NET-001.Module 4

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.NET and C# Basics
part 4
Generic Templates
Collections
www.luxoft-training.com
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What we will learn
 Generic templates
 Collections
 Embedded query language
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Generic templates
 Why?
 Definition
 Generic type parameters
 Generic templates and inheritance
 Restrictions
 Practice
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Why?
 One implementation is used with different types
No need to define 2 functions
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Definition
Generic templates introduce the concept of generic type

parameters in .NET
 By using these templates you can create classes and methods

with types whose specification is suspended until declaring and
creating instances in the client code.
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Syntax
 Syntax:
 Generic type:
public class List<T> { … }
 Generic method:
public bool IsEqual<T>(T val1, T val2) { … }
 Usage:
List<String> listOfStrings = new List<String>();
Console.WriteLine(IsEqual<String>(“First”, “Second”);
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Example. MyStack Collection
Example. Create your own collection:
Instead of a concrete type - parameter T,
Specify a concrete type

for which a class is created
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One universal definition
In this case, you create 3 separate type-safe

objects using the same definition of class
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Rules of naming type parameters
Assign descriptive names to generic type parameters
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Generic types and inheritance
A generic type can be derived from non-generic types
A descendant has the same type as the base type
A base type parameters is different from a descendant type
parameter
A non-generic type can be inherited from a generic type
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A generic type can be derived from other non-generic types
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A descendant has the same type as the base type
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A base type parameters is different from a descendant type
parameter
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A non-generic type can be inherited from a generic type
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Verification and constraints
 The compiler analyzes the code of generic type to ensure its
compatibility with any types.
=> Only methods of the class object are accessible
 This constraint allows to shorten the list of types that can be

passed in a generic argument.
Example:
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Other constraints
 You can constrain multiple parameters simultaneously.
- The U parameter type must be a class
- The T parameter type must have the base

class “Base” or its derivative
- It must have a public constructor
without parameters
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Collections
 Definition
 Types of collections
 Benefits of using collections
 Data structures used in collections
 Algorithmic complexity of operations
 Benchmark test
 Practice
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Collections
 Unlike arrays, a group of objects in a collection can dynamically
increase and decrease according to the application needs
 With some collections you can assign a key to any object that
needs to be included in the collection in order to quickly get the
object by the key.
 Namespaces
 System.Collections
 System.Collections.Generic
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Frequently used collections
Dictionary<TKey,TValue> - a key-value pair. Key is a unique value.
List<T> - a list of objects. It’s a dynamically expandable array. Provides a set of
methods for searching and sorting.
HashSet<T> - a set of unique values (elements)
LinkedList<T> - a linked list (each item is linked with the preceding and
subsequent ones)
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Collections
It is advisable to always use generic collections as you get certain
advantages in terms of:
 Security of types
 Performance
 Available methods
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Data structures
Most collections provide a standard set of methods:
 Searching
 Inserting an element in the beginning and end of the collection
 Deleting any arbitrary element
 Sorting, etc.
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Stack
Provides a collection of
objects that is served
according to the principle ‘d’ ‘d’
LIFO (Last In First Out).
‘f’ ‘f’
‘b’ ‘b’
‘c’ ‘c’
‘a’ ‘a’
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Demonstrating the work

with Stack
DEMO
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Queue
Provides a collection of objects based on the principle First In First
Out (FIFO). Example of such collection - Queue<T>
‘f’
‘a’ ‘f’ ‘d’ ‘c’

‘e’
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Demonstrating the work

with Queue
DEMO
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Linked list
Provides a collection of objects where each object stores links to the
previous and next object in the collection.
Therefore the elements can be located in the memory
inconsequently. ‘f’
‘a’
‘d’
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Demonstrating the
Linked List
DEMO
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Binary tree
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A data structure where
each element can contain 2
elements linked by certain rules 13 81
and can itself be such a linked
element for another element.
Example of collection: 5 67 82
SortedSet<T>
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Demonstrating Sorted Set
DEMO
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Hash Table
Represents a collection of “key-value” pairs which are ordered by the key
hash code: Example of collection: HashSet<T>
Dictionary <Tkey, TValue>
00 123-40-50
Paul Smith 01 523-30-50
02 123-40-50
Mary Wong 03 333-41-40
55 623-40-50
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Demonstrating Dictionary
DEMO
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Practice
Use the code of our zoo example.
Each animal has a name.
There are open-air cages in the zoo ; they are the same for all kinds of
animals with which the manager works.
- Every open-air cage has a certain capacity
- You can add any animal to or remove it from any open-air cage
- You can display the names of all the animals that are in the open-
air cages (base class constraint)
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LINQ
 Definition
 Query structure
 Delayed execution
 Types of returned data from a query
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LINQ
Language-Integrated Query (LINQ) is a simpe and easy query
language.
Irrespective of a source type (database, XML file, Inumerable

collection), it provides the same approach to data retrieval.
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Query structure
LINQ consists of 3 main parts:
Determining the data source
Forming a query
Executing the query
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Query structure
Determining the data source
Forming a query
Executing the query
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LINQ
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LINQ
 The data source should implement the interface IEnumerable
<T> or IQueriable<T>
 The query shows what is returned and how the returned data
should be sorted, grouped, and formed.
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Deferred execution
(from the previous example)
The actual execution of the query is deferred until the query variable is
iterated over in a foreach!
To trigger immediate execution, you can, for example, call the method
ToList() or ToArray().
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Types of returned data from a query
 The data source contains a sequence of strings, and the query
output also represents a sequence of strings.
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 The query receives a sequence of objects Customer as input data,
and selects only the property Name as output.
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Example of using LINQ
DEMO
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Practice
The structure Country contains the name, population (million)
From the list of countries:
 Select countries with population over 50 million
 Select an array containing the names of all countries in the list, in
alphabetical order
Germany - 80
Brazil - 150
Spain - 60
Indonesia - 160
Slovenia - 6
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Summary
 Generalizations
 Collections
 Data structures
 Embedded query language
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Questions

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1

.NET and C# Basics

No need to define 2 functions

Generic templates introduce the concept of generic type

 By using these templates you can create classes and methods

Specify a concrete type

In this case, you create 3 separate type-safe

Assign descriptive names to generic type parameters

 This constraint allows to shorten the list of types that can be

- The U parameter type must be a class

- The T parameter type must have the base

Demonstrating the work

‘a’ ‘f’ ‘d’ ‘c’

Demonstrating the work

Demonstrating Sorted Set

Irrespective of a source type (database, XML file, Inumerable

Determining the data source

Executing the query

Executing the query

Example of using LINQ

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