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Earth and Life

Science
Quarter 1 - Module 6
Geologic Time Scale and Geo-hazards

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Earth and Life Science- Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 - Module 6: Geologic Timescale and Geo-hazards
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Departm ent of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro

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 Senior
Senior High
High School
School

Earth and Life

Science
Quarter 1 - Module 6
Geologic Time Scale and Geo-hazards

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities.
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Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

This page is intentionally blank
 Table of Contents

What This Module is About.................................................................................................... ….i

What I Need to Know ............................................................................................................. …ii
How to Learn from this Module ............................................................................................. ….ii
Icons of this Module............................................................................................................... …iii

What I Know ......................................................................................................................... ….iv

Lesson 1:
Geologic Time Scale ..............................................................................................
What I Need To Know : Objective ................................................................. 1
What’s New : Activity 1. THEN and NOW...................................................... 2
What is It: Introduction of Geologic Time Scale ........................................... 3
What’s More: Activity 2. MY OWN TIMELINE ............................................... 5
What is It: Geologic Time Scale Timeline ..................................................... 5
What’s More: Activity 3. WHAT’S THE ERA PHOTO QUIZ ......................... 6
What I Have Learned: Activity 4. SYNTHESIZING YOUR LEARNING …. . 7
What I Can Do
Activity 5. EARTH’S GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE MAKING ........... 7

Lesson 2:
Geo-hazards ................................................................................................................
Introduction................................................................................................ ….9
Objective ................................................................................................... ….9
Activity 1. FIND ME ................................................................................. ……9
What Is It: Introduction to Geological Hazards ....................................... ….10
What’s More: Activity 2. GEO-HAZARDS CONCEPT MAP................... ….12
What Is It: Volcano, Landslide and Earthquake Hazards ………………….12
What’s More: Activity 3. GEO-PHENOMENA … ................................... …..14

What I Have Learned: Synthesizing your learning………………………….14

What I Can Do: Activity 4. VIDEO PRESENTATION … ........................ ….15

Summary.............................................................................................................................. ….16
Assessment: (Post-Test) ..................................................................................................... ….17
Key to Answers……………………………………………………………………………………...18

References…………………………………………………………………………………………..19
This page is intentionally blank
What This Module is About

This m odule talks about how the history of Earth can be interpreted from the
Geologic Tim e Scale and common Geological Hazards. Earth is a fascinating planet
inhabited by thousands of organisms of different species. Its changes are interesting
especially those that are not witnessed by hum ans and remained unrecorded. By
understanding the history of Earth and the different processes it undergoes, we
would be able to relate the changes that happened from the past to m odern days
and pay attention to whatever hazards will come. Geologists continue to conduct
more studies to give answers and prove what happened to Earth as m any years
went by.

This m odule contains two lessons:

1. Geologic Tim escale
2. Geohazards

12

9 3

i
 What I Need to Know

At the end of this m odule, you are expected to:

1. Describe how the Earth’s history can be interpreted from the geologic tim e scale.
2. Describe the various hazards that m ay happen in the event of earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, and landslides.

How to learn from this m odule

1. Read the instructions carefully.
2. Answer the pre-test in order to assess your prior knowledge about the lesson in
this m odule.
3. Com pare your answers on the answer key provided at the end of this m odule.
4. Read the lesson and perform the activities provided.
5. Answer the post-test to assess how m uch you have gained from the topics.

ii
Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that

Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

know ledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
know ledge
What’s In This part connects previous lesson w ith that
of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it w ill be presented
to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

w ay to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow -up activities that are in-
tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process w hat you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show -

case your skills and know ledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.

iii
 What I Know

Pre-assessment
Directions: Read the item s carefully. Mark  if the statem ent is correct and x if it is
wrong.
______ 1. Phanerozoic is divided into two eras.
______ 2. Transform ation of Earth happened during Precam brian Eon.
______ 3. Geologists separate tim e periods by identifying the fossils that have been
preserved.
______4. Am phibians are the anim als that dom inated during Paleozoic Era.
______5. Eons have duration hundreds of m illions of years.
______6. Geologists divided the history of Earth into intervals of tim e that are
unequal in length.
______7. Geologic Tim e Scale only describes the evolution of Earth.
______8. RA 11121 is also known as Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and
Managem ent Act.
______9. Landslide m ay be triggered by an earthquake.
_____ 10. Seismographs can only detect earthquakes that are felt.

iv
This page is intentionally blank
 Lesson Geologic Time Scale
1
What I Need to Know

Whenever we say the word a long tim e, it m akes us think about the overlong
length of years. Even a m illion years are already an extraordinary length of tim e that
seems to be very unthinkable. Earth is a hom e of m any living things. Its age is
estim ated to be 4.6 billion years.
Within those years, changes happened that seemed to be unnoticed. Som e
scientists studied the past of Earth. To find answers to m any questions, they kept on
looking for shreds of evidence. Their study paved the way for knowledge on the
significant events of the Earth and how long it took place. Can you im agine how
volcanoes and m ountains form ed? How the different gases are trapped in our
atm osphere? How dinosaurs just disappear? These are some of the questions we
keep on asking ourselves.

1
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
1. Describe how the Earth’s history can be interpreted from the geologic tim e scale.
2. Identify the subdivisions of Geologic Tim e.

What’s New

Activity 1. THEN and NOW

Objective: Illustrate and com pare how the early Earth is different from today.

Materials:
Bond Paper and Pencil.

Procedure:
1. In a short bond paper, draw a vertical line at the center from the top to
bottom which separates the right and left side of the paper.
2. Draw an illustration of early Earth on the left side of the paper and the Earth
today on the right side.
3. Add im portant events on the drawing.
4. See the difference.

Guide Questions:
1. What is the difference of Earth today from the early Earth?
2. How did the environm ent of Earth develop over a period of tim e?

2
 What is It

Performing the first activity m akes you imagine and look back at the history of
the Earth from the beginning to the present. As if you are watching a m ovie that
shows pictures on how Earth looked like billion years ago. Fast-forwarding, you see
so m any extraordinary changes. In the beginning, there was no life on Earth. As
many years went by, living things existed, grew, flourished, and even contributed to
m ore changes in our planet.
Geologic Tim e requires an understanding of the Laws of Nature. It m eans that
how things work today is the sam e as they were before. It never changed. The
discovery of fossils or rocks is very helpful to scientists because it can be used as an
instrum ent to interpret the past. The different clues helped the scientists understand
that Earth has unique features. The place where we live right now probably looked
different before. And it is expected that it will no longer be the sam e in the future to
com e. There were a lot of attem pts to form a Geologic Tim e Scale that can be
applied in any place on Earth. But the detailed studies of rocks and fossils conducted
by scientists resulted in the order of geologic periods we used today. Scientists
divided the history of Earth into a chain of tim e intervals. These tim e intervals are
unequal in terms of num bers of days or hours and vary in length. The division of
Geologic Time is based on the significant events on Earth. The layers on the surface
of the Earth, from the recent origin down to the m ost ancient, m ade possible to split
Geological Tim e into Eons, Eras and Periods. These are the periods that divide the
history and evolution of Earth.
The concept m ap below sum m arizes the geological tim e scale.

3
 At present, the Geologic Tim e Scale is divided into big portions of tim e known
as EONS. Eons are further divided into ERAS. Eras are divided into PERIODS. The
Precam brian Eon is the point of tim e in which our planet started to form . During this
tim e, there was no form ation of any organism . What are evident are the abiotic
features of the earth. It represents more than 80 percent of the total records of
geologic time and supported with pieces of evidence found in rocks. During the
Phanerozoic Eon, living organisms like plants and animals existed. It constitutes the
tim e of m ulticellular life on Earth and the evolutionary process happened. This eon is
further divided into the Paleozoic Era, Mesozoic Era, Cenozoic Era. Significant
events of Earth are used to determ ine the boundaries of every Era.

Eon Era Period Biological Features

No evidence of life.
PRECAMBRIAN Oldest fossils known.
Origin of Earth
Age of invertebrates
CAMBRIAN Marine algae flourish.
Abundance of m arine
ORDOVICIAN algae.
Appearance of first
vertebrates.
Jawed Fishes appear.
SILURIAN Vascular plants
invaded the lands.
PALEOZOIC First appearance of
DEVONIAN am phibians and
insects. Age of fishes.
Anim als are m ostly
CARBONIFEROUS am phibians, seed
plants appear.
PERMIAN Reptiles, m odern
insects and conifers
PHANEROZOIC appear
First m ammal exists.
TRIASSIC First Dinosaur appears
Age of Dinosaurs.
Aves appear.
JURASSIC Plants with seeds are
MESOZOIC dom inant above the
lands.
Extinction of dinosaurs
and other anim als.
CRETACEOUS Placental m ammals
exist.
Flowering plants
appear.
4
 Hum ans appear.
Herbaceous
TERTIARY plants spread and
diversified
PHANEROZOIC CENOZOIC
Age of Man
Abundance of
QUATERNARY herbaceous
plants.

What’s More

Activity 2. MY OWN TIMELINE

Objective: Create a tim eline of your life.

Materials: Bond paper, Pen, Ruler
Procedure:
1. Place the long bond paper at the top of your arm chair in a landscape
orientation.
2. Write “BIRTH” on the left m ost upper part of paper and “NOW” on the right
m ost upper part.
3. Divide the paper using ruler into a certain num ber of years. For exam ple, 5,
10, 15, etc. It depends on your age. Make a vertical line from top to bottom
in every division.
4. Make a tim eline of your life. Add up events that you think are unforgettable
and m eaningful.
5. Make sure to write the events in sequence.

Guide Questions
1. What did you feel upon m aking your tim eline?
2. How did you m ake your own tim eline?

What is It

4.6 billion years is a massive am ount of tim e and irrational for people to
understand how many events happened during that time. Earth’s history in Geologic
Tim e Scale was described based on the layers on the surface of the Earth,
procedures in determ ining the fossils or rocks. Its division m arks significant events
like a change in environm ental conditions, life form s, atm osphere, and som e
geologic features of Earth.
5
 Below is the linear arrangement of the Geologic Tim e Scale that shows
relationships between tim e periods and tim e fram e.

Years Ago Eon Era Period Years Ago

Present QUATERNARY 1.8 mil
65 mil CENOZOIC TERITARY 65 mil
CRETACEOUS 145 mil
MESOZOIC JURASSIC 200 mil
245 mil TRIASSIC 245 mil
Phanerozoic PERMIAN 290 mil
CARBONIFEROUS 360 mil
DEVONIAN 410 mil
PALEOZOIC SILURIAN 440 mil
ORDOVICAN 505 mil
544 mil CAMBRIAN 544 mil

Precambrian

4.6 billion

What’s More

Activity 3. WHAT’S THE ERA PHOTO QUIZ

Objective: Identify to what ERA the following pictures belong.

1. ________________

2. ________________

6
3. ________________

4. ________________

5. ________________

6. _______________

What I Have Learned

Activity 4. Synthesizing your Learning.

Materials: Paper and Pen
Procedure:
1. Make your own design of a graphic organizer (e.g. concept m ap or T – Chart).
2. Write the words associated with the topic Geologic Tim e Scale.
3. At the back of your paper, write and explain the words given.

7
 What I Can Do

Activity 5. EARTH’S GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE

Objective: Make a tim eline of Earth’s Geologic Tim e Scale.
Materials: Cartolina, pictures/clip arts, coloring m aterials, pen, scissors, glue
Procedure: Create your own design on a timeline of Earth’s Geologic Tim e Scale.
Add pictures of anim als and events that will m ake your output attractive.

Rubric for Designing Geological Tim e Scale

Criteria 5 4 3
Unique and original, Original, conveys No originality,
Content appropriate to the m essage, attracts Subject is weakly
topic, conveys strong attention lightly related, m essage
m essage, catches is not clear and it
attention im mediately does not catch
attention well.

Designs are Designs are There is no effort

Creativity advanced. satisfactory. done to m ake the
output creative.
Use of m edia and
Use of m edia and technology is No m edia and
Media technology is visible visible in m aking technology used
Technology in m aking the output the output. The in m aking output.
excellent. outcom e is
satisfactory.

8
 Lesson Geo-hazards
2
What’s In

Early people believed that our planet is the center of the universe. They
thought that the entire surface of Earth is flat, and the gods are responsible for all
natural phenom ena. Now, we are living in a com petitive world because of the
advancem ent of technology. Everything changed from sim ple to com plex. People
polished their beliefs into knowledge based on observations in the environm ent and
scientific principles.

What I Need to Know

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Explain the m eaning of Geologic Hazard.
2. Describe the various hazards that m ay happen in the event of earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, and landslides.

What’s New

Activity 1. FIND ME.

Inside the box are the terms that you will encounter in the next lesson. Find them by
connecting the letters of the word with a straight line. Write the term s in the table
below the box in the first colum n and its definition in the second colum n.
G Q P Y R C L A S T I C Q T V
Z E T Y S W E D E G Z F A U O
D H O J F D R D A S H F A L L
L T S L D T U T Y G T H D K C
A S R A O Y P Y Y U G I F L A
N I F H G G T S E R O S I O N
D G Y A H P I G K Y P P G Y O
S O T R J O O C L I P Z K F X
L L F M K O N E F L I Q J C P
I O S N L K K W O L F D U M Y
D E A R T H Q U A K E T L B Z
E G K A N E M O N E H P P V E
R H U H A Z A R D D O G O O L

9
 Term Definition
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
11.
12.
13
14.

What is It

Geological hazard is a geological and environm ental process. It includes

earthquakes, landslides, floods, volcanic eruptions, etc. It is responsible for the Commented [HL1]: used too many periods
etc.
deaths of m any people, dam age to properties, and destruction to our environm ent.
In the past years, m illions of people died because of this phenom enon.
According to RA 10121 also known as Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and
Managem ent Act, hazard is a dangerous natural phenom enon, substance, hum an
activity or condition that m ay cause loss of life, injury or other im pacts, property
dam age, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruptions or
environm ental damage. Infrastructures, public or private facilities, households,
transportation, and hum ans are the elem ents exposed to these hazards.

10
 What’s More

Activity 2. GEO-HAZARDS CONCEPT MAP

Objective: Describe the effects of earthquake, volcanic eruptions and landslide.
Materials: Pictures/clipart of earthquake, volcanic eruption and landslide
Paper and Pen.
Procedure:
1. Based on the clip arts, describe the effects of earthquake, landslide and
volcanic eruptions. Present you answer in a concept m ap.

What is It

Philippines is a home of m any active volcanoes because it is situated in a

region called the Pacific Ring of Fire. When a volcano shows signs of eruptions,
geologic events like earthquake and landslides follow. So, it is important for you to
be aware on how it happens to reduce the possible effects it m ay cause.

12
 Volcanic eruptions can have an extrem e impact on the lives of organisms.
Water, land, or soil and air are affected. When people see that they are no longer
safe in the area, they are forced to leave their properties and belongings to be alive.
The following are the volcano hazards and its im pact:
1. Pyroclastic Flow and Surges
A m ixture of ash, rock fragm ents and gas materials that leave devastating
effects on the area in which they flow.

2. Ballistic Projectiles
These are rocks from an erupting volcano blasted into the air.
3. Lahar
It is a m udflow from a mixture of volcanic water and rock fragm ents. It m oves
down the slopes of the volcano into the surrounding area and destroying everything
on its way.
4. Volcanic Gases
Gases present in toxic am ount trapped in cavities in volcanic rocks dissolved
in m agma or lava or through groundwater and is heated by volcanic activity.
5. Ash Falls
These are ashes produced during a volcanic eruption. It can destroy
vegetation, m alfunctions engine, collapse roofs, and endanger health of people.
Ashfall continues even after the explosion and can affect the neighboring areas.
6. Tsunam is
These are substantial sea waves that occur when an underwater volcano
erupts. Its wave height could be higher than 5 m eters. It can cause the death of
hum ans, animals, and destruction of infrastructures or properties when it hits
offshore.

Earthquake is another form of geologic hazard. It is a shaking of the ground

due to the released energy that form s seismic waves. Seismograph detects
earthquakes that are less felt. Earthquake hazards include the following:
1. Unsecured things that are open.
2. Electronic devices and appliances.
3. Grounds Breaking
It can cause m ild or severe dam age to properties or structures. The effects
depend on the m agnitude of an earthquake or its distance from the epicenter.
4. Liquefaction
The strength and hardness of the soil are reduced. It happens when the
groundwater m ixed with ground soil that m akes the soil less stable.
5. Ground subsidence
Grounds sink due to earthquake.

Landslide is a geological hazard that includes m ovement of any debris,

masses of rock, or soil down a slope. It can occur in the offshore and coastal
environm ent but com posed of a weak strength of soil resting on a steep slope.
Landslides hazards are falling debris from a steep slope, pieces of rocks fall, and
mudflow. Human activities like mining, deforestation, quarrying, digging, and
conversion of land to residential or industrial areas contribute to this natural
phenom enon.

13
 What’s More

Activity 3. Geo-Phenom ena

Objective: Explain the occurrence of the different hazards produced by Geological
Events.
Material:
Video Clip entitled Geo-Phenom ena
https://www.youtube.com /watch?v=U1EytLkl4jg
Laptop/Tv/Projector

Procedure:
1. Watch the video carefully and answer the following questions on a one
whole sheet of paper.

Guide Question 1: What are the Geological Events you observed from the video
clip?
Guide Question 2: What causes the said Geological events to happen?
Guide Question 3: How can you reduce the risk of the said Geological events?

What I Have Learned

Activity 4. identifying Hazards.

Objective: After perform ing activity 3, you should be able to identify the different
hazards presented in the pictures.

1. 2.

3. 4.

14
 5.

What I Can Do

Activity 4. VIDEO PRESENTATION

Objective: Create an inform ative video presentation on the different hazards that our
country experienced every year. Include the im portant things do to becom e m ore
aware and ready when it happens.

Rubric for Video Presentation

Criteria 4 3 2
1. Inform ation Video is played with Video is played Video is played but
excellent captures but with m inor with m ajor
and details problem s. problem s.

2. Creativity Excellent creativity Satisfactory use Lacks creativity and

using various of creativity and used m inim al
m aterials. use of various m aterials.
m aterials.

Unique and original, Original, No originality,

3. Content appropriate to the conveys Subject is weakly
topic, conveys m essage, related, m essage is
strong m essage, attracts not clear and it does
catches attention attention lightly not catch attention
im m ediately well.
Total Score

15
Sum mary:

Geologic Tim e Scale

 Cenozoic Era m arks the rise and dom inance of m ammals and m an.
 Eon is an unknown long period of tim e.
 Era is a long period of tim e of history with definite features.
 Evolution is a gradual developm ent from sim ple form to com plex.
 Geologic Tim e Scale refers to the calendar of m ost important events that
happened on Earth.
 Mesozoic Era m arks the existence and extinction of m any anim als including
dinosaurs.
 Paleozoic Era m arks the ancient life. Abundant fossils were deposited and
there was a change of habitat.

Geo - hazards
 Earthquake is a shaking of the ground due to the released energy that form s
seismic waves.
 Geological hazard is a geological and environm ental process. It includes
earthquakes, landslides, and volcanic eruptions.
 Landslide is a geological hazard that includes m ovem ent of any debris, m asses
of rock, or soil down a slope
 Seismograph is an instrum ent use to detect an earthquake.
 Volcanic Eruption happens when hot m olten m aterials are thrown out from the
m outh of a volcano.

16
 Post Test
A. Geologic Time Scale
1. How m any eras does Phanerozoic eon have?
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
2. Which of the following happened during the Precam brian Eon?
a. Rise of am phibians. b. Flowering plants dom inate the land.
c. Form ation of Earth. d. Marine anim als flourish the seawater.
3. What anim als dominated during Paleozoic Era?
a. Fish b. Dinosaur c. Birds d. Prim ates
4. Which am ong the following best describes the Cenozoic Era?
a. Age of Reptiles b. of Age Am phibians c. Age of Man d. Age of Fish
5. In what era is there m ass extinction?
a. Paleozoic Era b. Mesozoic Era c. Cenozoic Era d. Protozoic Era
6. Approxim ately, what is the age of Earth according to the records?
a. 2 billion years old b. 3.6 billion years old
c. 4.6 billion years old d. 6 billion years old
7.What is the longest portion of the geologic tim e?
a. Eon b. Era c. Period d. Epoch
8. Which is not a period under the Paleozoic Era?
a. Devonian b. Carboniferous c. Perm ian d. Tertiary
9. Which is the m ost dom inant organisms during the Mesozoic era?
a. Hum ans b. Dinosaur c. Birds d. Prim ates
10. In what period of the Paleozoic era did jawed fish first appeared?
a. Cam brian b. Silurian c. Devonian d. Perm ian

B. Geo - hazards
11. What do you call a m udflow form ed from a m ixture of volcanic water and rock
fragm ents?
a. Pyroclastic Material b. Lahar c. Lava d. Volcanic Bom bs
12. What happens when groundwater is m ixed with ground soil m aking the soil less
stable?
a. Liquefaction b. Lava c. Ground subsidence d. Landslides
13. Which am ong these is a m ixture of ash, rock fragm ents and gas that m ove fast
and m ade up of hot m aterials that leave devastating effects on the area in which
they flow?
a. Ballistic projectile b. Pyroclastic Flow and surges
c. Volcanic bom bs d. Lahar
14. Which am ong these are rocks from an erupting volcano blasted into the air?
a. Ashfall b. Lahar c. Pyroclastic Material d. Ballistic projectile
15. Which of the following is a potential hazard of landslide?
a. falling rocks b. m udflow c. ground breaking d. falling debris

17
 Key to Answers

Geologic Tim e Scale

Pre-assessment:
1. x 6. 
2.  7. x
3.  8. x
4.  9. 
5.  10. x

Activity 3. WHAT’S THE ERA PHOTO QUIZ

1. Mesozoic
2. Mesozoic
3. Cenozoic
4. Mesozoic
5. Paleozoic
6. Paleozoic

Geo-hazards
Activity 1. FIND ME.
1. Geologic 8. Mudflow
2. Hazard 9. Phenom ena
3. Landslides 10. Erosion
4. Earthquake 11. Lahar
5. Volcano 12. Ash fall
6. Geologist 13. Pyroclastic
7. Eruption

Post-test
1. b 6. c 11. b
2. b 7. a 12. a
3. a 8. d 13. b
4. c 9. b 14. d
5. b 10. b 15. c

18
 References

Books
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https://bit.ly/3dF9Kdb
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