BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1

RESEARCH REPORT NO. 1

(Metals: Ferrous and Non–Ferrous Metals)

In partial fulfillment for the requirement in the degree of Bachelor of Science in

Architecture

Submitted to:
ARCH. Reymar G. Burlungan

Submitted by:
Delos Reyes, Paul Vincent
Santiago, Koleen Mabrielle
Aurelio, Justine
BSA-1CD
HISTORY
Our fascination with metals began with Prehistoric man who began using a range of
metals. Nuggets of gold were often the easiest to find and use. Naturally found mixed with
sediment in river beds across the globe, Gold was easy to collect and relatively easy to shape.
Silver was the same and to this day, both Gold and Silver are still prized and used as decorative
metals for jewelry etc.
Metals became soft when put in fire and become liquid at very high temperature.
Smelting is a process where solid metal is put into a furnace. Alloys are stronger and harder than
pure metals and they made an alloy of copper and tin called bronze. After the discovery of metal,
man stopped using stone tools and used only metal for all purposes.
COMMON METALS
Copper - Tools, Spearheads, Arrowheads, Knives, Pots, Pans, Beads, Bangles.
Gold – Gold are very soft and were therefore predominantly used for decoration and bullion for
trade. Use to make ornaments
Silver – Silver are very soft and were therefore predominantly used for decoration and bullion
for trade. Use to make ornaments
Lead – Soft and easily worked. Perfect for making into vessels to transport liquids.
Iron – Important material, used for all sorts of applications and the phenomenal growth.

Ferrous – metal in which iron is the principal element

Non-ferrous – containing no, or very little iron

FERROUS METAL – it contains iron and is generally magnetic. It has lower resistance to
corrosion.
Ex. Mild Steel, High Carbon Steel, Stainless Steel, Cast Iron, and High Speed Steel

Ferrous Alloys are iron containing compounds. Other alloying elements lead to the forming of
carbides, which improve the material properties as hardness, tensile strength and hardenability.
Mild steel, stainless steel, cast iron and wrought iron are other well-known ferrous metals,
mainly praised for their tensile strength and durability. Ferrous alloys are also the most recycled
materials in the word.
Steel
a malleable alloy of iron and carbon produced by melting and refining pig iron and/ or
scrap steel, graded according to the carbon content. Other elements such as manganese and
silicon may be included to provide special properties.

Produce by three basic raw materials, iron ore, and limestone. (coal is converted into coke in
coke ovens} Five particles of all three basic ingredients of steel, which otherwise would be
waste, are blended and burned on a moving gate to cause the formation of clinkers. These
are catted sinter, a high-grade blast-furnace charge material.

From these, raw materials which is melted into ingots place in molds, a great variety of products
used .in construction are made. They include:
.1. Rolled structural shapes 7. Bolts
2. Rods 8. Rivets
3. Bars 9. Nails
4. Plates 10. Sheet Steel
5. Pipe
6. Wire

Cold Rolled Sheets

are glavanized (given a zinc coating). Pig iron is used to make cast iron which
is high in compressive strength but low in tensile strength, and has little use for
construction. However since it is cheap and easy to cast, it is used for pumps, motors,
engines and because of its corrosion resistance it is used for pipes to some extent.

Wrought iron
is produced when pig iron is melted in such a way as to remove nearly all of the carbon and
other impurities. it is easily worked and is tough and ductile. its main use are for roofing sheets,
wire and metal ornaments.
Alloy Steel
are made by combining others elements with the molten steel. Nickel, chromium copper and
manganese are used.

Nickel Steel
is stronger than carbon steel and is used to make structural members for buildings
chromium steel is very hard and corrosion-resistant.

Stainless Steel
are made with chromium or a combination of nickel and chromium used in buildings for
exterior wall panels, frames for doors, expansion joints, flashings, copings, fascia and gravel
stops.

Manganese steel
offers great resistance to abrasion and finds important use in the cutting edges of heavy
digging tools.

Weathering steel
recently developed grade of steel. It forms its own protection against atmospheric corrosion
and thus requires no painting. It also undergoes a unique color transformation during ·the
weathering process, from orange to brown and finally to blue-gray. This is used on bridges,
buildings and other applications.
Steel Products
1) Rolled Structural Shapes
Forms
Rolled Angle Section Roof truss and filler joist
Rolled Channel Section
Use Sizes
Equal angle sections are
available from 20 mm x 20
mm x 3 mm to 200 mm x
200mm x 25 mm with their
corresponding weights as 9 N
and 736 N per meter length
respectively
Unequal angle sections are
available from 30 mm x 20
mm x 3 mm to 200mm x
150mm x 18mm with 11 and
469 N per meter length
weight respectively.
Steel framed section 100 mm x 45 mm to

Rolled T-section Roof trusses to form built up
sections
Rolled I-section/ steel beams/ Beams, lintels, columns
rolled steal joist
Rolled round bars Reinforced in concrete and steel
grill
Rolled square bars Gates, windows, grill works
Rolled flat bars Gates, windows, grill works
Corrugated sheets Roofing
Expanded metal Screen doors, mesh
Rolled steel plates Connecting steel beams,
tensional member in roof truss
etc.
Ribbed bars (HYSD) Reinforced materials bridges,
buildings etc.
Ribbed bars (mild steel) Reinforced materials bridges,
building etc.
Rolled thermo-mechanically Reinforced concrete
treated (TMT) bars
Welded wire fabrics Reinforced floor slabs, small
canal linings, pavement etc.
2. Sheet piling - sections are made to interlock and are available in several shape. Used to
provide temporary and permanent walls in the construction industry and
as excavation support and for soil retention. It creates a border which keeps the soil back, away
from the structure.
400 mm x 100 mm
Unit weights are 58 N and
494 N per meter length
respectively.
Size varies from 20 mm x 20
mm x 3 mm to 150 mm x
150mm x 10 mm with 9 N and
228 N as their corresponding
weights per meter length.
Sizes ranges from 75 mm x 50
mm at 61 N per meter length
to 600 mm x 210 mm at 995
N per meter length.
Diameters varies from 5 mm
to 250 mm.
Square cross section ranges
from 5 mm to 250 mm.
Width of the bar which varies
from 10 mm to 400 mm.
thickness of flat bars will be
from 3 mm to 40 mm.
Common width is 26-36 inch.
Standard width is 24-39 inch.
2 ft. x 8 ft. to 4ft. x 100ft
Sizes: 48 x 96 to 60 x 120
Thickness: 5mm to 50mm
Length: 9m to 12m
Diameter: 6mm to 50mm
Length: 9m to 12m
Diameter: 6mm to 50mm
Length: 12 mts to 40 ft.
Diameter: 6mm to 32 mm
Sheet size: 7’ x 20’ to 7’6” x
20’
used
Size: 0.5m thick, 6m above the ground and 5m below the ground

Types of Sheet Piles

• Anchored sheet piles - walls are held above the driven depth by anchors provided at
suitable level. The anchors provide forces for the stability of the sheet pile, in addition to
the lateral passive resistance of the soil into which the sheet piles are driven.

• Cantilever sheet piles - are used where the height of the soil or water to be retained is
smaller than 4.5 m. The various forces acting on a cantilever sheet pile wall are the active
earth pressure on the back of the wall and the passive earth pressure on the front of the
wall.

• Cofferdarm sheet piles - a structure that retains water and soil that allows the enclosed
area to be pumped out and excavated dry.

Advantages:

▪ It is light in weight, making it easy to lift and handle.

▪ It is recyclable and reusable.
▪ The pile length and design are easily adaptable.
Disadvantage:

▪ If the soil is rocky or has large boulders, it becomes difficult to installs sheets into it.
▪ If you are going to use vibratory hammers or impact hammers to install the sheets into
the ground, this can cause neighborhood disturbance

Steps in installing sheet piles

▪ Arrange the sheets in sections to check if the piles will interlock correctly or not.
▪ Hammer the first sheet to the defined depth as per the design.
▪ Use vibratory hammers for installation, but use impact hammers if the soil is hard or
dense.
▪ Use hydraulics to push the sheets into place if vibrations are prohibited at that
particular site.
▪ After the first sheet is placed, drive the second sheet so that it interlocks with the first
one.
▪ Repeat the process until the wall is completed.
▪ Use connector elements to maintain the integrity of the wall if it requires complex shapes

3. Steel pipe are long, hollow tubes that are used for a variety of purposes

Types of Steel Pipes:

* Seamless tubes are typically more light weight, and have thinner walls. They are used for
bicycles and transporting liquids. Seamed tubes are heavier and more rigid. The have a better
consistency and are typically straighter. They are used for things such as gas transportation,
electrical conduit and plumbing. Typically, they are used in instances when the pipe is not put
under a high degree of stress.
* Welded pipe characteristics can be controlled during production. For example, the diameter of
the pipe is often modified depending how it will be used. The diameter can range from tiny pipes
used to make hypodermic needles, to large pipes used to transport gas throughout a city. The
wall thickness of the pipe can also be controlled. Often the type of steel will also have an impact
on pipe's the strength and flexibility. Other controllable characteristics include length, coating
material, and end finish.

4. Reinforcing steel- Steel reinforcement are steel bars that are provided in combination with
plain cement concrete to make it reinforced concrete. Reinforcing steel comes in plain or
deformed bars, that is, bars which have lugs or de-formations rolled on the surface to provide
anchorage in concrete.
Types of reinforced steel:

1) Hot Rolled Deformed Bars are most commonly used steel reinforcement for R.C.C
structures. As the name says, the hot rolling of the reinforcement is undergone leaving
certain deformations on its surface in the form of ribs. These ribs help to form a bond with
the concrete. The typical yield strength of hot-rolled deformed bars is 60000psi.
2) Cold Worked Steel Bars is obtained by letting the hot rolled steel bars to undergo cold
working. In the cold working process, the bars will undergo twisting and drawing. The
process is performed at room temperature. The cold worked steel bars do not undergo a
plastic yield thus have less ductility when compared with hot rolled bars.
3) Mild Steel Plain Bars do not have ribs on their surface. They have a plain surface. These
bars are used for small projects where the major concern is the economy. The tensile yield
strength of these bars has a value of 40000psi.

4) Prestressing Steel Bars are steel bars used in the form of strands or tendons. Multiple
strands are employed in concrete in order to perform the prestressing action. The strands
are made of multiple wires either 2 or 3 or 7 wire strands.The wires used here are cold
formed and have a high tensile strength ranging from 250000 – 270000 psi. This high
strength helps to effectively prestress the concrete.
Sizes:

Length: 9m and 12m

Diameter: 6mm to 40mm

Advantages:

1) Easily Available: Every region of a country will have a steel supplier or manufacturer.
Hence steel reinforcement is easily available.

2) Robustness of Steel Reinforcement: The steel bars are robust in nature that they have
the ability to withstand the rigors, the wear and tear during the construction activities.

3) Recycling Property: The steel reinforced left over after the service life of a structure is
recycled again and used for new construction

Disadvantage:

1) Reactive Nature of Steel Reinforcement: In concrete structures where the cover is small
and subjected to external moisture and salt action, the reinforcement undergoes reaction
and starts to corrode. These can lessen the strength of concrete and finally to failure

2) Expensive: The cost of steel reinforcement in high. This will increase the cost of
construction

3) Melts at high temperature: At higher temperatures, the steel reinforcement may melt.
This is the reason why the steel reinforcement are tied up and not welded.
5. Welded Wire Fabric - Welded wire fabric is a series of parallel longitudinal wires welded to
cross wires by electric fusion method with accurate spacing. The welding work is done by
machinery which ensures the precise dimensions and results in considerable savings in time,
labor and money.

Size:
Width is up to 3000mm

Length is 5500mm
*rolled form length 15m, 30m, or 45m
Diameter of wire 2mm to 12mm
Spacing varies from 25mm to 400mm

6. Steel Wire - is an extremely useful and versatile material that can be found in many things
you use everyday in the home, as well as in the car you drive. Steel wire is also useful in
commercial, industrial and military applications for cleaning, for spring-loaded devices, for
reinforcing, for structural integrity, and even for making music.
Sizes:

Standard Wire Gauge (SWG) Diameter

Inches mm
7/0 to 50 0.500 to 0.001 12.700 to 0.025

7. Bolts and Nuts - Bolts are used to assemble two unthreaded components along with a nut.
A nut is a type of threaded fastener with a hole. Nuts are normally used alongside a bolt to
tighten multiple parts together.

Types of Bolts

Types Description
1) Carriage Bolts Also known as a “coach” bolt, has a domed or

2) Hex Head Bolts
3) Machine Screws
4) Shoulder Bolts
5) Socket Cap Screws
6) Socket Set “Grub” Screws
7) Square Head Bolts
countersunk head. The square section under the
head grips into the part being fastened
preventing the bolt from turning when the nut
is tightened.
Hex tap bolts, hex cap screws, trim head hex
cap screws, and hex serrated flange bolts fall
under this category. They share a hexagonal
head and are driven with a wrench. Referred to
as both bolts and screws.
A machine screw is a screw or bolt with a flat
point. Available in a variety of drive types and
heads, they fit a wide variety of applications.
Often driven into tapped holes. Used with nuts
and washers, also known as “stove bolts” or
“stovers”
Shoulder bolts (also known as shoulder screws
or stripper bolts) are machine screws with a
shoulder between the thread of the screw and
the head of the part. Once installed, the non-
threaded portion extends out of the surface of
the application site, allowing the bolts to act as
dowels or shafts for moving parts. They can be
installed by hand or with a socket (Allen)
driver.
Socket cap screws are available in button
socket, button flange socket head, flat socket,
and socket cap. Driven with a socket wrench or
a hex Allen key. The term socket head cap
screw typically refers to a type of threaded
fastener whose head diameter is nominally 1.5
times or more than that of the screw shank
diameter.
Set screws are most often headless (aka blind),
meaning that the screw is fully threaded and
has no head. A blind set screw, known in UK
as a grub screw, is almost always driven with
an internal wrenching drive, such as a hex
Allen key. Socket set screws are installed in
threaded holes or inserts.
Square Head Bolts are similar to hex cap
 screws but with a 4-sided head. This head style
allows for a wrench to grip more easily onto
the head of the bolt. The head also provides a
larger gripping area as compared to a standard
6-sided hexagonal head.

Types of Nuts

Types Description
1) Cap Nuts The cap nut, also known as the acorn nut, gets
its name from its shape. The nut has a domed
top to prevent contact with the external thread.
2) Castle Nuts Used with cotter pins to prevent loosening, a
castellated nut, also called a castle or slotted
nut, is a not with slots cut into the top. Used in
low-torque applications such as holding a
wheel bearing in place.
3) Coupling Nuts A coupling nut is a threaded fastener used for
joining two male threads, most commonly
threaded rod. The outside of the fastener is a
hex so it can be driven with a wrench.
4) Flange Serrated Nuts A flange nut is a nut that has a wide flange at
one end which acts as an integrated washer that
does not move or spin. The serrated flange
distributes the pressure of the nut over the part
being secured and creates a locking action to
prevent loosening.
5) Hex Finish Nuts Hex finish nuts are used for fastening to a hex
cap screw, socket cap screw or bolt. The most
common nuts, hex finish nuts are hex shaped
with internal threads and driven with a wrench
6) Hex Jam Nuts A jam nut is often used when a nut needs to be
locked in place without clamping to another
object. Hex jam nuts are hex shaped with
internal threads, but they are thinner than hex
finish nuts.
7) Heavy Hex Nuts Larger, heavier, and thicker than a standard
hex nut. Heavy hex nuts are hex shaped,

8) Hex Machine Nuts
9) Hex Machine Nuts Small Pattern
10) Keps-K Lock Nuts
11) Knurled Thumb Nuts
12) Nylon Hex Jam Nuts
13) Nylon Insert Lock Nuts
14) Prevailing Torque Lock Nuts
(Stover)
15) Slotted Hex Nuts
internally threaded, and driven with a wrench.
Often used with hex cap screws and carriage
bolts.
A machine nut is hex shaped with internal
threads. Smaller than a hex jam or hex finish
nut, they are used with machine screws under
1/4" diameter
A machine nut is hex shaped with internal
threads. Smaller than a hex jam or hex finish
nut, they are used with machine screws under
1/4" diameter.
Also known as a keps nut, a k-nut or a washer
nut, a keps-k lock nut has an attached free
spinning lock washer. Keps nuts are designed
to make assembly more convenient
A knurled head thumb nut or thumb nut has a
knurled outside surface rather than a hex,
which facilitates tightening by hand. Often
used in decorative finishes or applications.
A low-profile lock nut is hex shaped, internally
threaded with a nylon insert. The nylon
material prevents loosening from vibration and
cross threads to stop the nut from backing off
of the fastener.
A nylon insert lock nut is hex shaped,
internally threaded with a nylon insert. The
nylon material prevents loosening from
vibration and cross threads to stop the nut from
backing off of the fastener.
Commonly known as stover nuts, prevailing
torque lock nuts have chamfered corners and a
conical top. The distortion in the top threads
resists loosening from vibration. Also called
one-way nuts, they can only be installed one
way and are often used in high temperature
application because they are all metal with no
nylon insert.
Slotted hex nuts are nuts with portions cut out
designed to be used with a cotter ping to create
a locking mechanism. These nuts are similar to

16) Square Nuts
17) Structural Heavy Hex Nuts
18) T-Nuts
19) Break Away or Shear Nuts
20) Tri-Groove Nuts
21) Wing Nuts
a castle nut but have a lower profile which
sometimes makes them a better option.
A four-sided nut that may be flat or beveled on
top. Square nuts provide a greater surface
contact area which provides more resistance to
loosening. Typically mated with square head
bolts.
Structural hex nuts are comparable to finish
nuts but are made to be thicker and much
stronger. They are typically used in steel to
steel structural connections.
A t-nut or tee nut is used to fasten wood,
particle or composite board leaving a flush
surface. A long thin body with a flange at one
end resembles a T in profile. T-nuts often have
3 or 4 prongs that sink into the surface
providing better retention.
Shear nuts are cone nuts with a hexagonal
gripping point. They are designed with an
intentional flaw to snap the hexagonal head off
once the maximum torque is reached. Leaving
behind a protective cone nut that cannot be
easily removed.
Tri-groove security nuts have a tapered
diameter making them difficult to grip with
grabbing devices such as adjustable wrenches
or pliers. These nuts require a special
unconventional gripping device to install them
making them more secure than a typical nut.
Wing nuts are threaded nuts with wings on
each side of the body allowing for manual
turning and installation. Easy hand assembly
and used when the nut needs to be removed
often.
Bolts Standard Sizes

Nuts Standard Sizes

8. Steel strapping - made from high-tensile flat wire in a number of sizes. The oldest and most
commonly used banding materials to this day. Steel strapping is designed for extreme tasks that
require a heavy or very heavy-duty strap. Steel strapping is optimal for packaging industrial
equipment, heavy construction materials, and shipping steel coils

Size: 16 x 3” Core

9. Open web steel joists - lightweight warren-type trusses made in several different
styles.
* K-Series serious were primarily developed to provide structural support for floors and roofs of
buildings. They possess multiple advantages and features which have resulted in their wide use
and acceptance throughout the United States and other countries.

2 1/2 inch (64 mm)

* LH and DLH Series Longspan (LH) and Deep Longspan (DLH) Steel Joists are relatively light
weight shop-manufactured steel trusses used in the direct support of floor or roof slabs or decks
between walls, beams, and main structural members.

(LH Series) 18 inches (457 mm) through 48 inches (1219 mm)

(DLH Series) 52 inches (1321 mm) through 120 inches (3048 mm)

* Joist Girders 20 inches (508 mm) to 120 inches (3048 mm),

10. Sheet Steel -black and galvanized, can be used to manufacture corrugated roofing
and siding and formed steel decking·. Corrugated sheets have one edge turned up, one
turned down.
Standard dimension 36 x 96 or 48 x 144

Corrugated roofing sheets are also utilized as decking for flat roofs with light loads. In
such cases the corrugated deck is used as a base on which to" pour a concrete slab or· as a
base for a built-up roof.
Formed-steel decking is produced in a variety of shapes and styles using various thick-
nesses of metal. from 12 to 22 gauge and sections are made in spans of from 4 to 36 feet.
Two basic styles are open-faced decking and cellular decking which allow easy distribu-
tion of electric systems and outlets.

11 . Steel studs which are typically composed of steel, are usually intended for use in basement
walls. They can also help design DIY partition walls or other parts of
simple metal structures. Metal framing studs are used to support a non-load-bearing wall.
Standard Web Size: 2-1/2” (250S), 3-1/2” (350S), 3-5/8” (362S), 4” (400S), 5-1/2” (550S), 6”
(600S), 8” (800S), 10” (1000S), 12” (1200S), 14” (1400S)

12. Pans and domes - manufactured for use in forming one-way and two-way ribbed concrete
floor systems.
2. NON-FERROUS METAL – does not contain iron at all and not magnetic. It has higher resistance
to corrosion.

Ex. Lead, Copper, Silver, Aluminum, Brass and Gold.

ALUMINUM Its ore, bauxite, requires 10 kilowatt hours for each pound of metal aluminum
extracted. The reddish brown ore is washed and treated in a soda solution to yield a
chalky-white powder called alumna, containing a high concentration of aluminum.

Aluminum is a lustrous, silver-white. Non-magnetic: lightweight metal which is very

malleable; has good thermal and electrical conductivity; a good reflector of both heat and light.
In construction, most aluminum is used in alloy form (manganese to increase strength, silicon
or magnesium producing alloy which have good corrosion resistance, also copper and zinc
to produce alloy with high strength to-weight ratios) because of added strength; further
strengthened by heat treatment; used in extrusions, castings and sheets. Excellent resistance to
oxidation; often anodized for better corrosion resistance, surface hardness, and/ or
architectural color requirements.

Structural shapes are used as structural members in building construction. in the same
way that steel structural members are used.

Architectural shapes are widely used for door and window jambs, curtain-wall, panel

frames; thresholds; treads, handrails; door and window stiles, rails, muntins and bars.

One of the advantages of the extrusion fabricating process is that components for certain parts of
a building may be designed to interlock.
Sheet aluminum, plain sheets are used for flashing, roofing, roof drains, chimney caps,air ducts,
louver blades, etc.

To improve its appearance and to increase its resistance to weather and corrosion, A
treatment called Anodizing is done. This is a combined electrical and chemical process,

which hardens anci increases the thickness of the natural oxide coating on aluminum and to
provide a hard, noncorrosive, electrolytic, oxide film on the surface of aluminum or other

metals, by electrolytic action.

Such anodized sheets are used for shingles siding, curtain wall panels, and acoustic
ceilings.

Aluminum Foil - used as a vapor barrier on walls and ceilings and as reflective insulation.

Standard size 48" × 125'; 48" ×250'

Aluminum Round Tube

Aluminum Round Tube has many unique features and benefits that make it a highly sought
after metal that is used in various industrial applications. Due to its physical properties. it is often
used as an economical way to deliver electrical power.

Diameter Thickness Weight

 10 mm x 0.7 mm 0.055 kg/m
6 mm x 0.8 mm 0.035 kg/m
8 mm x 0.8 mm 0.049 kg/m

Aluminum Rectangular Tube

Aluminum Rectangle Tube is widely used for all types of fabrication projects where
lightweight and corrosion resistance is a primary concern. This aluminum tubing product has
square corners inside and outside, with no weld seam. It also maintains excellent corrosion
resistance to atmospheric conditions and good corrosion resistance to sea water.

30 mm x 15 mm 1.5 mm 0.340 kg/m

40 mm x 20 mm 1.5 mm 0.462 kg/m
50 mm x 25 mm 1.5 mm 0.583 kg/m
60 mm x 40 mm 2 mm 1.037 kg/m

Aluminum Square Tube

Side Thickness Weight

16 mm x 0.7 mm 0.116 kg/m
16 mm x 0.9 mm 0.147 kg/m
19 mm x 0.9 mm 0.176 kg/m

Aluminum Round Bar

An Aluminium Round Bars shape lends itself to many different projects particularly
outdoors, where a high resistance to corrosion and mechanical strength are advantageous
 Diameter Weight
6 mm 0.076 kg/m
7 mm 0.104 kg/m
8 mm 0.136 kg/m

Aluminum Rectangular Bar

is an extruded solid aluminum bar that is versatile, easy to work with and has a wide range of
applications. it has excellent corrosion resistance, good workability and good machinability.

Width Thickness Weight

20 mm x 2 mm 0.108 kg/m
15 mm x 3 mm 0.122 kg/m
20 mm x 3 mm 0.162 kg m

Aluminum Sheet

Aluminium Sheet is widely used in building because of its intrinsic properties of lightness and
corrosion resistance. Aluminum is used in external facades, roofs and walls, in windows and
doors, in staircases, railings, shelves, and other several applications.
 Length Width Weight
2.000 mm x 0.30 mm 0.810 kg/m2
2.000 mm x 0.40 mm 1.080 kg/m2
2.000 mm x 0.50 mm 1.350kg/m2
2.000 mm x 0.60 mm 1.620kg/m2

Aluminum Strip

The aluminum strip can be used to process plastic aluminum composite pipes, cables, optical cables,
transformers, heaters, etc.

Width Thickness Weight

6 mm to 1.00 mm 0.10 mm 0.270 kg/mm2
6 mm to 1.00 mm 0.20 mm 0.540 kg/mm2
6 mm to 1.00 mm 0.30 mm 0.810kg/mm2
6 mm to 1.00 mm 0.40 mm 1.080kg/mm2

Aluminum “L” Angle

Aluminum Angle is a product which has two legs to form a 90 degree angle. This product is designed to
be used in both structural applications and general fabrication. Its range of applications are wide and can
include trailer manufacturing, safety cages, walkways, farming equipment, and anywhere where it is
important to improve the structure’s rigidity

Copper a lustrous reddish metal, highly ductile and malleable; has high tensile strength, is

an excellent electrical and thermal conductor, is available in a wide variety of shapes; widely

used for downspouts, electrical conductors, flashings, gutter, roofing, etc

Copper alloys are brasses, and bronzes, which contain primarily zinc and tin, respectively, and
the alloys containing nickel.
Brasses are used in architectural and hardware applications. Bronze are used in the production of
springs:

Lead
A soft, malleable, heavy metal; has low melting point and a high coefficient of thermal
expansion. Very easy to
cut and work, enabling it to
be fitted over 'uneven surfaces.

Tin -a lustrous white, soft and malleable metal having a low melting point; relatively unaffected
by exposure to air; used for making alloys and solder and in coating sheet metal.

USES OF METALS
• They are used to make tools because they can be strong and easy to shape. Iron and steel
have been used to make bridges, buildings or ship.
• Metal is used as structural framework for larger buildings such as skyscrapers or as an
external surface covering.
• It requires a great deal of human labour to produce metal, especially in the large amounts
needed for the building industries.
• Corrosion / Rusts metal’s prime enemy when it comes to longevity.
• Widely used in Structural, Electrical and Plumbing purposes.

ADVANTAGE ANG DISADVANTAGES OF METAL

Advantages of Metal as Building Material
• Recyclability
• Safety and Durability
• Lightness is Key
• Reduced Construction Cost
Disadvantages of Metal as Building Material

• Fire Damage
• Long-term Fatigue
• Susceptibility to the Elements

APPLICATION OF METAL AS BUILDING MATERIAL

 • Metals are widely applied in the building and construction sector.

• Metals are a first-choice material for structure, reinforcements, cladding, roofing, window
frames, plumbing, heating equipment and many other applications.

• Metals can be found in old historic buildings as well as new, modern architecture.

• They offer a multitude of design capabilities as well as a sustainable barrier to weather.

• They can be used for exterior and interior design and come in several varieties.

Benefits of Metal as Building Material

Beauty

• Metal Panels have a beautiful appearance for both exterior and interior applications.

• They have both shiny and matte finishes and can be shaped and formed into a wide array
of patterns.

• A wide variety of colors, textures and design makes them work with most commercial or
residential architectural designs.
Fireproof

• Fire is always a risk in any building construction.

• Metal walls can act as a barrier to fire to help keep an active fire from spreading and they
also help keep the ares cool in the case of too much heat.
Rain Screen

○ Metal Panels also act as a rain screen and water barrier, preventing water from entering a
building from the outside and from spreading from room to room in the interior.
○ In climates that get a lot of rain, having a metal barrier can extend the life of the building
by preventing mold and decay from destroying other building materials.
Lower Energy Consumption

• Because of the density of metal, it offers a reduction in energy consumption that lower
expenses for building owners.
• Metal walls are considered to be eco-friendly and sustainable building materials.
• By using this construction, you are lowering your carbon footprint and the stress on the
earth’s resources.
Durability

• Metal walls are extremely durable and hold up well to regular wear and tear.
 • Their hardness may vary a bit depending on the metal used.

• They maintain their beauty for years.

Low Installation and Maintenance Cost

• Metal Wall Panels also save money on installation and maintenance.

• Panels cam generally be installed more quickly than other materials such as brick, granite
or precast.
• They are lighter in weight and often do not need much support structure as heavier
materials.

METHODS OF JOINING METALS

01. Soldering
is a process in which two or more items are joined together by melting and putting a filler
metal (solder) into the joint, the filler metal having a lower melting point than the adjoining
metal.

Soft Soldering
 Soft Soldering is a processes of joining two or more pieces of similar or dissimilar thinner
parts by an alloy called ‘Solder’, which has a lower melting point than the base metals. The
temperature required is approx. 300°C to 350°C for Soft Soldering
Hard Soldering

In this process is required an extra external heat which comes from Blow-Lamp or Oxy-
acetylene flame to melt the solder. Generally it is used for underground cable-joint of Telephone,
Electric, etc.
02. Brazing

a metal-joining process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and
flowing a filler metal into the joint, the filler metal having a lower melting point than the
adjoining metal brazing is a kind of hard soldering. In this process, heat is applied from oxy-
acetylene flame. But in Soft Soldering no extra heat is required.

03. Welding

is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by

using high heat to melt the parts together and allowing them to cool causing fusion. Welding is
distinct from lower temperature metal-joining techniques such as brazing and soldering, which
do not melt the base metal.

04. Rivets

a rivet is a permanent mechanical fastener. Before being installed, a rivet consists of a

smooth cylindrical shaft with a head on one end. The end opposite to the head is called the tail.
On installation, the rivet is placed in a punched or drilled hole, and the tail is upset, or bucked so
that it expands to about 1.5 times the original shaft diameter, holding the rivet in place.
What is Corrosion?
Corrosion is a deterioration of a material caused by environmental interactions. It is a natural
phenomenon, requiring three conditions: moisture, a metallic surface, and an oxidizing agent
known as an electron acceptor. The process of corrosion converts the reactive metal surface into
a more stable form, namely its oxide, hydroxide, or sulfide

Corrosion can have a variety of negative effects on metal. When metal structures suffer from
corrosion, they become unsafe which can lead to accidents, such as collapses. Even minor
corrosion requires repairs and maintenance.

While all metals corrode, it is estimated that 25-30% of corrosion could be prevented using
suitable protection methods.

How to Prevent Corrosion

You can prevent corrosion by selecting the right:

• Metal Type
• Protective Coating
• Environmental Measures
• Sacrificial Coatings
• Corrosion Inhibitors
• Design Modification

Metal Type

One simple way to prevent corrosion is to use a corrosion resistant metal such as aluminum or stainless
steel. Depending on the application, these metals can be used to reduce the need for additional corrosion
protection.
Protective Coatings
The application of a paint coating is a cost-effective way of preventing corrosion. Paint
coatings act as a barrier to prevent the transfer of electrochemical charge from the corrosive
solution to the metal underneath.

Another possibility is applying a powder coating. In this process, a dry powder is applied to the
clean metal surface. The metal is then heated which fuses the powder into a smooth unbroken
film. A number of different powder compositions can be used, including acrylic, polyester,
epoxy, nylon, and urethane.

Environmental Measures

Corrosion is caused by a chemical reaction between the metal and gases in the surrounding
environment. By taking measures to control the environment, these unwanted reactions can be
minimized. This can be as simple as reducing exposure to rain or seawater, or more complex
measures, such as controlling the amounts of sulfur, chlorine, or oxygen in the surrounding
environment. An example of this would be would be treating the water in water boilers with
softeners to adjust hardness, alkalinity, or oxygen content.

Sacrificial Coatings
Sacrificial coating involves coating the metal with an additional metal type that is more likely to
oxidize; hence the term “sacrificial coating.”

There are two main techniques for achieving sacrificial coating: cathodic protection and anodic
protection.

• Cathodic Protection The most common example of cathodic protection is the coating of
iron alloy steel with zinc, a process known as galvanizing. Zinc is a more active metal
than steel, and when it starts to corrode it oxides which inhibits the corrosion of the steel.
This method is known as cathodic protection because it works by making the steel the
cathode of an electrochemical cell. Cathodic protection is used for steel pipelines
carrying water or fuel, water heater tanks, ship hulls, and offshore oil platforms.
 • Anodic Protection Anodic protection involves coating the iron alloy steel with a less
active metal, such as tin. Tin will not corrode, so the steel will be protected as long as the
tin coating is in place. This method is known as anodic protection because it makes the
steel the anode of an electrochemical cell.

Corrosion Inhibitors
Corrosion inhibitors are chemicals that react with the surface of the metal or the surrounding
gases to suppress the electrochemical reactions leading to corrosion. They work by being applied
to the surface of a metal where they form a protective film. Inhibitors can be applied as a
solution or as a protective coating using dispersion techniques. Corrosion inhibitors are
commonly applied via a process known as passivation.

• Passivation In passivation, a light coat of a protective material, such as metal oxide,

creates a protective layer over the metal which acts as a barrier against corrosion. The
formation of this layer is affected by environmental pH, temperature, and surrounding
chemical composition.

Design Modification

Design modifications can help reduce corrosion and improve the durability of any existing
protective anti-corrosive coatings. Ideally, designs should avoid trapping dust and water,
encourage movement of air, and avoid open crevices. Ensuring the metal is accessible for regular
maintenance will also increase longevity.