MA211 Week 2 Tutorial Solution

Section 10.2 Polar Coordinates

5b. (-5,0)

Let’s first get r .

r  x 2  y 2  (5)2  02  25  5

Now, let’s get  .

0
  tan 1    tan 1 (0)  0
5 

This is not the correct angle however. This value of  is in the first quadrant and the point we’ve been
given is in the third quadrant. The correct angle is by adding  onto this. Therefore, the actual angle is,

  0   

OR look at the graph of (-5,0).

Thus,

For r  0, 0    2 :in polar coordinates the point is

(-5,0)=(r, )=(5, )

For r  0,  2    0 :in polar coordinates the point is

(-5,0)=(r, )=(5,- )

5b. 2 3, 2 
Let’s first get r .

r  x 2  y 2  (2 3)2  (2)2  16  4

Now, let’s get  .

2 3
  tan 1    tan
1
 3   3
 2 

The correct angle is

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    3  11
   ,   
2 3 6 2 3 6

OR look at the graph of 2 3, 2 . 

Thus,

For r  0, 0    2 :in polar coordinates the point is

11
(2 3,-2)=(r, )=(4, )
6

For r  0,  2    0 :in polar coordinates the point is


(-2 3,-2)=(r, )=(4,- )
6

9a. r=2, this is the equation of a circle of radius 2 centered at the origin.

Note: r  a.

This equation is saying that no matter what angle we’ve got the distance from the origin must be a. If
you think about it that is exactly the definition of a circle of radius a centered at the origin.

To convert, we use the relationship

Polar equation r  2  r 2  22  x2  y 2  22 (circleequation) Rectangular Equation

9c) r  3cos

This is a circle r  2a cos  of radius a and center (a, 0).

r  3cos   r 2  3r cos 
 x 2  y 2  3x
 x 2  3x  y 2  0
2
 3 9
  x    y2  (completing the square)
 2 4

3 3 
Equation of a circle of radius r  centered at  , 0  .
2 2 

12 a) y  3  r sin   3, note that y  r sin  .

c) x  y  4 x  0  r  4r cos   0, note that r  x  y and x  r cos .

2 2 2 2 2 2

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 3 3
22)    . This is a line that goes through the origin and makes an angle of  with the positive
4 4
x -axis.

24) r  4cos  , This is a circle r  2a cos  of radius a and center (a, 0). Equation of a circle of radius

r  2 centered at  2, 0  .

26) r  2  2cos  r  2  2cos , This is a cardioid r  a  a cos . A graph that is vaguely heart
shaped and always contains the origin. The graph is plot in the range 0    2 . Here is a table of
values.

 r  2  2cos
0 4
 /2 2
 0
3 / 2 2
2 4

28) r  5  5sin  . This is a cardioid r  5  5cos . A graph that is vaguely heart shaped and always
contains the origin. The graph is plot in the range 0    2 . Here is a table of values.

 r  5  5sin 
0 5
 /2 0
 5
3 / 2 10
2 5

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 36) r  5  2cos , This is a limacon without an inner loop: r  a  b cos with a  b . These
do not have an inner loop and do not contain the origin. The graph is plot in the range 0    2 . Here
is a table of values.

 r  5  2cos
0 3
 /2 5
 7
3 / 2 5
2 3

48) True. If the graph in rectangular r -coordinates is symmetric across the r -axis, then
f ( )  f ( ) for all  . So for each point ( f ( ), ) on the graph in polar coordinates, the point

( f ( ,  )  ( f ( ),  ) is also on the graph. But this point is reflection of ( f ( ), ) across the x -
axis, so the graph is symmetric across the x -axis.

  
59) a) The polar equation r  a sec        is not so obvious by simple inspection, so we
 2 2
1
convert to rectangular form by using sec   .
cos 

1
r  a sec  a  r cos   a  x  a .
cos 

Now we see that the graph x  a is a family of line perpendicular to the polar axis.

b) The polar equation r  b csc  0      is not so obvious by simple inspection, so we convert

1
to rectangular form by using csc   .
sin 

1
r  b csc  b  r sin   b  y  b .
sin 

Now we see that the graph y  b is a family of line parallel to the polar axis.

68 (a) The polar equation

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r  A sin   B cos 
r 2  Ar sin   Br cos 
x 2  y 2  Ay  Bx
x 2  Bx  y 2  Ay  0
A  B  A 
2 2 2 2
 B 
 x    y    (completing the square)
 2  2 4
B 2  A2  B A
which is a circle equation with radius r  centered at  ,  .
2 2 2

b). Let A  0, B  2a, then from part a) polar equation

r  A sin   B cos 
 2a cos 
r 2  2ar cos 
x 2  y 2  2ax
x 2  2ax  y 2  0
 x  a  y2  a2
2
(completing the square)
which is a circle equation with radius r  a centered at  a, 0  .

69. The cardioid r  1  cos  . Dealing with the highest point, we let

dy
y  r sin   (1  cos  )sin   sin   sin  cos  and find .
d

dy
 cos   sin 2   cos 2 
d
 cos   (1  cos 2  )  cos 2 
 2 cos 2   cos   1
 (2 cos   1)(cos   1)

dy 1
For maximum and minimum points  0 if cos   , or if cos   1.
dx 2

1 1 
cos      cos 1    or
2 2 3
cos   1    cos 1 (1)  

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 
Note when    , which leads to the minimum point.
3

Calculate the value of 𝑦


When   ,
3

      3 3
y  sin    sin   cos    .
3 3 3 4

When    ,

y  sin    sin   cos    0 .

3 3
So the maximum value of y is . Finding the value of 𝑟
4

  3
r  1  cos    .
3 2

3  
Thus, the polar coordinates of the highest point are  , .
2 3

Section 10.3 Tangent Lines, Arch Length, and Area for polar curves

2). We have r  1  cos  and   . To find the slope of the tangent line to the polar curve we need
2
to calculate:

 
r  1  cos    1
2
dr  
  sin    sin    1
d 2

Thus,

dr
r cos   sin 
m d  (1)(1)  1
dr (1)(1)
r sin   cos 
d

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6) ). We have r  4  3sin  and    . To find the slope of the tangent line to the polar curve we
need to calculate:

r  4  3sin    4
dr
 3cos   3cos    3
d

Thus,

dr
r cos   sin 
m d  (4)(1)  4
dr (1)(3) 3
r sin   cos 
d

13) Sketch the polar

1.5

1.0

0.5

1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

r  2cos 3 , let r =0 then

 3 5   5
2cos 3  0  3  cos 1 (0)  , ,   , ,
2 2 2 6 2 6

dr
Since  0 , for these values of  , these three lines are tangent to the rose of the origin, which is
d
consistent with the graph above.

20) Circle r  2a cos 

dr
Find  2a sin  , then
d
2
 dr 
r     2a cos     2a sin    4a
2 2 2 2

 d 

The arc length of the polar curve is

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 
 2  
 dr  2
L   2 r 2    d L    4a d    2ad  2a
2 2 2
 2 a .

2  d  2 2 

2

28)a). We have

r  2sin   2 cos 
r 2  2r sin   2r cos 
x2  y 2  2 y  2x
x2  2 x  y 2  2 y  0
( x  1) 2  ( y  1)  2 (completing the square)
which is a circle equation with radius r  2 centered at 1,1 .

b). The circle’s radius r  2 . Thus,

A   r 2   ( 2)2  2 . OR

2
3 /4
1
A
 /4 2
 2sin   2cos   d  2 .

29) This is a cardioid r  2  2sin  .

4

2 1 0 1 2

 4  8sin   4sin 2   d  6  8cos   sin[2 ] 0  6  

2 1 2 1 1 2
A (2  2sin  )2 d  
0 2 0 2 2

32) The region in the first quadrant within the cardioid r  1  cos  .

1.0

0.5

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

0.5

1.0

 /2 1 3
The shaded area is A   0 2
(1  cos  )2 d 
8
1

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36) We have r  1  cos  and r  cos  .

Find the values of  .

1  cos   0    0, 

cos   0    0,
2

So, the area is then

5
2 2
 1  /2 1
A 1  cos   d  0  cos   d 
0 2 2 8

37) We have r  4cos  and r  4 3 sin 

The values of  for which the two curves intersect.

1
4 cos   4 3 sin   tan  
3
 1  
   tan 1  
 3 6

So, the area is then

 
2 2
 /6
1  /2 1
A  A1  A2   4 3 sin  d  
 /6 2
 4 cos   d
0 2
4 10
 2  3 3   3 4 3
3 3

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38) We have r  4cos  and r  4 3 sin 

The values of  for which the two curves intersect.

1
1  cos   3cos   cos  
2
1 
   cos 1    
2 3

So, the area is then

2 2
 /3 1  /2 1
A  2 1  cos   d  2 /3  3cos   d
0 2 2
  9 3 3 9 3  5
 2     
 4 16 8 16  4

40)
4

4 2 2 4

Area of the shaded region is

  
4   2  2 cos   d   16   4  8cos   4 cos 2   d 
 1 2 
A  2
2
0 2 0

  12  8cos   4 cos 2  d  10  8sin   sin 2

 
0
 10
0

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41)
3

3 2 1 1 2 3 4

Find the values of  for which the two curves intersect.

1  2
2  2cos   3  2cos   1  cos      cos 1 ( )    , .
2 3 3

Area of the shaded region is

 
2  2 cos    32 d    4  8cos   4 cos 2    9 d  
 /3
1  /3
A  2 
2
0 2 0

   8cos   4 cos 2   5 d  3  8sin   sin[2 ] 0 

 /3  /3 9 3

0 2

42)
2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

0.5

1.0

Find the values of  for which the two curves intersect.


  0,
4

Area of the shaded region is

 /4

   1
 2sin   d  0  4sin 2  d  4   sin[2 ]   (2   )
 /4 1  /4 1
A  2
2
0 2 2 4 0 2

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