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حساب أحمال التبريد والتدفئة
حساب أحمال التبريد والتدفئة
אא
אא
٦
אא ١٧٢ א
אא אא
KאאWאא
Wאא
Wאא
Kאאאא •
Kאאאאאאא •
Kאאאאא •
Kאאא،א،אאא •
Kאאאאא •
Kאאאאא •
Wאאא
K٪١٠٠אאאאא
Wאא
K١٠
אא ١٧٢ א
אא אא
אא
Cooling & heating loads calculation
א אאאאאאאא
K אא
א אאאא
Wאאאאא
אאאאאW -
Kאאא
אאאאאאW -
Kאא
Wאאאא
W External loads
אאאא–אאאא אאאא- i
Wall loadsאא
Solar gains OR Sun Loadsאאאאא א-ii
אאאאאא J
אאאאאאאא J
אInfiltration Loadאאא
אאא א-iii
KVentilation Load.א
אאא
Thermal Loads Calculation
Wאא
Wאאאאא
Qw אאאאאאאא א J
K Qrad אאאאא J
Qi אאאאאאאא J
Qv אאאאאא J
Qm א J
Wא QT אאאא
QT = Qrad + Qi ± Qw ± Qv ± Qm
E Fאאאא QT > 0
Wאאאא
Building Characteristics א
EFאא
building configurationאא
אאאא אא
אאאאאאKKאאא
Kאא
(schedulingאFאאא
Kאא
Cooling Load Calculations WאW
אאא(Space Heat GainsFWאאא
K(time interval)
אאאא (Space Cooling Load) W א
Kא
אא ١٧٢ א
אא אא
אאאאKא(decrement factor, f)
K אאאאאאאאאא
א(instantaneous heat gain)אאאאאE١ J٦Fא
אאאHאאאFאאאא
אKאאEאא
אאאאאא
KE١ J٦Fאא
אאאאאאאאWE١–٦F
אא ١٧٢ א
אא אא
אאאאאאאאאא
Wא(air-to-air temperature)אאא
Qw = ΣU × A × (To − Ti )
Ti = {°C} אאאאאא
To = {°C} אאאאא
A = {m 2 } אKKKא،אאא
U = {W m 2 K } אKKKKא،אאאא
א (U ) אאאא
אא
אאא (ho ) אא (hi ) אאאא
WאE١ J٦Fא
אא (U ) אאאא
1 =
1 1
+ +∑
x
U ho hi k
W
x = {m} א
k = {W / mK } אאא
h{W / m 2 K } אאא א
10 א
6 א
8 EאF אא
34 א 6.7 m/sא
23
א 3.4 m/sא
אאאWE١–٦F
אא ١٧٢ א
אא אא
k = {W / mK } א
0.72 (common brick)
0.023 (Polyurethane)
אאאאאWE٢–٦F
אא {W / mK} אkאאאE٢ J٦Fא
Kאא
אאא(insulants)אאאאא
Kאא
W١
אאאא U אאא،א
אאאאא h0 = 20 W / m2 K א
K hi = 10 W / m 2 K
אא ١٧٢ א
אא אא
WE٢–٦F
x x1 x 2 x3 x 4
∑ = + + + Wא
k k1 k 2 k 3 k 4
x2 = 400 mm = 0.400 m x 1 = x 4 = 5 mm = 0 . 005 m
x3 = 50mm = 0.050m
k1 = k4 = 0.80 W / mK EאFאא
k2 = 0.72 W / mK EאFאא
k3 = 0.036 W / mK EאFאא
∑ x = 0 . 005 + 0 . 400 + 0 . 050 + 0 . 005 = 1 . 957
k 0 . 800 0 . 72 0 . 036 0 . 800
1 1 1 x
= + + ∑ = 1 + 1 + 1.957 = 2.107
U ho hi k 20 10
1
∴U = = 0.475 W / m 2 K
2.107
(Te ) Sol-air Temperture Wאאאא
אאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאא א
(Te ) אאאא
Te = To + (αI ) / h0
∆Ts = Te − To
אא ١٧٢ א
אא אא
W
I = (W / m 2 ) אא
ho [
= W / m2 K ]אאאא
α = אא
∆Ts = {K } אאאא
∆Ts = Te − To = (αI ) / h0
אאאאאאא
K (Te f TO ) TO אאאא Te אא
אאאאWE٣–٦F
Wאאאאאאאא
Qsun = Σ(UA∆Ts )
W
A = {m 2 } אא
U = {W m 2 K } אאאא
Wאאאאאאאאא
אא ١٧٢ א
אא אא
α א
0.70 – 0.55
0.5 –0.4
0.5 –0.3
o.9 –0.8 א
0.65
0.9
אWE٣–٦F
א אאאאאא
Wאאאא
Qw = AU (Te − Ti )
W
Wאאאאא ( I ) אא
אא ١٧٢ א
אא אא
א
א א א א א
א W S E N
HOR.
645.6 610.10 727.3 610.10 82.6
760.1 680.9 622.9 691.3 92.10 א
846.1 719.7 424.3 7222.7 104.0
881.8 708.1 258.5 708.4 114.7
884.3 679.7 158.3 685.10 131.1
875.1 655.4 139.0 664.2 166.1
868.2 660.4 100.1 662.0 131.1
860.9 682.9 249.4 674.3 119.8
824.4 698.6 448.9 823.7 107.8
749.3 663.6 609.1 646.3 95.8
646.3 587.9 720.7 592.7 83.9
596.5 756.6 756.6 570.9 77.6
אאאאWE٤–٦F
(W m 2 ) א
אא ١٧٢ א
אא אא
א אאאאאא
א אאא אאאאא
KE٦ J٦אאFאאא אאאאאא
אאKא אא
אאאאאאא
Kאא
אאאאאא
KאKא،אא،א
אאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאא
אא ١٧٢ א
אא אא
Qw ∆T A U א
W °C m2 W m2 K
(Qrad ) אאאא
אאאאאאא
אאא
אאאאא
א אאאאא
אאאאאאא
Kאאאא
אאאWE٤–٦F
אאאאאאא
אא
אאאאא،אא
Kאא
אHאאאHאאאZאאאא
Kא
Wאאאאאאא
Qrad = A × I × (SC )
W
Qrad = [kW ] אאאא
I = (W / m 2 ) אא
SC = [None] א
אא ١٧٢ א
אא אא
אאאאא
Wאאאאאאא
אא א
Wא 0.64 0.83
אWE٨–٦F
Fאאאאאאא
אאEאא
Kאאאאאאא
א
א
א
אאאWE٥–٦F
אא ١٧٢ א
אא אא
אאאאאאאאא
א
אאאK(infiltration)אאא
אאאא(building quality)
Kאאאאא
אאא אאאא
אא
אאאאאK
א20%K
אאאאא
אאKאאאא
אאאאאאא
W :[1-1.5 Air Changes Per Hour (ACH)]א
3600 ÷E(ACH)אאאא×אFZ {m3 / s} א
אאאאאאא
،אאKאאאא
אאאKא،א
K[0.25-0.5 Air Changes Per Hour (ACH)]א
אK(Crack method)א (V& ) אאאא
L/s/m א
0.36 EF
1.00 EF
0.72
1.70 K
1.44 K
0.50 א–
אאWE٩–٦F
(L/s)א
אא
א
565 85 13 אא
330 165 45 (2.73m × 0.92m)
236 35 5 (2.00m × 0.76m)
330 64 9 (2.13m × 0.92m)
660 85 38 (2.13m × 1.84m)
אאאWE١٠–٦F
אאא،אא אאא
אא
Wאאא
Qvs א١
V&
Qvs = c p (To − Ti )
vo air
אא ١٧٢ א
אא אא
W
V& = [m3 / s ] אאא
vo [
= m 3 / kg ]אאאא
c p air = [1.006 kJ / kgK ] אאאא
(Qv )א J٢
l
Qvl =
V
(ω o − ωi ) × h fg
vo
ωo = [kg water / kg air ] אאאאW
ωi = [kg water / kg air ] אאאאא
h fg = [2500 kJ / kg ]אאאאאאא
א (Qv ) א
אאאא אאא
Kא
V
Qv = Qvs + Qvl = ∆h
vo
∆h = [kJ / kg ] אאאאאאW
א(N)אLאא א
א (Qv ) אאאא
N × V × ∆h
Qv = kW
3600 × vo
W
V [ ]אא
= m3
Wאא
Wאאאאאאא
(ACH)אא
א
(ACH)אאא J
א×אאאאZאאא
אא ١٧٢ א
אא אא
(L/s)א
א אא
א א
9.5 7
7.5 5
7.0 5
3.5 2.5
5.0 3.5
14 12
14.0 12.0
24.0 14.0 א
12.5 7.5
10.0 7.5
6.0 3.5
5.0 2.5
אWE١٢–٦F
W٣
אאא 24°C (db), 50%RH 8 m × 6 m × 3m אא
אאאאאא،א
40°C (db),26°C ( wb) אאא ACH=5،א
Wאא
hO
hN
26
ﺣﻤﻞ س
ﻣﺤ
ﺴﻮ
hR
O
R
N
24
40
WE٦–٦F
אא ١٧٢ א
אא אא
v0 = 0.908 m3 / kg
V& = V × ACH אאאא∴
3600
V& = (8 × 6 × 3) × 5
3600
V& = 0.2 m / s
3
m& = V& =
0.2
= 0.22 kg / s אא
v0 0.908
Qv = Qv + Qv אאאא
s l
KEאFא،אאKאאא
אא ١٧٢ א
אא אא
WאאאE١٣ J٦Fא
(W / m 2 ) א אא
60
45
40 –א
20 ––
17
15 –
אWE١٣–٦F
KאאאאE١٤ J٦Fא
א
אא
א א
0.85 – 0.70 0.90 – 0.70
0.50 – 0.30 0.60 - 0.40
1.00 – 0.90 0.80–0.90
0.90 – 0.80 0.85–o.95
אWE١٤–٦F
W٤
20100 W 50אאאאאא
K40 W
Wא
Qlight = ( N1 P1 ) bulb + (1.25 N 2 P2 ) flourescent
= 50 × 100 + 1.25 × 20 × 40
= 5000 + 1000 = 6000 W = 6 kW
אא ١٧٢ א
אא אא
W٥
אKא 50 m 2 א
א
Wא
K100 Wא J
K40 Wא J
Kאאאא
Wא
40 W / m 2 אאאא،E١٣ J٦Fא
(I)אאאא
I = 50 × 40 = 2000 W
W(N1)אא،100 Wאא
2000
N1 = = 20
100
2000W אאא
(N2)אא،40 Wאא
2000
N2 = = 50
40
אאאא
Qlight = (1.25 N 2 P2 ) flourescent
= 1.25 × 50 × 40 = 2500 W
Heat gain due to occupants Wאאא
אאKאאא
אאאאא (37 0 C ) אא
Kאאאאאא
Wאאאא
א אא،א
אאאאאאאKאא
א
אאאאאאאא
אאאאאא
אא ١٧٢ א
אא אא
Kאאאאא
א א
א אא א
97 31 66
117 45 72 J J
132 59 73 J J א
132 59 73 אא
146 73 73
162 81 81
220 139 81 א
220 139 81
292 204 88 א
425 255 170 א
425 255 170 א
(w)אאאWE١٥–٦F
Wאאאאאא
Q p = n × q p × (D.F .)
s s
אאאאאא
Q p = n × q p × (D.F .)
L L
W
n = אאאא
אאאא( Diversity Factor, DF) א
E١٤ J٦Fאאא
q ps = אאאא
q pL = אאאא
אא ١٧٢ א
אא אא
W٦
אא
אאאא،אאאאא
(DF=1)אKא100
Wא
WאאאE١٥ J٦Fא
q = 220 W q l = 139 W q s = 81 W
Qp s
= 100 × 81 = 8100 W אאאא
Q pl = 100 × 139 = 13900 W אאאא
Q p = Q p + Q p אאאא
s l
N
3m
Wא
Qw = ∑ UA(To − Ti ) אאאאא
Qw{W } (To − Ti ) A(m 2 ) U {W / m 2 K }
109.35 9 9.0 1.35 אאא
109.35 9 9.0 1.35 אאא
149.175 17 6.5 1.35 אאא
164.025 9 13.5 1.35 אאא
436.56 17 4.0 6.42 אא
81.6 17 3.0 1.6 אאא
194.4 9 13.50 1.6 א
194.4 9 13.50 1.6 א
1438.86
WE١٦–٦F
Qw = 1438.86W = 1.439kW אאאאא
EאFאאHאאZאאאא
Qrad = A × I × (SC ) אא
= 3 × 72 × 1 = 216 W
Q p = n × q p × (D.F .) אאאאא
L L
= 3 × 45 × 1 = 135 W
Q p = Q ps + Q pl אאאאא
= 216 + 135 = 351W = 0.351kW
Wאאא
Wאא
h0 = 81 kJ / kg vo = 0.916 m3 / kg אא
h i = 58 kJ / kg אאא
KאאאאאאאEא
Wאאאאאא
15o C אאאאאא J
אאאא،אאא J
(adiabatic conditions )
אאא אאאאא
אאא
Kאאאא
Wאאא
אאא، (SHF)אאא
Qs Qs
SHF = =
QT Qs + Ql
W
Qs = {W } אא
Ql = {W } אאא
QT = {W } אא
אא ١٧٢ א
אא אא
Wאאא
Wאא
Wאאאאא
Wא
Wא
Wא
אאWאאא
W٩
18
28
24
٩WE٨–٦F
K 24°C (db),50% RH E٨ J٦Fאאא
א 3m 4.25m א 24m אאא
WאאאאאK 2m × 2.5m
אא ١٧٢ א
אא אא
U = 0.5 W / m 2 K א
U = 3.2 W / m 2 K אאא
U = 1.6 W / m 2 K אא
100א J
א 45W א 72W אא J
5 L s א J
10 W
m2
א J
א،אא، 10°C (db),6°C ( wb) אאאא
Kאאאא
Wא
אאאאאאאאא
אאאא אאא
Wאאא
WE١٧ J٦Fא )أ( اﻟﻔﻘﺪ اﻟﺤﺮاري ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﺠﺪران
Qw = ∑ UA(To − Ti )
Qw {W } (To − Ti ) A(m 2 ) U {W / m 2
K}
-749.7 -14 76.5 0.7 אאא
-749.7 -14 76.5 0.7 אאא
-957.95 -14 8.5 0.7 אאא
-83.3 -14 102 0.7 אאא
-4569.6 -14 102 3.2 אאא
-33.6 -14 15 1.6 אאא
-3528 -14 504 0.5 א
-10713.5 אאאא
٩WE١٧–٦F
אא ١٧٢ א
אא אא
RH
5 0%
hR
hN
hO
R
6
O N
10 24
٩WE٩–٦F
Wאא
hR = 48.5 kJ / kg v o = 0.807 m3 / kg אא
hO = 20.5 kJ / kg hN = 34.5 kJ / kg אאא
− 7.154
SHF = QRS = = 0.63 אאא
QRT − 11.334
אא ١٧٢ א
אא אא
Kאאא J
Wאאאא J
אאאאא
אאאאא
אLא
אאאא
אאאא
אאאאאא
אK אאא
אאאאאאא
KאאאאאK
Wאאא J
אאאא
אאאא
Kאאא
double-glazing אא
Kאא
אאא
Kאאאאאאאאא
אא ١٧٢ א
אא אא
1m × 2m U = 0.57W / m K א 4m × 3m J١
2
K ∆T = 16 K אאאאא
א KACH=2אא 8m × 6m × 3m J٢
Kא
40 WאK 60 W / m 2 א، 8m × 6m J٣
Wאאא
3 m2א3 mא8 m10 mא J٤
24 oC אאK1.5 m2א
WאאאאK24 oCאאא
40 oCאאאא
27 oCאא
7 oCאאאא
3 oCאאאא
W( U )אאאא
2.4 W/ m2 Kאא
0.6W/ m2 Kא
2.0W/ m2 Kא
5.6W/ m2 K א
Wאאאא
300 W/m2אא
200 W/m2אא
Fאאאאאאאאאא
KEאאאא
אא ١٧٢ א
אא אא
10
Room @ 24 C
o
o
8
Room @ 24 C
WאאאKאא J٥
24°C (db),50% RH אאאא J
35°C (db),26°C ( wb) אאא J
30א J
400 Wא J
3 mאא J
W21.2m × 3m 6א J
Kאאא1.5m × 1.2m אא1.5m × 3m
אא 30°C (db) א אא
אאא J
24°C (db) אא
Wאאאא J
U = 1.6 W / m 2 K אאא •
U = 2.5 W / m 2 K EאFאאאא •
U = 1.5 W / m 2 K אא •
U = 3.2 W / m 2 K אא •
U = 1.8 W / m 2 K אא •
אא ١٧٢ א
אא אא
.אא،אאא
N ﺸﺒﺎﻙ ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻲ2
ﺒﺎﺏ
18 m
ﺸﺒﺎﻙ ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻲ4
ﺒﺎﺏ
אא ١٧٢ א
אא
אא
אאא
WאE×FאE3F
EF20 %80 %אאאE
EFאאאאאE
EFאאאאאאE
EFא 12 °C (db),10°C (wb) 35°C (db), 30% RH אE
KאאאאאאE
EFא،אאE
EF 10°C א12 °C אאא، 12 °C ,10°C אE
EFאא،אאאאE
EFאאא E
EF אאאאE
אאא
אאKאא(AHU)א
אא60%אאאא40% K80%אאא40 kW
WאאKא
25°C (db), 50% RH אאא
10 °C (db), 6 °C ( wb) אא
35 °C (db) אאאאאאא
Wאאאאא،אא
אא(i)
א (ii)
א(iii)
אא ١٧٢ א
אא
אאא
، 6 m × 5 m × 3 m
3 m × 2 m
אא10אKEאאF1.5 m × 2 m א
16 אK132 Wאאאאא
25°C (db), 50% RH אאאאKACH=2אאK50 W
K 26 °C (db) אאאK10 °C (db), 6 °C (wb) אאא
Wאאאאאא J
1.6 W m 2 K אאאאא ♦
3.2 W m 2 K אאאאא ♦
1.8 W m 2 K אאאאא ♦
Wאא
אאאאאאאאא
א
א
Kא
6
אא ١٧٢ א
אא
אאא
אאא
WאE×FאE3F
E×F20 %80 %אאאE
E×FאאאאאE
E3FאאאאאאE
E3Fא 12 °C (db),10°C (wb) 35°C (db), 30% RH אE
KE×FאאאאאאE
E3Fא،אאE
E×F 10°C א12 °C אאא، 12 °C ,10°C אE
E3Fאא،אאאאE
E×FאאאE
E3F אאאאE
אאא
Wאאאאאא
m& O TO + m& R TR
TM =
m& O + m& R
0.6 × 10 + 0.4 × 25
=
0.4 + 0.6
= 16 °C
16 °C MאאאROאMא
35 °C אאאFSאRא0.8SHF
Eאא
אא ١٧٢ א
אא
R
N
S
M
O
10 16 25 35
MN אאא NS א
Wא
:אא
hs = 58.5 kJ / kg hN = 39.5 kJ / kg
w N = 0.0092 kg / kg wM = 0.0065 kg / kg
(m& ) אא
Qs
m& =
c p × ∆T
40
= = 4 kg / s
1 × 10
(Qhc ) א
Qhc = m& ∆h = m& (hS − hN )
= 4 × (58.5 − 39.5)
= 76 kW
(m& w ) א
m& w = 3600m& ( w N − wM )
= 3600 × 4 × (0.0092 − 0.0065)
= 38.88 L / hr
אא ١٧٢ א
אא
אאא
6
26 0C (db), 50% RH
5
N
אאאאא
Qw = ∑ AU∆T Wא
∆T = To − Ti
Qw Qw ∆T U A
W W °C W / m 2 K m2 אLא
אא
-360 -15 1.6 15 א
19.2 01 1.6 12 א
-288 -15 1.6 12 א
-288 -15 1.6 12 א
-916.8
אא
-288 -15 3.2 6 א
-288 -15 3.2 6 א
-576
אא
-81 -15 1.8 3 א
-1573.8
אא ١٧٢ א
אא
(Q p ) אאאא
Qp = N × q p
= 10 × 132
=1320 W =1.320 kW
(QL ) אאאא
QL = N × F × P
=16 × 1.25 × 50
= 1000 W = 1.000 kW
(Qv ) אאאא
V = 6×5×3
א
= 90 m 3
Wאא
v0 = 0.806 m 3 / kg EאFאאאא
hR = 50.5 kJ / kg hO = 20 kJ / kg אאאא
(m& ) אא
V
m& =
3600vO
90
=
3600 × 0.806
= 0.031 kg / s
א
Qv = m& (hO − hR )
= 0.031(20 − 50.5)
= −0.9455 kW