Soil Mechanics Solutions Manual

Soil Mechanics
Principles and Practice
Fourth Edition
Solutions Manual
Graham Barnes
Contents
2 Soil description and classification
3 Permeability and seepage
4 Effective stress and pore pressure
5 Contact pressure and stress distribution
6 Compressibility and consolidation
7 Shear strength
8 Shallow foundations – stability
9 Shallow foundations – settlement
10 Pile foundations
11 Lateral earth pressure and retaining structures
12 Slope stability
13 Earthworks and soil compaction
Soil Mechanics Principles and Practice Graham Barnes
Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
Chapter 2 Soil Description and Classification
Volume of gravel = (m4 – m1) – (m3 – m2)
= (1870.6 – 845.2) – (2346.0 – 1608.7) = 1025.4 – 737.3 = 288.1 cm3

2.1 mass of gravel = m2 – m1 = 1608.7 – 845.2 = 763.5 g
s = 763.5 = 2.65 g/ cm3 or Mg/m3

288.1
Mass retained Mass passing

Sieve size % passing
g g
20 0 2105.4 100
14 18.9 2086.5 99.1
10 67.4 2019.1 95.9
6.3 44.2 1974.9 93.8
3.35 75.8 1899.1 90.2
2 122.1 1777.0 84.4
1.18 193.7 1583.3 75.2
600 240.0 1343.3 63.8
2.2 425 282.2 1061.1 50.4
300 242.1 819.0 38.9
212 233.7 585.3 27.8
150 265.3 320.0 15.2
63 240.0 80.0 3.8
tray 80.0 -
d10 = 0.11 mm d30 = 0.23 mm d50 = 0.42 mm d60 = 0.54 mm
U = 0.54 = 4.9 Cc = 0.232 = 0.89  moderately uniformly graded

0.11 0.54 × 0.11
ms = 537.5 g mw = 544.4 g V0 = 250ml wax G s = 0.90
volume of soil lump = 250 – 544.4 – 537.5 = 242.33 cm3

0.90
bulk density b = ms = 537.5 × 106 = 2.218 Mg/m3, say 2.22 Mg/m3

V 242.33 × 106
Bulk weight density = 2.218 × 1000 × 9.81 = 21.76 kN/m3, say 21.8 kN/m3
2.3 1000
Water content = 537.5 – 479.2 × 100 = 12.17 %, say 12.2 %

479.2
Dry densityd = b = 2.218 = 1.977 Mg/m3, say 1.98 Mg/m3

1 + w 1 + 0.122
Dry weight density = 1.977 × 1000 × 9.81 = 19.39 kN/m3

1000
Graham Barnes 2016 1

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
From Table 2.19
b = Gsw (1 + w)
(1 + e)
1 + e = 2.72 × 1.0 × 1.122 = 1.376 void ratio e = 0.376, say 0.38

2.218
2.4
n = e = 0.376 = 0.273, say 0.27
1 + e 1.376
Sr = w Gs × 100 = 0.122 × 2.72 × 100 = 88.3 %, say 88%

e 0.376
Av = n (1 - Sr) = 0.273 (1 – 0.883) × 100 = 3.2 %
The degree of saturation would be 100 %
Sr = wGs = 100
e
2.5 w = e × 100 = 0.376 × 100 = 13.82 %, say 13.8 %
Gs 2.72
b = Gsw (1 + w) = 2.72 × 1.0 × 1.1382 = 2.25 Mg/m3

(1 + e) 1.376
Av = n (1 - Sr)
with n = e and Sr = wGs Av = e – w Gs

1+e e 1+e
2.6 e = Av + w Gs = 0.05 + 0.135 × 2.68 = 0.4335
1 - Av 1 – 0.05
b = 2.68 × 1.0 × (1 + 0.135) = 2.122 Mg/m3 , say 2.12 Mg/m3

1 + 0.4335
Liquid limit
60
59 w = 0.7724d + 39.548
Plastic limit = 26.6 + 27.3 = 26.95, say 27 % 58

R² = 0.996
At cone penetration 20 mm
2 57 w = wL = 55.0%
Water content w %
56
2.7
55
Plasticity index = 55 – 27 = 28 % 54
53
Classification is CH 52
51
50
10 15 20 25
Cone penetration d mm
Liquidity index = 35 – 27 = 0.29 Consistency index = 55 – 35 = 0.71

2.8 28 28

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
35.5  21.7
Volumetric shrinkage   100  38.9%
35.5
Assuming the soil at the liquid limit is fully saturated
57.20 37.39
Mass of solids   37.39g Volume of solids   13.90ml
2.9 1  0.52 2.69
At the shrinkage limit mass of water  37.39  0.16  5.98g  volume of water  5.98ml
Volume air  21.7 - 13.90 - 5.98  1.82 ml
1.82
Av   100  8.39%
21.7
Chapter 3 Permeability and Seepage
Q = 200 ml l = 100 mm h = 234 mm t = 225 s

3.1 k = Q l = 200 × 103 × 100 × 4 = 8.6 × 10-2 mm/s = 8.6 × 10-5 m/s
Aht  × 752 × 234 × 225
a =  × 42 = 12.57 mm2 A = × 1002 = 7854.0 mm2

4 4
3.2
k = 2.3 × 12.57 × 120 log10 (950/740) = 2.7 × 10-5 mm/s = 2.7 × 10-8 m/s
7854 30 × 60
koverall = Q l = 100 × 103 × 100 × 4 = 4.5 × 10-3 mm/s = 4.5 × 10-6 m/s
A h t  × 752 × 672 × 745
kv = Lsand + Lsilt d Lsand = 95 mm Lsilt = 5 mm ksand = 8.6 × 10-5 m/s

3.3
Lsand /ksand + Lsilt/ksilt
4.5 = 95 + 5 d ksilt = 2.4 × 10-4 mm/s = 2.4 × 10-7 m/s

103 95 × 102 /8.6 + 5/ksilt
At top of clay total head = 5.0 + 5.0 = 10.0 m
At base of clay total head = 3.0 m
Head difference = 10.0 – 3.0 = 7.0 m

3.4 i = 7.0 = 1.4
5.0
q = 100 × 100 × 5 × 1.4 × 1000 × 60 × 60 × 24
108
= 60480 litres/day = 60.48 m3/day

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
Hc = 4.0 – 0.5 = 3.5 m
Case B f = 2.75
3.5 k= q = 2.5 d
f d Hc 1000 × 60 × 2.75 × 0.15 × 3.5
= 2.9 × 10-5 m/s
l = 4.5 m H1 = 2.20 m r1 = 11.0 m H2 = 2.65 m r2 = 37.0 m
q = 540 litres/min
3.6
k= 540 loge (37.0/11.0) = 8.6 × 10-4 m/s
1000 × 60 × 2 ×  × 4.5 × 0.45
3.7
Figure 3.43
datum at base of gravel
h = 7.5 m nf = 3 nd = 8
q = 3 × 7.5 × 3 × 1000 × 60 = 5.1 litres/min/m, say 5 litres/min/m

105 8
Location Total head m Elevation Pressure pore pressure

head m head m kPa
0 7.5 5.5 2.0 19.6

1 7.5 × 7/8 = 6.56 2.56 4.0 39.2
2 7.5 × 6/8 = 5.63 0.1 5.53 54.2
3 7.5 × 5/8 = 4.69 -1.9 6.59 64.6
4 7.5 × 4/8 = 3.75 -3.0 6.75 66.2
5 7.5 × 3/8 = 2.81 -3.0 5.81 57.0
6 7.5 × 2/8 = 1.88 -3.0 4.88 47.8
7 7.5 × 1/8 = 0.94 -1.8 2.74 26.8

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
8 7.5 × 0/8 = 0 0 0 0
3.7
3 6
Shape factor is the same 3/8 k overall  5
 4  1.34  10  4 m/s
10 10
3.8
q = 1.34 × 7.5 × 3 × 1000 × 60 = 22.6 litres/min/m, say 23 litres/min/m
104 8
Consider last block for boiling condition l = 1.8 m h = 7.5/8 = 0.938 m
Upward seepage force = w × h × l × 1 = 9.8 × 0.938 × 1.8 × 1

= 16.55 kN
3.9
Downward seepage force = bgravel × l × 1.0 × 1 +subsand × l × l × 1
boiling
= 20.5 × 1.8 × 1.0 × 1 + (19 – 9.8) × 1.8 × 1.8 × 1 = 36.9 + 29.8 = 66.7 kN
16.55 kN << 66.7 kN  ULS verified.

See Worked example 3.12 for comments on this inequality.
Consider block 2.0 m × 4.0 m for heaving
mean head hm = 1.41 + 2.81 = 2.11 m

2
upward force = 9.8 × 2.11 × 2.0 × 1 = 41.4kN
Downward force = 20.5 × 1.0 × 2.0 × 1 + (19 – 9.8) × 3.0 × 2.0 × 1 = 41.0 + 55.2 = 96.2 kN
41.4 kN < 96.2 kN ultimate limit state (ULS) verified

3.9 Applying partial factor G;dst on destabilising action of 1.335 in the UK National Annex
heaving
Design upward force = 41.36 × 1.335 = 55.2 kN
partial factor G;stb on stabilising action is 0.90 in the UK National Annex
Design downward force = 96.2 × 0.90 = 86.6 kN
55.2 kN < 86.6 kN  ULS verified. See Worked example 3.11 for comments on this inequality.
Note: without gravel 55.2 kN > 49.7 kN (55.2 × 0.90) kN \ULS is not verified.

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
3.10 head difference h = 8.0 m
nf = 2.5 nd = 16
q = 5 × 8.0 × 2.5 × 60 × 60 × 1000

106 16
= 22.5 litres/hour/m
3.11 Along the slip surface
Elevation Pressure Pore

Total head
Location head head pressure
m
m m kPa
1 5.6 5.6 0 0
2 8.0 × 11/16 = 5.50 5.2 0.3 2.9
3 8.0 × 10/16 = 5.00 3.9 1.1 10.8
4 8.0 × 9/16 = 4.50 2.7 1.8 17.6
5 8.0 × 8/16 = 4.00 1.9 2.1 20.6
6 8.0 × 7/16 = 3.50 1.25 2.25 22.1
7 8.0 × 6/16 = 3.00 0.90 2.1 20.6
8 8.0 × 5/16 = 2.50 0.6 1.9 18.6
9 8.0 × 4/16 = 2.00 0.4 1.6 15.7
10 8.0 × 3/16 = 1.50 0.2 1.3 12.7
11 8.0 × 2/16 = 1.00 0.1 0.9 8.8
12 8.0 × 1/16 = 0.50 0.05 0.45 4.4
13 8.0 × 0/16 = 0 0 0 0
D15soil = 0.15 mm D85soil = 2.1 mm
Minimum D15filter = 5 × D15soil

3.12
= 5 × 0.15 = 0.75 mm
Maximum D15filter = 5 × D85soil
= 5 × 2.1 = 10.5 mm
< 5% fines
Chapter 4 Effective Stress and Pore pressure

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
Total stress = 5 × 9.8 + 5 × 18 = 139 kPa
4.1 Pore pressure = 10 × 9.8 = 98 kPa
Effective stress = 139 – 98 = 41 kPa
Total stress = 5 × 18 = 90 kPa
4.2 Pore pressure = 5 × 9.8 = 49 kPa
Effective stress = 90 – 49 = 41 kPa
Top of sand
Total stress = 5 × 21
= 105 kPa
Pore pressure = 3 ×
9.8 = 29.4 kPa
Effective stress = 105

4.3
– 29.4 = 75.6 kPa
Bottom of sand
Total stress = 5 × 21 + 5 × 18 = 195 kPa
Pore pressure = 8 × 9.8 = 78.4 kPa
Effective stress = 195 – 78.4 = 116.6 kPa
At 2 m
Total stress = 2 × 16.5 = 33 kPa
Pore pressure = –1 × 9.8 = –9.8 kPa
Effective stress = 33 – – 9.8 = 42.8 kPa

4.4
At 5 m
Total stress = 2 × 16.5 + 3 × 18 = 87 kPa
Pore pressure = 2 × 9.8 = 19.6 kPa
Effective stress = 87 – 19.6 = 67.4 kPa
4.5
Before pumping
a) top of clay 1.0 × 16.5 + 3.0 × 18 – 3 × 9.8 = 41.1 kPa

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
b) middle 1.0 × 16.5 + 3.0 × 18 + 2.5 × 21 – 5.5 × 9.8 = 69.1 kPa
c) bottom of clay 1.0 × 16.5 + 3.0 × 18 + 5.0 × 21 – 8 × 9.8 = 97.1 kPa
Immediately after pumping
a) top of clay 3.0 × 16.5 + 1.0 × 18 – 1.0 × 9.8 = 57.7 kPa
b) middle 69.1 kPa (no change)
c) bottom of clay 97.1 kPa (no change)
Long-term
a) top of clay 57.7 kPa
b) middle 3 × 16.5 + 1 × 18 + 2.5 × 21 – 3.5 × 9.8 = 85.7 kPa
c) bottom of clay 3 × 16.5 + 1 × 18 + 5 × 21 – 6 × 9.8 = 113.7 kPa
Note: change in effective stress = 16.6 kPa throughout
= 2 × 9.8 – 2 × (18 – 16.5) = 19.6 – 3 = 16.6 kPa
4.6 Change in effective stress = 2 × 9.8 = 19.6 kPa
At 2 m
Present v´ = 2 × 19.5 = 39.0 kPa Past maximum v´ = 2 × 19.5 = 39.0 kPa
OCR = 39.0 = 1.0

39.0
At 6 m
Present v´ = 6 × 19.5 – 4 × 9.8 = 77.8 kPa Past maximum v´ = 6 × 19.5 = 117.0 kPa
4.7 OCR = 117.0 = 1.50

77.8
At 20 m
Present v´ = 20 × 19.5 – 18 × 9.8 = 213.6 kPa
Past maximum v´ = 20 × 19.5 – 14 × 9.8 = 252.8 kPa
OCR = 252.8 = 1.18

213.6
4.8
Vertical effective stress v´ = 6 × 20.5 – 4.5 × 9.8 = 78.9 kPa
Horizontal effective stress H´ = 120 – 4.5 × 9.8 = 75.9 kPa
K0 = 75.9 = 0.96
78.9
For normally consolidated clay K0 ≈ 1 – sin´ = 1 – sin25o = 0.577

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
 clay is overconsolidated
Cell Back Pore

pressure pressure pressure u 3 B
kPa kPa kPa
0 0 –5 – – –
50 – 12 17 50 0.34
50 40 38 – – –
100 – 67 29 50 0.58
100 90 89 – – –
4.9 150 – 126 37 50 0.74
150 140 140 – – –
200 – 184 44 50 0.88
200 190 190 – – –
300 – 285 95 100 0.95
300 290 290 – – –
400 – 388 98 100 0.98
1 –3 u u 1 –3 A

0 300 0 0 0
68 315 15 68 0.22
117 319 19 117 0.16
4.10 146 312 12 146 0.08
171 301 1 171 0.01
190 287 –13 190 –0.07
198 275 –25 198 –0.13
Chapter 5 Contact Pressure and Stress Distribution
From middle load, equation 5.1
3Pz 3
v 
2R 5
z = R = 2.0 m v = 3 × 500 × 2.03 = 59.7 kPa

5.1 2 ×  × 2.05
from side loads
z = 2.0 m R2 = 2.02 + 4.02 = 20 R = 4.47 m v = 3 × 500 × 2.03 = 1.1 kPa

2 ×  × 4.475
Stress beneath middle load = 59.7 + 1.1 + 1.1 = 61.8 kPa, say 62 kPa

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
2Pz 3
From middle load v 
R 4
z = R = 2.0 m v = 2 × 500 × 2.03 = 159.2 kPa

5.2  × 2.04
from side loads z = 2.0 m R = 4.47 m (from exercise 5.1) v = 2 × 500 × 2.03 = 6.4 kPa
 × 4.474
Stress beneath middle load = 159.2 + 6.4 + 6.4 = 172.0 kPa
Beneath centre
½= tan–1(4/5) = 38.7o = 77.3o = 1.349 radians
= –½= – 38.7o

From Figure 5.5
v = 80/ [1.349 + sin77.3 × cos0] = 59.2 kPa
Beneath edge
= 0 = tan–1(8/5) = 58.0o = 1.012 radians
From Figure 5.5
5.3
v = 80/ [1.012 + sin58 × cos58] = 37.2 kPa
4m from edge
= tan–1(4/5) = 38.66o
= tan–1(12/5) = 67.38o

= 67.38 – 38.66 = 28.72o = 0.501 radians
From Figure 5.5
v = 80/ [0.501 + sin28.72 × cos(28.72 + 2 × 38.66)] = 9.4 kPa
Beneath centre
z = 6.0 m B = 6.0 m L = 6.0 m L/B = 2 z/B = 1 From Figure 5.7 I = 0.48
v´ = 0.48 × 105 = 50.4 kPa

5.4
Beneath corner
z = 6.0 m B = 6.0 m L = 12.0 m L/B = 2 z/B = 1 From Figure 5.7 I = 0.20
v´ = 0.20 × 105 = 21.0 kPa
5.5
At A
Stress at corner of 3No. 10 × 10 m z/B = 8/10 = 0.8 L/B = 1 From Figure 5.7 I = 0.195
v = 80 × 0.195 × 3 = 46.8 kPa, say 47 kPa

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
At B Stress at corner of 2 No. 10 × 20 m minus 1 No. 10 × 10 m z/B = 8/10 = 0.8 L/B = 2

From Figure 5.7 I = 0.215 v = 80 × (2 × 0.215 – 0.195) = 18.8 kPa, say 19 kPa
At centre finite thickness
z = 6.0 m B = 6.0 m L = 12.0 m h = 12.0 m
z/h = 6/12 = 0.5 L/B = 12/6 = 2 h/B = 12/6 = 2
From Figure 5.10 I = 0.515
5.6 v = 0.515 × 105 = 54.1 kPa
At corner
z = 6.0 m B = 6.0 m L = 12.0 m h = 12.0 m
z/h = 6/12 = 0.5 L/B = 2 h/B = 12/6 = 2 From Figure 5.10 I= 0.22
v´ = 0.22 × 105 = 23.1 kPa, say 23 kPa
At centre
z = 6.0 m B = 6.0 m L = 12.0 m L/B = 2 z/B = 6/6 = 1

5.7
From Figure 5.13 I = 0.43
v´ = 0.43 × 105 = 45.2 kPa, say 45 kPa
Chapter 6 Compressibility and Consolidation
Final void ratio ef = 0.273 × 2.70 = 0.737
H
e   1  e
H
Pressure Thickness H
e ef
kPa mm mm
0 19.0 – – 0.856
6.1 25 18.959 0.041 0.004 0.852
50 18.918 0.082 0.008 0.848
100 18.836 0.164 0.016 0.840
200 18.457 0.543 0.053 0.803
400 17.946 1.054 0.103 0.753
800 17.444 1.556 0.152 0.704
200 17.526 1.474 0.144 0.712
25 17.669 1.331 0.130 0.726
0 17.782 1.218 0.119 0.737

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
6.1
pc´ ≈ 125 kPa p0´= 5 × (21.2 – 9.8) = 57 kPa

6.2
OCR = 125 = 2.19, say 2.2
57
Pressure
mv
increment H Hi 
m2/MN
kPa
0 – 25 0.041 19.0 25 0.086
25 – 50 0.041 18.959 25 0.087
50 – 100 0.082 18.918 50 0.087
100 – 200 0.379 18.836 100 0.201
200 – 400 0.511 18.457 200 0.138
400 – 800 0.502 17.916 400 0.070
From the graph

6.3
At p0´ = 57 kPa e = 0.847
Atv´ = 107 kPa e = 0.839
At v´ = 157 kPa e = 0.820
For increment p0´ + 50 mv = 0.847 – 0.839 × 1 × 1000 = 0.087 m2/MN

1.847 50
For increment p0´ + 100 mv = 0.847 – 0.820 × 1 × 1000 = 0.146 m2/MN

1.847 100

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
At v´ = 200 kPa e = 0.803
At v´ = 400 kPa e = 0.753
At v´ = 800 kPa e = 0.704
Pressure increment
Compression index Cc
kPa
Cc = 0.803 – 0.753 = 0.166

200 – 400
log10(400/200)
6.4
Cc = 0.753 – 0.704 = 0.163

400 – 800
log10(800/400)
Cc = 0.803 – 0.704 = 0.164

200 – 800
log10(800/200)
 say Cc = 0.164
6.5
18.50  17.76
H0 = 18.50 mm Hf = 17.76 mm H  18.13mm
2
18.13
d  9.065mm t 90  3.35 t90 = 11.22 mins
2
cv = 0.848 × 9.0652 × 60 × 24 × 365 = 3.26 m2/yr, say 3.3 m2/yr

11.22 1000 × 1000
mv = (18.50 – 17.76) × 1 × 1000 = 0.20 m2/MN

18.50 200
k = cv mv w = 3.26 × 0.20 × 9.8 = 2.0 × 10–10 m/s

365 × 24 × 60 × 60 1000
6.6

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
Split the clay into 2 m thick sub-layers
mv = 0.24 – 0.02z  = 2.5 × 20 = 50 kPa H = mv ×  × H
Depth
mv H
m
1 0.22 22
3 0.18 18
5 0.14 14
7 0.1 10
9 0.06 6
 = 70 mm
a) Tv = cv t = 12 × 6 = 0.67 From Figure 6.17 Z=1 Uv = 0.755, say 0.76

d2 32 × 12
Initial excess pore pressure = 50 kPa

Remaining pore pressure = 50 × (1 – 0.76) = 12.0 kPa
6.7
b) Tv = 12 × 6 = 0.167 Z=1 Uv = 0.17
62 × 12
Remaining pore pressure = 50 × (1 – 0.17) = 41.5 kPa, say 42 kPa
v = 3 × 9.8 = 29.4 kPa H = 0.45 × 29.4 × 5 = 66.1 mm d = 5/2 = 2.5 m
time t = 6/2 + 20 = 23 weeks
Tv = 5.5 × 23 = 0.389
2.52 × 52
0.389  π U v
2
6.8 U v  0.704
4
U v  60%  use 
0.389  1.781  0.933log10 100  U v 
log10 (100 – U v ) = 1.781 – 0.389 = 1.492 U v = 69%
0.933
 settlement = 0.69 × 66 = 46 mm
U = 90% Tv = 0.848 0.848 = 5.5 × t

2.52
6.9
t = 0.848 × 2.52 = 0.96 years = 50.1 weeks
5.5
 time from start of pumping = 50.1 + 6/2 = 53.1 weeks

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
For 1-dimensional consolidation alone
d = 10/2 = 5.0 m Uv = 30% Tv = 0.071
0.071 = cv t  cv t = 0.071 × 52 cH t = 3.5 × 0.071 × 52

6.10 d2
Tr = cH t = 3.5 × 0.071 × 52 = 0.399 r = 0.10 m n = 0.564 × 3.5 = 19.74 Ur = 0.755

4R2 4 × (0.564 × 3.5)2 0.10
1 – Uoverall = (1 – Uv )(1 – Ur) = (1 – 0.3) (1 – 0.755) = 0.172 Uoverall = 0.828, or 83%
Height of embankment = 6 + H
Consolidation settlement = H = 0.30 × (6 + H) × 20.5 × 13 = 0.080 × (6 + H)

1000
H = 0.48/0.92 = 0.521 m check: = 0.30 × 6.521 × 20.5 × 13 = 521 mm
required Uoverall = 521 – 50 = 0.904 time required = ½ + 2 = 2.5 months

521
Tv = 2.5 × 2.5 = 0.0123 4Tv

Uv   0.125
6.52 × 12 π
(1 – 0.904) = (1 – 0.125) (1 – Ur)Ur = 0.890 R = 0.525s 2rw = 2 × (70 + 8) rw = 24.8 mm
6.11 n = R = 0.525s = 21.15s s= n

rw 0.0248 21.15
Tr = cH t = 7.0 × 2.5 =
1.323 1.323
s
4R 4× (0525s) × 12
2 2
s2 Tr
2
1.8
1.323 n
n Tr 1.6
Tr 21.15 1.4
1.2
15 0.547 0.709 1.555
T r function
20 0.626 0.946 1.454 0.8
25 0.687 1.182 1.388 0.6 0 = -0.1255s3 + 0.6391s2 - 1.2198s - s + 2.1431

R² = 1
30 0.737 1.418 1.34 0.4
spacing s = 1.35 m
40 0.817 1.891 1.273

0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
n function
From graph s = 1.35 m
Chapter 7 Shear Strength
Peak strength f = cp´ + N´ tanp´ = 5 + (185 – 90) × tan 29o = 57.7 kPa
7.1
Residual strength f = cr´ + N´ tanr´ = 0 + (185 – 90) × tan 12o = 20.2 kPa
7.2
Graham Barnes 2016 15 1.323

s 
Tr
Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
v´ = 122 – 32 = 93 kPa H´ = 97 – 32 = 65 kPa
Apex of Mohr circle
 = v´ – H´ = 93 – 65 = 14 kPa

2 2
at the normal stress of v´ + H´ = 93 + 65 = 79 kPa

 2 2
at failure f = c´ + N´ tan´ = 8 + 79 tan 28o = 50 kPa
50 >> 14 soil is not at failure
f´ = 93 + 3f´ + (93 – 3f´) cos (90 + 28)

2 2
= 46.5 + 0.53f´ – 21.8 + 0.2353f´ = 24.7 + 0.7353f´
8 + (24.7 + 0.7353f´) tan28o = (93 – 3f´ ) sin (90 + 28) = 41.1 + 0.4413f´
2
7.3
21.1 + 0.3913f´ = 41.1 – 0.4413f´ 3f´ = 20.0 = 24.0 kPa
0.832
OR 3f´ = Kav´ – 2c´Ka Ka = 1 – sin28o = 0.361

1+ sin28o
3f´ = 0.361 × 93 – 2 × 8 × 0.361 = 24 kPa
3´ = 3 – u = 450 – u 1´ = 1´ –3´ + 3´
s = 1´ + 3´ t = 1´ – 3´ p´ = 1´ + 23´ q = 1´ – 3´

2 ´2 3
1´ 3
1 – 3 u 1  1´ 3´ s´ t´ p´ q
´
0 300 450 150 150 1.00 150 0 150 0
68 315 518 203 135 1.50 169 34 158 68
117 319 567 248 131 1.89 190 59 170 117
7.4 146 312 596 284 138 2.06 211 73 187 146
171 301 621 320 149 2.15 235 86 206 171
190 287 640 353 163 2.17 258 95 226 190
198 275 648 373 175 2.13 274 99 241 198
´ with maximum1´/3´ = 2.17

Maximum sin120 sin´ = 95 = 0.368 ´ = 21.6o
258
100 t = 0.806s + 15.3
R² = 1
M = (q/p´)max = 198 = 0.822
c' = 15.3 kPa f' = 38.9o
80
241
Shear stress kPa
60
7.5
40
20
Graham Barnes 2016 0 16

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Normal stress kPa

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
at N´ = 100 kPa  = 15.3 + 100 tan38.9 = 95.9 kPa  = 64 kPa  F = 95.9 = 1.50
7.6
64
 = l = l A0 =  × 382 = 1134.1 mm2

l0 76 4
A = A0 (1 – ) 1 – 3 = F
A
7.7 Cell
pressure l Force  Area 1 – 3 cu
kPa mm N % mm2 kPa kPa
100 11.4 331 15.0 1334.2 248.1 124
200 9.6 309 12.6 1297.6 238.1 119
400 8.5 312 11.2 1277.1 244.3 122
3 1 – 3 u 1 1´  3´ s´ t
350 143 326 493 167 24 96 72
400 208 354 608 254 46 150 104
500 312 418 812 394 82 238 156
180
160
140
7.8 120
100
Exercise 7.8
t
80
t = 0.5915s' + 15.24 R² = 1
60
a' = 15.2 kPa a = tan -1 0.5915 = 30.6o
40 f' = sin (tan30.6) = 36.3o
-1
20 c' = 15.2/cos36.3 = 18.9 kPa
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
s'
7.9
3 1 1 – 3 t s´

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
100 344 244 122 222
200 644 444 222 422
300 940 640 320 620
350
300
250
200
Exercise 7.9
t
150 t = 0.4975s' + 11.72 R² = 1
a' = 11.7 kPa a = tan-1 0.4975 = 26.45o

100
f' = sin-1 (0.4975) = 29.8o
50
c' = 11.7/cos 29.8 = 13.5 kPa
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
s'
1.75 = N – ln150 = N –  × 5.011 1.65 = N – ln300 = N –  × 5.704
7.10 0.10 =  × (5.704 – 5.011)
 = 0.10 = 0.144, say 0.14 N = 1.75 + 0.144 ln150 = 2.47

0.693
qf´ = 368 kPa 1´ = 368 + 300 = 668 kPa
pf´ = 1/3(668 + 2 × 300) = 422.7 kPa

7.11
M = 368 = 0.87
422.7
3´ = 150 kPa M = 0.87 qf´ = Mpf´
1´ – 150 = 0.87 × 1/3 (1´ + 2 × 150) = 0.291´ + 87
1´ = 237 = 333.8 kPa 1´ – 3´ = 333.8 – 150 = 183.8 kPa
0.71
7.12
OR
qf´ = 3 = 0.87 pf´ pf´ = 450 = 211.3 kPa qf´ 0.87 × 211.3 = 183.8 kPa
pf´ – p0´ pf´ – 150 2.13
7.13
3´= 150 kPa pf´ = 211.3 kPa
v = 2.37 – 0.144 × ln211.3 = 1.599 e = 0.599, say 0.60
3´= 300 kPa pf´ = 422.7 kPa

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
v = 2.37 – 0.144 × ln422.7 = 1.499 e = 0.499, say 0.50
3´= 150 kPa
vf = v0 = 1.75 vf =  +  ln pf´ (on CSL)
ln pf´ = 2.37 – 1.75 = 4.306 pf´ = 74.1 kPa

0.144
qf´ = M qf´ = 0.87 × 74.1 = 64.5 kPa, say 65 kPa
1´ – 3´ = 64.5 kPa 1/31´ + 2/33´ = 74.1 kPa
1´ = 64.5 + 3´ kPa 1/3(3´+ 64.5) + 2/33´ = 74.1 kPa
3´ = 74.1 – 64.5 = 52.6 kPa u =3 – 3´ = 150 – 52.6 = 97.4 kPa
3
OR
pf = p0´ + 1/3qf = 150 + 64.5 = 171.5 kPa u = pf – pf´ = 171.5 – 74.1 = 97.4 kPa
3
7.14
3´= 300 kPa vf = v0 = 1.65 vf =  +  ln pf´ (on CSL)
ln pf´ = 2.37 – 1.65 = 5.000 pf´ = 148.4 kPa

0.144
qf = M pf´ = 0.87 × 148.4 = 129.1 kPa, say 129 kPa
1´ – 3´ = 129.1 kPa
1´ = 129.1 + 3´ kPa pf´ = 1/3(3´+ 129.1) + 2/33´ = 148.4 kPa
3´ = 148.4 – 129.1 = 105.4 kPa uf = 3 – 3´ = 300 – 105.4 = 194.6 kPa, say 195 kPa
3
OR
pf = p0´ + 1/3 qf =300 + 1/3 ×  = 343.0 kPa
u = pf – pf´ = 343.0 – 148.4 = 194.6 kPa
Chapter 8 Shallow Foundations - Stability
Net Rd = cukNcsc sc = 1.2 Nc= 5.14

A´ cu
8.1 Combination 1 Combination 2
Rd = 3.52 × 95 × 5.14 × 1.2 = 7178.0 kN Rd = 3.52 × 95 × 5.14 × 1.2 = 5127.2 kN
1.0 1.4
8.2
Combination 1
Net Ed = 1.35 × 2925 + 1.5 × 1225 + q – q = 5786.25 kN, say 5786 kN

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
Ed < Rd (5786.3 < 7178)
Combination 2
Net Ed = 1.0 × 2925 + 1.3 × 1225 + q – q = 4517.5 kN, say 4517 kN
Ed < Rd (4517.5 < 5127.2)
 ULS is verified
Combination 1 Combination 2
5786 = B2 × 95 × 5.14 × 1.2 4517.2 = B2 × 95 × 5.14 × 1.2
1.0 1.4
8.3
B2 = 9.87 B = 3.14 m B2 = 10.79 B = 3.29 m
For Combination 2 B = 3.29 m, say 3.3 m
Combination 1
´ = 25o Nc = 20.7 Nq = 10.7 N= 9.1
sq = 1 + sin 25o = 1.423 s = 0.7 sc = (1.423 × 10.7 – 1) = 1.467

(10.7 – 1)
Net Rd = c´ Nc sc + q´ Nq sq + 0.5´ B´ N sw hw –q

A´
q´ = 1.5 × 20.5 – 1.0 × 9.8 = 20.95 kPa ´ = 20.5 – 9.8 = 10.7 kN/m3
Net Rd = 4 × 20.7 × 1.467 + 20.95 × 10.7 × 1.423 + 0.5 × 10.7 × 3.3 × 9.1 × 0.7 + 1.0 × 9.8 – 1.5 × 20.5
iiiiiiA´ 1.0
= 121.5 + 319.0 + 112.5 + 9.8 – 30.75 = 532.0 kPa
Net Rd = 532.0 × 3.32 = 5794.0 kN

8.4
5786 < 5794 \ULS verified, but see below
Combination 2
tan25o/1.25 = 0.373 d = 20.46o Nc = 15.3 Nq = 6.7 N = 4.3
sq = 1 + sin 20.46o = 1.35 s = 0.7 sc = (1.35 × 6.7 – 1) = 1.41

(6.7 – 1)
Net Rd = 4 × 15.3 × 1.41 + 20.95 × 6.7 × 1.35 + 0.5 × 10.7 × 3.3 × 4.3 × 0.7 + 1.0 × 9.8 – 1.5 × 20.5
iiiii
iA´ 1.25
= 69.0 + 189.5 + 53.1 + 9.8 – 30.75 = 290.65 kPa
Net Rd = 290.65 × 3.32 = 3165.2 kN
4517.5 > 3165.2 \ULS not verified

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
q´ = 1.5 × 20.5 = 30.75 kPa ´ = 20.5 kN/m3
Combination 1
Net Rd = 4 × 20.7 × 1.467 + 30.75 × 10.7 × 1.423 + 0.5 × 20.5 × 3.3 × 9.1 × 0.7 – 1.5 × 20.5
iiiiiiA´ 1.0
= 121.5 + 468.2 + 215.5 – 30.75 = 774.45 kPa
Net Rd = 774.45 × 3.32 = 8433.8 kN
8.5 5786 < 8434 \ULS verified
Combination 2
Net Rd = 4 × 15.3 × 1.41 + 30.75 × 6.7 × 1.35 + 0.5 × 20.5 × 3.3 × 4.3 × 0.7 – 1.5 × 20.5
iiiiiiA´ 1.25
= 69.0 + 278.1 + 101.8 – 30.75 = 418.15 kPa
Net Rd = 418.15 × 3.32 = 4553.7 kN
4517.5 < 4553.7 \ULS verified
Combination 1
= 1.0 ´ = 38o Nq = 48.9 N= 74.9
q´ = 2.0 × 19.5 – 1.5 × 9.8 = 24.3 kPa ´ = 19.5 – 9.8 = 9.7 kN/m3
sq = 1 + 3.0 sin 38o = 1.41 s = 1 – 0.3 ×3.0 = 0.80

4.5 4.5
Net Rd = 24.3 × 48.9 × 1.41 + 0.5 × 9.7 × 3.0 × 74.9 × 0.8 + 1.5 × 9.8 – 2.0 × 19.5
iiiiiiA´
8.6 = 1675.5 + 871.8 + 14.7 – 39.0 = 2523.0 kPa
Combination 2
= 1.25 tan38o/1.25 = 0.625 d = 32.0o Nq = 23.2 N = 27.7
sq = 1 + 3.0 sin 32o = 1.353 s = 1 – 0.3 ×3.0 = 0.80

4.5 4.5
Net Rd = 24.3 × 23.2 × 1.353 + 0.5 × 9.7 × 3.0 × 27.7 × 0.8 + 1.5 × 9.8 – 2.0 × 19.5
iiiiiiA´
= 762.8 + 322.4 + 14.7 – 39.0 = 1060.9 kPa

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
Combination 1
Ed = 1.35 × 2150 + 1.5 × 350 = 3427.5 kN
Net Rd = 2523.0 × 3.0 × 4.5 = 34060.5 kN
R = Rd = 34060.5 = 9.94
Ed 3427.5
8.7
Combination 2
Ed = 1.0 × 2150 + 1.3 × 350 = 2605.0 kN
Net Rd = 1060.9 × 3.0 × 4.5 = 14322.2 kN
R = Rd = 14322.2 = 5.50
Ed 2605.0
WF = 2.5 × 0.5 × 25 = 31.25 kN

WB1 = 1.55 × 1.0 × 21 = 32.55 kN
WB2 = 0.65 × 1.0 × 21 = 13.65 kN
77.45 kN
8.8 Combination 1
Design vertical load =125 × 1.35 + 45 × 1.5 = 236.25 kN

Total vertical load = 77.45 + 236.25 = 313.7 kN
313.7 × e = 236.25 × 0.45 + 13.65 × 0.925 – 32.55 × 0.475 = 103.48 kNm
e = 103.48 = 0.330 m
313.7
B´ = 2.5 – 2 × 0.33 = 1.84 m sc = sq = s = 1.0
q = q´ = 1.5 × 22 = 33 kPa ´ = 22 – 9.8 = 12.2 kN/m3
c = = 1.0 ´ = 23o Nc = 18.1 Nq = 8.7 N= 6.5
Net Rd = 4 × 18.1 + 33 × 8.7 + 0.5 ×12.2 × 1.84 × 6.5 – 33 = 399.46 kPa

iiiiiiA´ 1.0
Rd = 399.46 ×1.84 = 735.0 kN
Net design load = 313.7 –1.84 × 22 = 273.2 kN
273.2 < 735.0 \ULS verified
Combination 2
Design vertical load =125 × 1.0 + 45 × 1.3 = 183.5 kN

260.95 × e = 183.5 × 0.45 + 13.65 × 0.925 – 32.55 × 0.475 = 79.74 kNm

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
e = 79.74 = 0.306 m B´ = 2.5 – 2 × 0.306 = 1.89 m sc = sq = s = 1.0
260.95
c = = 1.25 tan23o/1.25 = 0.340 d = 18.76o Nc = 13.7 Nq = 5.7 N = 3.2
Net Rd = 4 × 13.7 + 33 × 5.7 + 0.5 ×12.2 × 1.89 × 3.2 – 33 = 235.83 kPa

iiiiiiA´ 1.25
Rd = 235.83 ×1.89 = 445.7 kN

8.8
Net design load = 260.95 – 1.89 × 22 = 219.4 kN
WF = 3.3 × 3.8 × 0.6 × 25 = 188.10 kN

WB = 3.3 × 3.8 ×1.2 × 20 = 300.96 kN
489.06 kN
Combination 1
Design vertical load = 2925 × 1.35 + 1225 × 1.5 = 5786.25 kN
Design horizontal load = 150 × 1.35 + 50 × 1.5 = 277.50 kN
e = 277.50 × 3.3 = 0.146 m
6275.31
L´ = 3.8 – 2 × 0.146 = 3.51 m B´ = 3.30 m sc = 1 + 0.2 × 3.30 = 1.188

3.51
8.9
Net vertical load = 6275.31 – 3.3 ×3.51 × 21.5 = 6026.3 kN
 277.50 
i c  0.5  0.5 1    0.932
 3.3  3.51  95 
Net Rd = 95 × 5.14 × 1.188 ×0.932 = 540.65 kPa iiiii

iA´ 1.0
Rd = 540.65 ×3.3 ×3.51 = 6262.35 kN
6026.3 < 6262.35 \ULS verified
Combination 2

e = 215.0 × 3.3 = 0.142 m

5006.56

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
L´ = 3.8 – 2 × 0.142 = 3.52 m B´ = 3.30 m sc = 1 + 0.2 × 3.30 = 1.188

3.52
Net vertical load = 5006.56 – 3.3 ×3.52 × 21.5 = 4756.8 kN
 215.0 
i c  0.5  0.5 1    0.949
 3.3  3.52  95 
Net Rd = 95 × 5.14 × 1.188 × 0.949 = 393.2 kPa iiiii

8.9 iA´ 1.4
Rd = 393.2 × 3.3 × 3.52 = 4567.4 kN
4756.8 > 4567.4 \ULS not verified
Combination 2

e = 150.0 × 3.3 = 0.099 m

5006.56
L´ = 3.8 – 2 × 0.099 = 3.60 m B´ = 3.30 m sc = 1 + 0.2 × 3.30 = 1.183

3.60
8.10 Net vertical load = 5006.56 – 3.3 × 3.6 × 21.5 = 4751.1 kN
 150.0 
i c  0.5  0.5 1    0.966
 3.3  3.6  95 
Net Rd = 95 × 5.14 × 1.183 ×0.966 = 398.6 kPa iiiii

iA´ 1.4
Rd = 398.6 × 3.3 × 3.6 = 4735.4 kN
4751.1 > 4735.4 \ULS still not verified; change size of foundation (width or length)
8.11
Combination 1
Design horizontal load = 277.50 kN

Design resistance = A´ cud = 3.3 × 3.51 × 95 = 1100.4 kN
1.0
277.50 < 1100.4 \ULS verified
Combination 2

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
Design horizontal load = 215.0 kN
Design resistance = A´ cud = 3.3 × 3.52 × 95 = 788.2 kN
1.4
Chapter 9 Shallow Foundations - Settlements
For centre
L/B = 10/5 = 2 H/B = 20/5 = 4 B=5m =0
From Figure 9.2 Is = 0.93
icentre = s0centre = 120 × 5 × 0.93 × 1000 = 27.9 mm, say 28 mm

20 × 1000
9.1 For corner
L/B = 10/5 = 2 H/B = 20/5 = 4 B=5m=0
From Figure 9.2 Is = 0.36
icorner = s0corner = 120 × 5 × 0.36 × 1000 = 10.8 mm, say 11 mm

20 × 1000
L/B = 2
For centre H/B = 5/5 = 1 Is = 0.45
H/B = 20/5 = 4 Is = 0.93
icentre = s0centre = 120 × 5 × (0.93 – 0.45) × 1000 = 14.4 mm, say 14 mm

20 × 1000
9.2
For corner H/B = 5/5 = 1 Is = 0.09
H/B = 20/5 = 4 Is = 0.36
icorner = s0corner = 120 × 5 × (0.36 – 0.09) × 1000 = 8.1 mm, say 8 mm

20 × 1000
differential settlement of pipe = 14 – 8 = 6 mm

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
From Table 9.2 for L/B = 2 r ≈ 0.75
rigid = 0.75 × 27.9 = 20.9 mm, say 21 mm

9.3
Alternstively from equation 9.21
rigid = (2 × 27.9 + 10.8)/3 = = 22.2 mm, say 22 mm
For centre L/B = 2 H/B = 20/5 = 4 B=5m
= 30 – 10 × 5 = 0.5 From Figure 9.2 Is = 0.6

20 10
i = s0 = 120 × 5 × 0.6 × 1000 = 36.0 mm

10 × 1000
9.4
For corner L/B = 2 H/B = 20/5 = 4 B=5m
 = 30 – 10 × 5 = 0.50 From Figure 9.2 Is = 0.20

20 10
i = s0 = 120 × 5 × 0.20 × 1000 = 12.0 mm

10 × 1000
a) elastic
L/B = 2 H/B = 16/4 = 4 B=4m From Figure 9.2, Is = 0.93
i = s0 = 40 × 4 × 0.93 × 1000 = 18.6 mm, say 19 mm

8 × 1000
9.5
b) with yield
From Figure 9.8, F = 3 fy = 1.5
y = 1.5 × 18.6 = 27.9 mm, say 28 mm
Assume 2 m thick layers
Depth
Layer p0´  P w0 e0 e H
m
1 1 18.5 70 0.680 40 1.080 0.102 98.0
2 3 55.5 40 0.236 35 0.945 0.035 36.4
9.6 3 5 82.7 25 0.115 31 0.837 0.017 18.7
4 7 100.1 15 0.061 28 0.756 0.009 10.4
 163.5
Say 164 mm
9.7

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
Depth
Layer  mv H
m
1 1 70 0.76 106.4
2 3 40 0.68 54.4
3 5 25 0.60 30.0
4 7 15 0.52 15.6
 206.4
206.4 × 0.8 = 165.1 mm, say 165 mm
For centre
L/B = 2 H/B = 20/8 = 2.5 B = 8 m  = 28 – 4 × 8 = 1.0 From Figure 9.15 Is = 0.67

24 8
D/B = 4/8 = 0.50 From Figure 9.6 0 = 0.93 Ef = 4 + 4 × (28 – 4) = 8 MPa

24
T = s1 = 70 × 8 × 0.67 × 0.93 × 1000 = 43.6 mm, say 44 mm
8 × 1000
9.8
For corner
L/B = 2 H/B = 20/8 = 2.5 B = 8 m  = 28 – 4 × 8 = 1.0 From Figure 9.15 Is = 0.225

24 8
D/B = 4/8 = 0.50 From Figure 9.6 0 = 0.93
T = s1 = 70 × 8 × 0.225 × 0.93 × 1000 = 14.6 mm, say 15 mm

8 × 1000
First 5 years s = s2 = 8 × 1000 × 1.5 × log10 (5/1) = 83.9 mm, say 84 mm

 
9.9
After 30 years s = s2 = 8 × 1000 × 1.5 × log10 (30/1) = 177.3 mm, say 177 mm
 
p0´ = 2 × 19.5 = 39 kPa p = p – p0´ = 90 – 39 = 51 kPa v´ = 7 × 19.5 – 3 × 9.8 = 107.1 kPa
C1 = 1 – 0.5 × 39 = 0.918 C2 = 1.0 (short-term) Izmax = 0.5 + 0.1 (51/107.1)0.5 = 0.569



Iz z = 0.569 × 1.5 × B × ½ + (0.569 – 0.1) × 0.5 × B × ½ + 0.1 × 0.5 × B
9.10
= 0.594B = 0.594 × 10 = 5.94 m
i = 0.618 × 1.0 × 51 × 5.94 × 1000 = 18.7 mm, say 19 mm

2.5 4 × 1000
long-term C2 = 1 + 0.2 log10 (10 × 30) = 1.495 T = 1.495 × 18.7 = 28.0 mm

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
Burland and Burbridge
ZI = 5.8 m Hs > ZI fs = 1.0 q´ = 90 kPa v0´ = 2 × 19.5 = 39 kPa
Ic = 1.71 = 0.068
101.4
9.11
Immediate i = 1.0 × 1.0 × (90 – 2/3 × 39) × 100.7 × 0.068 = 21.8 mm, say 22 mm
Long-term ft = 1 + 0.3 + 0.2log10 (30/3) = 1.5
T = 1.5 × 21.8 = 32.7 mm, say 33 mm
Chapter 10 Pile Foundations
Rb;k =  × 0.752 × 9 × 1.0 × 120 = 477.1 kN

4
10.1
Rs;1,k =  × 0.75 × 7.0 × 1.0 × 50 = 824.7 kN Rs;2,k =  × 0.75 × 4.0 × 0.5 × 120 = 565.5 kN
Rs;k = 1390.2 kN

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
Combination 1
Fd = 1250 × 1.35 + 215 × 1.50 = 2010.0 kN
Alternative 1 From the UK National Annex for n = 4 3 = 1.38 4 = 1.29
Rc;dmean = 477.1× 134 × 1.1 + 824.7 × 63 × 1.1 +  × 0.75 × L × 0.5 × 134 × 1.1
120 1.38 50 1.38 1.38
= 424.7 + 828.3 + 125.8L
Rc;dmin = 477.1× 103 × 1.1 + 824.7 × 42 × 1.1 +  × 0.75 × L × 0.5 × 103 × 1.1
120 1.29 50 1.29 1.29
= 349.2 + 590.7 + 103.5L
use the minimum values 103.5L = 2010.0 – 349.2 – 590.7 L = 10.34 m, say 10.35 m
Alternative 2 Model factor = 1.4
Rc;d = 477.1 + 824.7 +  × 0.75 × L × 0.5 × 120 ≤ 2010.1

10.2 1.4 × 1.0 1.4 × 1.0 1.4 × 1.0
101.0L = 2010.0 – 340.8 – 589.1 L = 10.7 m
Combination 2
Fd = 1250 × 1.0 + 215 × 1.30 = 1529.5 kN
Alternative 1 use the minimum values
Rc;dmin = 349.2 + 590.7 + 103.5L ≤ 1529.5

2.0 1.6 1.6
64.7L = 1529.5 – 174.6 – 369.2 L > 15.23 m, say 15.25 m
Alternative 2 Model factor = 1.4
Rc;d = 477.1 + 824.7 +  × 0.75 × L × 0.5 × 120 ≤ 2010.1

1.4 × 2.0 1.4 × 1.6 1.4 × 1.6
170.4 + 368.2 + 63.1L < 1529.5 \L ≥ 15.7 m
(Rc;m)mean = (2160 + 2040 + 2280 + 2310 + 2450)/5 = 2248 kN (Rc;m)min = 2040 kN
Rc;k = lowest of 2248 × 1.1 and 2040 × 1.1 = 1831.7 and 2077.8 kN
10.3
1.35 1.08
Rc;k = 1831.7 kN

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
Operative shaft length L = 18 – 2 = 16 m
Characteristic cuk at base = 75 + 4 × 18 = 147 kPa
Characteristic base resistance = 9 × 147 × 0.352 = 162.1 kN

10.4
Characteristic shaft resistance = 1831.7 – 162.1 = 1669.6 kN
Average cuk at mid-length of shaft = 75 + 4 × 10 = 115 kPa
 × 115 × 16 × 4 × 0.35 = 1669.6  = 0.648, say 0.65
Minimum strength cuz = 68 + 2.5z
Mean strength cuz = 88 + 5z
Characteristic cuk Minimum cuk Mean cuk

kPa kPa kPa
At 1 m bgl 75 + 4 = 79 68 + 2.5 = 70.5 88 + 5 = 93.0
At 8 m bgl 75 + 8 × 4 = 107 68 + 8 × 2.5 = 88.0 88 + 8 × 5 = 128.0
At 15 m bgl 75 + 15 × 4 = 135 68 + 15 × 2.5 = 105.5 88 + 15 × 5 = 163.0
Alternative 1
10.5 Rc;dmean = 163.0 × 9 ×  × 0.452 + 128.0 × 0.65 × 14 ×  × 0.45 = 117.0 + 952.4 = 1069.4 kN
1.33 × 1.5 × 4 1.33 × 1.3
Rc;dmin = 105.5 × 9 ×  × 0.452 + 88.0 × 0.65 × 14 ×  × 0.45 = 83.9 + 725.7 = 809.6 kN

1.20 × 1.5 × 4 1.20 × 1.3
Alternative 2 model factor = 1.2
Rc;d = 135 × 9 ×  × 0.452 + 107 × 0.65 × 14 ×  × 0.45 = 107.4 + 882.4 = 989.8 kN

1.20 × 1.5 × 4 1.2 × 1.3
Rc;d = 809.6 kN

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
v´ at 1.5 m = 1.5 × 19.5 = 29.25 kPa
For zc/d áfter = 3/4´ + 10 = 3/4 × 34 + 10 = 35.5o zc/d = 11.3
zc = 11.3 × 0.45 = 5.1 m v´ at 5.1 m = 5.1 × 19.5 – 3.5 × 9.8 = 64.2 kPa
kstan = 0.60 For Nq áfter = 34+ 40 = 37o Nq = 110

2
Rb;k = 110 × 64.2 ×  × 0.452 = 1123.2 kN

4
10.6 0 to 1.5 m bgl Rs,1,k = 29.25 × 0.5 × 1.5 ×  × 0.45 × 0.60 = 18.6 kN
1.5 to 5.1 m bgl Rs,2,k = (64.2 + 29.25) × 0.5 × 3.6 ×  × 0.45 × 0.60 = 142.7 kN
5.1 to 15 m bgl Rs,3,k = 64.2 × 9.9 ×  × 0.45 × 0.60 = 539.1 kN

Rs,k = 700.4 kN
Combination 1
Rc;d = 1123.2 + 700.4 = 1823.6 kN, say 1824 kN

1.0 1.0
Combination 2
Rc;d = 1123.2 + 700.4 = 471.9 + 333.5 = 805.4 kN, say 805 kN

1.4 × 1.7 1.4 × 1.5
Combination 1
Fd = × × 
for the downdrag load Dd = 233.9 × 1.0
for the ultimate limit state Fd + Dd ≤Rc;d
Rc;d = Rc;k = 1044.8 = 1044.8 kN

t 1.0
787.5 + 233.9 = 1021.4 kN 1021.4 < 1044.8 ULS verified, but see below
10.7
Combination 2
Fd = × × 
for the downdrag load Dd = 233.9 × 1.25 = 292.4 kN
for the ultimate limit state Fd + Dd ≤Rc;d
Rc;d = Rc;k = 1044.8 = 522.4 kN

t 2.0
606.0 + 292.4 = 898.4 kN 898.4 > 522.4 ULS not verified

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
Chapter 11 Lateral Earth Pressures and Retaining Structures
G = 1.35 = 1.0 R = 1.0 G = 1.0 = 1.25 R = 1.0
d = k = 36o tand = tan36o = 0.581 d = 30.17o

1.25
Ka = 1– sin36 = 0.260
1+ sin36 Ka = 1– sin30.17 = 0.331
1+ sin30.17
At 2m V’ = 2 × 19.0 = 38.0 kPa
H’ = 0.26 × 38.0 = 9.88 kPa At 2m H’ = 0.331 × 38.0 = 12.58 kPa
At 5m V’ = 38.0 + 3 × 10.2 = 68.6 kPa At 5m H’ = 0.331 × 68.6 = 22.71 kPa
H’ = 0.26 × 68.6 = 17.84 kPa Assume water table is the characteristic
Assume water table is the characteristic u = 3 × 9.8 = 29.4 kPa
u = 3 × 9.8 = 29.4 kPa
11.1
Design active force Design active force
= 1.35 × (9.88 + 29.64 + 11.94 + 44.1) = 1.0 × (12.58 + 37.74 + 15.20 + 44.1)
= 129.0 kN = 109.62 kN, say 109.6 kN
Design active moment Design active moment
= 1.35 × (9.88 × 3.67 + 29.64 × 1.5 + 11.94 × = 12.58 × 3.67 + 37.74 × 1.5 + 15.20 × 1.0 +
1.0 + 44.1 × 1.0) = 184.63 kNm 44.1 × 1.0 = 162.08 kNm
point of application = 184.63 = 1.43 m point of application = 162.08 = 1.48 m

129.0 109.62
Kp = 1 + sin36 = 3.852 Kp = 1 + sin30.17 = 3.021

1 – sin36 1 – sin30.17
At 2m H’ = 3.852 × 38.0 = 146.38 kPa At 2m H’ = 3.021 × 38.0 = 114.80 kPa
At 5m H’ = 3.852 × 68.6 = 264.25 kPa At 5m H’ = 3.021 × 68.6 = 207.24 kPa
11.2 Assume water table is the characteristic Assume water table is the characteristic
u = 3 × 9.8 = 29.4 kPa u = 3 × 9.8 = 29.4 kPa

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
Design passive force Design passive force
= 1.35 × (146.38 + 439.14 + 176.81 + 44.1) = 1.0 × (114.80 + 344.40 + 138.66 + 44.1)
= 1088.68 kN, say 1088.7 kN = 641.96kN, say 642.0 kN
Design passive moment Design passive moment

11.2
= 1.35 × (146.38 × 3.67 + 439.14 × 1.5 + = 1.0 × (114.80 × 3.67 + 344.40 × 1.5 +
176.81 × 1.0 + 44.1 × 1.0) = 1912.72 kNm 138.66 × 1.0 + 44.1 × 1.0) = 1120.68 kNm
point of application = 1912.72 = 1.76 m point of application = 1120.68 = 1.75 m

1088.68 641.96
11.3
Combination 1
Sand Clay
Ka = 1– sin36 = 0.260 Ka = 1– sin26 = 0.390

1+ sin36 1+ sin26
At 2m V’ = 2 × 19.0 = 38.0 kPa

H’ = 0.26 × 38.0 = 9.88 kPa
At 3m V’ = 2×19.0 + 1 × 10.2 = 48.2 kPa
Sand H’ = 0.260 × 48.2 = 12.53 kPa
Clay H’ = 0.390 × 48.2 – 2 × 12 × 0.390 = 3.8 kPa
At 5m V’ = 48.2 + 2 × (21.5 – 9.8) = 71.6 kPa
H’ = 0.390 × 71.6 – 2 × 12 × 0.390 = 12.94 kPa
Assume water table is the characteristic
u = 3 × 9.8 = 29.4 kPa
Design active force kN lever arm m Design active moment kNm

1.35 × 9.88 3.67 48.95
1.35 × 9.88 2.50 33.35
1.35 × 1.325 2.33 4.17
1.35 × 7.6 1.0 10.26
1.35 × 9.14 0.67 8.22
1.35 × 44.1 1.0 59.54
110.61kN 164.49 kNm
point of application = 164.49 = 1.49 m

110.61

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
Combination 2
Sand tand = tan36o = 0.581 d = 30.17o Ka = 0.331

1.25
Clay tand = tan26o = 0.390 d = 21.32o Ka = 0.467 cd = 12 = 9.6 kPa

1.25 1.25

12.58 3.67 46.17
12.58 2.50 31.45
1.685 2.33 3.93
18.78 1.0 18.78
10.93 0.67 7.32
44.1 1.0 44.1
100.66 kN 151.75 kNm

100.66
11.4
Combination 1 d = 36o / = 0.66 From Figure 11.11 Ka = 0.21

1.35 × 7.98 3.67 39.54
1.35 × 15.96 1.50 32.32
1.35 × 9.64 1.0 13.01
1.35 × 44.1 1.0 59.54
104.87 kN 144.41 kNm

104.87
Design shear force = 1.35 × (7.98 + 15.96 + 9.64) × tan(36 × 2/3) = 20.18 kN
Combination 2 d = 30.17o / = 0.66 From Figure 11.11 Ka = 0.285

10.83 3.67 39.75
32.49 1.50 48.74
13.08 1.0 13.08
44.1 1.0 44.1
100.50 kN 145.67 kNm
Point of application = 145.67 = 1.45 m

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
100.5
Design shear force = (10.83 + 32.49 + 13.08) × tan(30.17 × 2/3) = 20.65 kN
Combination 1
G = 1.35 Q = 1.5 unfavourable design surcharge = 10 × 15 = 15 kPa behind line
G = 1.0 Q = 0 favourable design surcharge = 10 × 0 = 0 kPa behind wall
= 1.0
Weight Distance Moment
from O
Base 1.0 × 3.8 × 25 95.0 1.90 180.5
11.5 Stem 0.8 × 5.0 × 25 100.0 1.90 190.0
Backfill 1.5 × 5.0 × 21 157.5 3.05 480.4
Overturning
From Figure 11.11 Ka = 0.190
Total horizontal thrust = 17.1 + 71.82 = 88.9 kN
Shear force = 88.9 × tan37 = 67.0 kN
Shear force moment = 67.0 × 3.8 = 254.6 kNm
Overturning moment = 17.1 × 3.0 + 71.8 × 2.0 = 194.9 kNm
Resisting moments = 180.5 + 190.0 + 480.4 + 254.6 = 1105.5 kNm
194.9 < 1105.5 \ULS verified
Sliding
Total V = 95.0 + 100.0 + 157.5 + 67.0 = 419.5 kN
Resisting force = 419.5 × tan25 = 195.6 kN
88.9 kN < 195.6 kN \ULS verified
Bearing pressure (including surcharge)
Moment from surcharge = 10 × 1.5 × 1.5 × 3.05 = 68.6 kNm
Total V = 419.5 + 10 × 1.5 × 1.5 = 442.0 kN
Resultant moment = 180.5 + 190.0 + 480.4 + 254.6 + 68.6 – 194.9 = 979.2 kNm
Distance of V from O = 979.2 = 2.215 m Eccentricity e = 2.215 – 1.9 = 0.315 m

442.0
qmax = 442.0 × (1 + 6 × 0.315) = 174.2 kPa qmin = 442.0 × (1 – 6 × 0.315) = 58.5 kPa

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
1 × 3.8 3.8 1 × 3.8 3.8
B´ = 3.8 – 2 × 0.315 = 3.17 m qmean = 442.0 = 139.4 kPa

3.17
Combination 2
G = 1.0 Q = 1.3 unfavourable = 1.25
k = 37o tan37o = 0.603 d = 31.08o Ka = 0.26  = 31.08o

1.25
k = 25o tan25o = 0.373 d = 20.46o

11.5 1.25
Overturning
Total horizontal thrust = 20.28 + 98.28 = 118.56 kN
Shear force = 118.56 × tan31.08 = 71.46 kN
Shear force moment = 71.46 × 3.8 = 271.56 kNm
Overturning moment = 20.28 × 3.0 + 98.28 × 2.0 = 257.4 kNm
Resisting moments = 180.5 + 190.0 + 480.4 + 271.6 = 1122.5 kNm
257.4 kNm < 1122.5 kNm \ULS verified
Sliding
Total V = 95.0 + 100.0 + 157.5 + 71.5 = 424.0 kN
Resisting force = 424.0 × tan20.46 = 158.2 kN
118.6 kN < 158.2 kN \ULS verified
Bearing pressure (including surcharge)
Moment from surcharge = 10 × 1.3 × 1.5 × 3.05 = 59.5 kNm
Total V = 424.0 + 10 × 1.3 × 1.5 = 443.5 kN
Resultant moment = 180.5 + 190.0 + 480.4 + 271.6 + 59.5 – 257.4 = 924.6 kNm
Distance of V from O = 924.6 = 2.085 m

443.5
Eccentricity e = 2.085 – 1.9 = 0.185 m
qmax = 443.5 × (1 + 6 × 0.185) = 150.8 kPa qmin = 443.5 × (1 – 6 × 0.185) = 82.6 kPa
1 × 3.8 3.8 1 × 3.8 3.8
B´ = 3.8 – 2 × 0.185 = 3.43 m

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
qmean = 443.5 = 129.3 kPa
3.43
F = 1.2 (CIRIA 104, Table 5) worst credible parameters, permanent works
Design tan = tan27o = 0.425 design  = 23.0o

1.2
Table 11.1  / active = 2/3  / passive = 0.50
Figure 11.11 Ka = 0.38 Kp = 3.0
11.6
Zone Force Lever arm from anchor Moment

kN m kNm
Active
1 2 × 20 × 0.38 × 2.0× ½ = 15.20 0.33 5.06
0 – 2.0 m
2 40.0 × 0.38 × (4.0 + d) = 60.8 + ½ (4.0 + d) + 1.0 = 3.0 + 182.4 + 7.6d2 + 76.0d
2.0m – toe 15.2 d 0.5d
3 [20 × (6.0 + d) – (4.0 + d) × 2/3 (4.0 + d) + 1.0 =3.67 + (31.0 + 1.94d2 +
2.0m – toe 9.8] × 0.38 – 4.0 × 0.38 0.67d 15.51d) × (3.67 +
= 15.50 + 3.88d 0.67d) = 113.77 +
force 77.69d + 17.51d2 +
(15.50 + 3.88d) × (4.0 + d) ½ = 1.30d3
31.0 + 1.94d2 + 15.51d
4 (4.0 + d) × 9.8 × (4.0 + d) ½ = 2/3 (4.0 + d) + 1.0 = 3.67 (78.4 + 39.2d + 4.9d2) ×
water 78.4 + 39.2d + 4.9d2 + 0.67d (3.67 + 0.67d) = 287.73
+ 196.39d + 44.24d2 +
3.28d3
Passive
5 10.2d × 3.0 × d × ½ = 15.3d2 2/3d + 5.0 = 0.67d + 5.0 10.25d3 + 76.5d2
soil
6 9.8 × d × d × ½ = 4.9d2 0.67d + 5.0 3.28d3 + 24.5d2
water
Moments

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
Force 0 d d2 d3
1 5.06 - - -
2 182.40 76.0 7.60 -
3 113.77 77.69 17.51 1.30
4 287.73 196.39 44.24 3.28
5 - - – 76.5 – 10.25
6 - - – 24.5 – 3.28
totals 588.96 350.08d – 31.65d2 – 8.95d3
=0
65.81 + 39.12d – 3.54d2 – d3 = 0 by trial d = 5.58 m, say 5.6 m
Check:
Force Lever arm Moment

No.
kN m kNm
1 15.2 0.33 5.06
2 145.62 5.79 843.14
3 177.86 7.39 1314.39
4 449.70 7.39 3323.28
11.6 5 476.39 8.72 – 4154.12
6 152.57 8.72 – 1330.41
 = 1.34
OK
Total thrust Pa = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 15.2 + 145.6 + 177.9 + 449.7 = 788.4 kN
Total thrust Pp = 5 + 6 = 476.4 + 152.6 = 629.0 kN
Anchor force T = (788.4 – 629.0) × 2.5 = 398.5 kN, say 399 kN
11.7
Design tensile strength = 300 × 60 × 3 = 49.09 kN
1.1 1000
fn = 1.1 TDj = 49.09 = 44.63 kN fms = 1.0 d = p = 37o

fn 1.1
length of reinforecement in active zone = (7.0 – 0.7) × tan(45 – 37/2) = 3.14 m
Lej = 8.0 – 3.14 = 4.86 m
tan = 0.6 × tan37o = 0.452  = 24.3o, say 25o
equation 11.68 TAj = 4.86 × 2 × 0.06 × [tan25 × 1.0 × 19.0 × 0.7] = 2.78kN
1.3 1.0
for inextensible reinforcement – coherent gravity method

K0 = 1 – sin = 1 – sin37o = 0.398
Ka = 1 – sin37o = 0.249
1 + sin37o
at 0.7 m equation 11.74 K = 0.398 – 0.7 × (0.398 – 0.249) = 0.381

6.0
equation 11.76 Tj = 0.381 × 0.7 × 19 × 0.6 = 3.04 kN

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
3.04 kN > 2.78 kN state is breached by pull-out
determine required length of reinforcement TAj = Tj
Lej × 2 × 0.06 × (tan25 × 1.0 × 19 × 0.7) = 3.04 Lej = 5.31 m

1.3 1.0
length of reinforecement = 5.31 + 3.14 = 8.45 m, say 8.5 m
Chapter 12 Slope Stability
With hw = 0 F = c´ + tanćos2sub z
 z sin cos
At 2.0 m F = 5 + tan 26o × cos214o × 9.2 × 2.0 = 1.51

19 × 2.0 × sin14o cos14o
12.1
At 4.0 m F = 5 + tan 26o × cos214o × 9.2 × 4.0 = 1.23
19 × 4.0 × sin14o cos14o
At 6.0 m F = 5 + tan 26o × cos214o × 9.2 × 6.0 = 1.13

19 × 6.0 × sin14o cos14o
At 2.0 m od = 1.51 = 1.21

1.25
At 4.0 m od = 1.23 = 0.98

12.2
1.25
At 6.0 m od = 1.13 = 0.90

1.25
12.3
At 2.0 m with seepage through the suction zone
F = c´ + tanćos2z +whs)
 z sin cos
F = 5 + tan 26o cos214o × (19 × 2.0 + 9.8 × 2.0) = 3.53

19 × 2.0 × sin14o cos14o
At 4.0 m ‘dry’ slope with z = hw
F = c´ + tanćos2z
 z sin cos
F = 5 + tan 26o × cos214o × 19 × 4.0 = 2.24

19 × 4.0 × sin14o cos14o
At 6.0 m wet slope with hw = 4.0 m

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
F = 5 + tan 26o × cos214o × (19 × 6.0 – 9.8 × 6.0 + 9.8 × 4.0) = 1.81
19 × 6.0 × sin14o cos14o
1.0 = 0 + tan r´ cos210o × (21 × 2.5 – 9.8 × 2.5 + 9.8 × 0.5) = 3.554 tan r
21 × 2.5 × sin10o cos10o
12.4
tan r´ = 1.0 = 0.281 r´ = 15.7o
3.554
12.5
b h W
Slice  bsec Wsin
m m kN
1 0.5 0.14 1.3 -25 0.55 -0.55
2 1.5 1.05 29.1 -20 1.60 -9.95
3 1.5 2.55 70.8 -12 1.53 -14.7
4 1.5 3.70 102.7 -4 1.50 -7.2
5 1.5 4.60 127.6 +4 1.50 8.9
6 1.5 5.50 152.6 11.5 1.53 30.4
7 1.5 5.90 163.7 19 1.59 53.3
8 1.5 5.80 161.0 28 1.70 75.6
9 1.5 4.85 134.6 37 1.88 81.0
10 1.5 3.50 97.1 47 2.22 71.0
11 1.5 1.50 41.6 60.5 3.05 36.2
 18.65 324.0
F = cu × bsec cu = F ×W sin = 1.0 × 324.0 = 17.4 kPa, say 17 kPa
W sin  bsec 18.65
From Taylor’s curves Ns = 0.157

12.6
cumin = 0.157 × 1.0 × 18.5 × 6.0 = 17.4 kPa, say 17 kPa

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
b h W Wsin
Slice  bsec
m m kN 
1 2.3 0.85 39.1 -33 2.74 -21.3
2 2.0 2.60 104.0 -23 2.17 -40.6
3 2.0 4.20 168.0 -13 2.05 -37.8
4 2.0 5.50 220.0 -5 2.01 -19.2
5 2.0 6.50 260.0 +5 2.01 22.7
6 2.0 7.15 286.0 13 2.05 64.3
7 2.0 7.45 296.0 23 2.17 115.7
8 2.0 7.4 296.0 33 2.38 161.2
12.7 9 2.0 6.8 272.0 44 2.78 188.9
10 2.0 4.9 196.0 59 3.88 168.0
 24.24 601.9
Pw = ½ w zc
2
= ½ × 9.8 × 3.02 = 44.1 kN at yc = 2.0 + 2.0 = 4.0 m
Radius R = 13.0 m
F= 13.0 × 35 × 24.24 = 11029 = 1.378, say 1.38

13.0 × 601.9 + 44.1 × 4.0 8001
 = 21.8o D = 14/7 = 2.0 Ns = 0.165

12.8 od = cuk = 55 = 1.79
Nscuk H 0.165 × 1.4 × 19 × 7.0
Nsd = 38 = 0.162 From chart slope angle = 30o

12.9
1.4 × 21 × 8
12.10
A = c´b + (W – ub) tan
B= sec
1 + tan tan
F
F = A × Bccc
Wsin

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
F = 1.30 F = 1.40
Wsin
Slice b h W  u A B A×B B A×B

1 3.0 0.4 26.6 -14.8 -6.8 3.9 16.3 1.15 18.8 1.14 18.6
2 3.0 1.55 103.2 -8.8 -15.8 13.8 39.1 1.07 41.8 1.07 41.8
3 3.0 2.85 189.8 -2.9 -9.6 23.7 66.8 1.02 68.1 1.02 68.1
4 3.0 3.90 259.7 +2.9 +13.1 30.6 87.9 0.98 86.1 0.98 86.1
5 3.0 4.55 303.0 8.8 46.4 34.4 106.4 0.96 102.1 0.96 102.1
6 3.0 49.5 329.7 14.8 84.2 35.5 117.9 0.94 110.8 0.95 112.0
7 3.0 5.05 336.3 20.9 120.0 33.3 124.3 0.94 116.9 0.95 118.1
8 3.0 4.70 311.7 27.3 143.0 27.2 122.0 0.94 114.7 0.95 115.9
9 3.0 3.87 257.7 34.1 144.5 15.9 111.4 0.96 106.9 0.98 109.2
10 3.0 2.52 167.8 41.5 111.2 0 90.8 1.00 90.8 1.02 92.6
11 1.45 0.85 56.6 47.8 41.9 0 32.0 1.05 33.6 1.07 34.2
 672.1  889.7  898.7
Initial F = 1.30 F = 889.7 = 1.324

672.1
Initial F = 1.40 F = 898.7 = 1.337 say F = 1.32

672.1
c =  = 1.25 G = 1.0  = 1.0
let C = 3.0 × b + tan26o (W – ub) and D = sec

1.25 1.25 1 + tan tan

Wsin C×
Slice b h W  u C D
 D
1 3.0 0.4 26.6 -14.8 -6.8 3.9 13.0 1.153 15.0
2 3.0 1.55 103.2 -8.8 -15.8 13.8 31.3 1.077 33.7
3 3.0 2.85 189.8 -2.9 -9.6 23.7 53.5 1.021 54.6
12.11 4 3.0 3.90 259.7 +2.9 +13.1 30.6 72.7 0.982 74.0
5 3.0 4.55 303.0 8.8 46.4 34.4 85.2 0.954 81.3
6 3.0 49.5 329.7 14.8 84.2 35.5 94.3 0.937 88.4
7 3.0 5.05 336.3 20.9 120.0 33.3 99.4 0.932 92.6
8 3.0 4.70 311.7 27.3 143.0 27.2 97.0 0.937 90.9
9 3.0 3.87 257.7 34.1 144.5 15.9 89.1 0.955 85.1
10 3.0 2.52 167.8 41.5 111.2 0 72.7 0.993 72.2
11 1.45 0.85 56.6 47.8 41.9 0 14.2 1.041 14.8
 672.1  687.8
od = 687.8 = 1.023

672.1

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
F = 1.20 F = 1.30
Wsin
Slice b h W  u A B A×B B A×B

1 8.0 2.03 308.6 -12.0 -64.2 19.9 103.4 1.105 114.3 1.099 113.6
2 8.0 5.04 766.1 -2.4 -32.1 49.4 197.4 1.016 200.6 1.002 197.8
3 8.0 6.70 1018.4 7.2 127.6 65.7 249.2 0.965 240.5 0.968 241.2
4 8.0 7.00 1064.0 16.9 309.3 63.7 275.3 0.944 259.9 0.951 261.8
5 8.0 5.75 874.0 27.2 399.5 41.7 269.4 0.951 256.2 0.963 259.4
6 6.0 2.35 267.9 37.1 161.6 3.4 135.1 0.989 133.6 1.005 135.8
1209.
 901.7  1205.1  6
Initial F = 1.20 F = 1205.1 = 1.34

901.7
Initial F = 1.30 F = 1209.6 = 1.34

901.7
For M = c =  = = 1.25 od = 1.34 = 1.072

1.25
12.12

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
Chapter 13 Earthworks and Soil compaction
Number of Penetration Change n to

blows mm 4n
1 43.0 25.0
2 56.0 24.5
3 63.0 24.0
4 68.0 23.0
6 75.0 20.5
8 80.5 18.0
12 87.0 13.5
16 91.0 10.5
24 95.5 6.5
32 98.5 3.5
48 100.5 1.5
64 101.5 0.5
96 102.0
128 102.0
13.1
30
25
Change in penetration mm
20
15
10
0
1 10
Number of blows
At 5 mm Number of blows = 27.5 MCV = 10 × log10 27.5 = 14.4
35
w = 31.56 - 0.785MCV
R² = 0.999
30
a = 31.6 b = 0.785
water content %
Table 13.4 sensitivity is moderate
25
13.2 a = 31.6 b = 5/6.4 = 0.78
20 Table 13.4 sensitivity is moderate
15
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
MCV

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
a) shrinkage factor SF = b = 1.86 = 0.94 or 94%

c 1.98
required volume of cutting = 15450 = 16447 m3

0.94
b) load factor LF = m = 1.67 = 0.898

b 1.86
13.3 machine load in bank m3 = 15 × 0.898 = 13.47 m3
total number of loads = 16447 = 1221

13.47
c) Hourly production = 13.47 × 4 × 60 × 0.75 = 303.1 bankm3/hour

8
Total time required = 16447 = 54.3 hours

303.1
1.76
1.75
1.74
1.73
Dry density Mg/m3
1.72
1.71
1.7
1.69
1.68
13.4 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Water content %
w% 14.3 15.8 17.7 19.2 20.9 22.6

b
1.967 2.008 2.065 2.088 2.077 2.072
Mg/m3
d
1.721 1.734 1.754 1.752 1.718 1.690
Mg/m3
wopt = 18.5 % dmax = 1.756, say 1.76 Mg/m3
b = d (1 + w) = 1.76 × 1.185 = 2.086 Mg/m3
2.086 = 2.72 × (1 + 0.185) e = 0.545

1+e
13.5
n= 0.545 = 0.353 Sr = w Gs × 100 = 0.185 × 2.72 × 100 = 92.3 %
1 + 0.545 e 0.545
Av = 0.353 × (1 – 0.923) × 100 = 2.7 %

Fourth Edition
Exercise Solution
19.7 1
Dry mass density of  20mm   1.8091 Mg/m 3
9.81 1  0.11
2.69
13.6 Corrected dry density  1.8091 0.74  0.26  1.8091   1.8162 Mg/m 3
2.65
Corrected bulk density  1.8162  1  0.11  2.016 Mg/m 3 or 2.016  9.81  19.78kN/m 3
19.78  19.7
Density and settlement increased by  100  0.39%
19.7

Soil Mechanics Solutions Manual

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Soil Mechanics Solutions Manual

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Soil Mechanics

Principles and Practice

Chapter 2 Soil Description and Classification

Volume of gravel = (m4 – m1) – (m3 – m2)

= (1870.6 – 845.2) – (2346.0 – 1608.7) = 1025.4 – 737.3 = 288.1 cm3

s = 763.5 = 2.65 g/ cm3 or Mg/m3

Mass retained Mass passing

d10 = 0.11 mm d30 = 0.23 mm d50 = 0.42 mm d60 = 0.54 mm

U = 0.54 = 4.9 Cc = 0.232 = 0.89  moderately uniformly graded

ms = 537.5 g mw = 544.4 g V0 = 250ml wax G s = 0.90

volume of soil lump = 250 – 544.4 – 537.5 = 242.33 cm3

bulk density b = ms = 537.5 × 106 = 2.218 Mg/m3, say 2.22 Mg/m3

Water content = 537.5 – 479.2 × 100 = 12.17 %, say 12.2 %

Dry densityd = b = 2.218 = 1.977 Mg/m3, say 1.98 Mg/m3

Dry weight density = 1.977 × 1000 × 9.81 = 19.39 kN/m3

Graham Barnes 2016 1

From Table 2.19

1 + e = 2.72 × 1.0 × 1.122 = 1.376 void ratio e = 0.376, say 0.38

Sr = w Gs × 100 = 0.122 × 2.72 × 100 = 88.3 %, say 88%

Av = n (1 - Sr) = 0.273 (1 – 0.883) × 100 = 3.2 %

The degree of saturation would be 100 %

b = Gsw (1 + w) = 2.72 × 1.0 × 1.1382 = 2.25 Mg/m3

with n = e and Sr = wGs Av = e – w Gs

b = 2.68 × 1.0 × (1 + 0.135) = 2.122 Mg/m3 , say 2.12 Mg/m3

Plastic limit = 26.6 + 27.3 = 26.95, say 27 % 58

Liquidity index = 35 – 27 = 0.29 Consistency index = 55 – 35 = 0.71

Graham Barnes 2016 2

Chapter 3 Permeability and Seepage

Q = 200 ml l = 100 mm h = 234 mm t = 225 s

a =  × 42 = 12.57 mm2 A = × 1002 = 7854.0 mm2

kv = Lsand + Lsilt d Lsand = 95 mm Lsilt = 5 mm ksand = 8.6 × 10-5 m/s

4.5 = 95 + 5 d ksilt = 2.4 × 10-4 mm/s = 2.4 × 10-7 m/s

At top of clay total head = 5.0 + 5.0 = 10.0 m

At base of clay total head = 3.0 m

Head difference = 10.0 – 3.0 = 7.0 m

= 60480 litres/day = 60.48 m3/day

Graham Barnes 2016 3

Hc = 4.0 – 0.5 = 3.5 m

= 2.9 × 10-5 m/s

l = 4.5 m H1 = 2.20 m r1 = 11.0 m H2 = 2.65 m r2 = 37.0 m

datum at base of gravel

q = 3 × 7.5 × 3 × 1000 × 60 = 5.1 litres/min/m, say 5 litres/min/m

Location Total head m Elevation Pressure pore pressure

0 7.5 5.5 2.0 19.6

Graham Barnes 2016 4

Consider last block for boiling condition l = 1.8 m h = 7.5/8 = 0.938 m

Upward seepage force = w × h × l × 1 = 9.8 × 0.938 × 1.8 × 1

16.55 kN << 66.7 kN  ULS verified.

Consider block 2.0 m × 4.0 m for heaving

mean head hm = 1.41 + 2.81 = 2.11 m

upward force = 9.8 × 2.11 × 2.0 × 1 = 41.4kN

41.4 kN < 96.2 kN ultimate limit state (ULS) verified

partial factor G;stb on stabilising action is 0.90 in the UK National Annex

Design downward force = 96.2 × 0.90 = 86.6 kN

Graham Barnes 2016 5

3.10 head difference h = 8.0 m

q = 5 × 8.0 × 2.5 × 60 × 60 × 1000

3.11 Along the slip surface

Elevation Pressure Pore

2 8.0 × 11/16 = 5.50 5.2 0.3 2.9

3 8.0 × 10/16 = 5.00 3.9 1.1 10.8

4 8.0 × 9/16 = 4.50 2.7 1.8 17.6

5 8.0 × 8/16 = 4.00 1.9 2.1 20.6