the slopes of a
volcano.

Lahars can be formed in a number situation such as when small slope collapses gather water on
their way down a volcano, it can form also from heavy rainfall on loose volcanic debris , and
when a volcano erupts through a crater lake.

Destructive Characteristic of Lahars:

1. Move swiftly down valleys – lahars move rapidly down valleys like rivers
2. Occur with or without a volcanic eruption
3. Pick up material as they travel – lahars pick up material as they travel that cause damage to
structures in their path
4. Cause serious damage to economic and environment – lahars and you know other excess
sediment can cause damage to economic and environment like rivers and flood plains.

(Our 2nd volcanic hazard is ash fall

2. ASH FALL – volcanic ash consist of fragments of pulverized rock, minerals and volcanic glass created
during volcanic eruptions. Also refers to all explosive eruption products.

Volcanic ash is nothing like the soft fluffy material that we see when wood, leaves burn. Rather, it is
made up of small fragments of pulverized rock, minerals and volcanic glass that are hard, abrasive,
mildly corrosive, and do not dissolve in water. Thick blankets of volcanic ash can have big consequences
for plants, animals, and people.)

I remember the time when Taal volcano spew gases, ash and lava into the air January 12, 2020. Actually
me and family were having lunch that time at tagaytay. Fortunately, sumabog siya na sa byahe kami
pauwi. Nakakatakot kase ang grey ng paligid. Not knowing nag erupt nap ala yung mt taal.

In addition, we will discuss what are the devastating effects of ash fall
DEVASTATING EFFECTS OF ASH FALL

Can pose significant disruption and damage to: health, water, buildings, transportation, power supply,
communications equipment, agriculture. etc.

(Communities near volcanoes are at the greatest risk for ashfall. As I said awhile ago ashfall is very
abrasive, it is irritant to eyes and lungs. Ashfall can cause minor to major damage to vehicles and
buildings, contaminate water supplies, disrupt sewage and electrical systems, and damage or kill
vegetation) kaya noong sa pagsabog Taal Volcano yung ashfall x``had reached Calabarzon and Metro
Manila. In fact, Several areas near Taal Volcano also experienced power outages due to ashfall, lava
mud, and rocks. Plus, nasira din yung mga pananim kaya nagkaruon ng high demand and limited
resources that time. Maraming namatay na hayop duon mismo sa island. Ganun siya katindi. So, what
you have to do during and after an eruption is to stay calm, stay indoors Wear safety glasses and and
dust masks. Kase Inhaling ash can be very harmful to your health. Stay tuned to your trusted local news
source for the latest updates

3rd we have

Pyroclastic Flows - is a hot chaotic mixture of rock fragments, gas, and ash that travels rapidly (tens of
meters per second) away from a volcanic vent or collapsing flow front.

Pyroclastic flows can be extremely destructive and deadly because of their high temperature and
mobility. 

Pyroclastic flows form in different ways:

a. collapse of eruption column: during a highly explosive eruption, the column ejected upwards
into the atmosphere cools and can become too cool and dense to maintain upward momentum

nagfoform siya na parang ulap nangyayari to when eruption column becomes too dense to be lifted high
into the sky by air convection, and instead falls down the slopes of the volcano.

b. “Boiling over” from eruptive vent: etong eruptive vent naman is very aggressive and it rapidly
moves down slope

c. Collapse of lava domes or flows: this one happens kapag masyado ng Malaki yung lava domes
kay nagcocollapse ito and ofcouse with the help of gravitational force, it moves down the slope
of volcano.

Vent - An opening in Earth's surface through which volcanic materials escape.

Crater - Mouth of a volcano - surrounds a volcanic vent

Our 4th is

Volcanic Gases – is the fluid gas phase released by active volcanoes, both during eruption and
quiescence. Magma contains dissolved gases, which provide the driving force that causes most
volcanic eruptions. So paano ba nabubuo ang volcanic gas. Due to the magma rises towards
the surface and pressure decreases, gases are released from the liquid portion of the
magma (melt) kaya nagco continue ito travel upward , and are eventually released into the
atmosphere.

Harmful Effects of Volcanic Gases

By far the most abundant volcanic gas is water vapor, which is harmless however, significant
amounts of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen halides can also be
emitted from volcanoes

Ibigsabihin the Exposure to acid gases, can damage to eyes and mucous membranes along
with the respiratory system and, under extreme conditions, that can lead to death.

Lava Flows

Lava flows are streams of molten rock that pour or ooze from an erupting vent, Lava is erupted during
either non-expensive activity or explosive lava fountains. The speed at which lava moves across the
ground depends on several factors, including type of lava erupted and it’s viscosity, steepness of the
ground over which it travels; whether the lava flows as a broad sheet, through a confined channel, or
down a lava tube and rate of lava production at the vent. – ito na mismo yung pinaka whole explanation
for lava flow

“A lava flow is an outpouring of lava created during an effusive eruption. Explosive eruptions produce
a mixture of volcanic ash and other fragments called rather than lava flows.” – from google naman to
pwede siyang ilagay sa ppt tapos add ng picture

Devastating Effects of Lava Flows

1. Lava flows may instigate other types of hazards

2. Everything in the path of an advancing lava flow will be knocked over, surrounded, buried, or
ignited by the extremely hot temperature of lava.
3. When lava erupts beneath a glacier or flows over snow and ice, melt water from the icw and
snow can result in far-reaching lahars.
4. If it enters a body of water or water enters a lava tube, the water may boil violently and cause
an explosive shower of molten spatter over wide area.
5. Methane gas, produced as lava buries vegetation, can migrate in subsurface voids and explode
when heated.
 6. Thick viscous lava flows, especially those that build a dome, can collapse to form fast-moving
pyroclastic flows.

Ballistic Projectiles- Ballistic projectiles are rocks that an erupting volcano may hurl into the air.
These blocks and bombs travel like cannonballs 

Projectile is lethal and damaging hazard produced in volcanic eruptions. – Kase ang ballastic ay
fragments ng lava and rock. Ito ay tumatalsik at sumasama sa air kapag sumabog ang isang bulkan

Devastating effects of ballistic projectiles:

Loss of agricultural lands, producing suspensions of fine-grained particles in the air that can damage
human lungs and collapse and destruct roofs and buildings.

Signs of an impending volcanic eruption:

 Most volcanoes provide various types of warnings before eruption begins -
Such an upward movement of magma from the volcano and the changes in the temperature
of the spring waters and rivers.
 People living near volcanoes may detect premonitory events before an eruption-
Like the occurrence and intensity of felt earthquackes common rises before eruption begin.
And it maybe preceded by noticeable steaming.

 Measurement of Changes in Heat Flow

 Detection and interpretation of Precursory Events – it means that the monitoring system
depends on detection, they warn and evacuate people from threatened areas and to
measure the serious effects of the eruption.