Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ibrahim Moumouni Translated
Ibrahim Moumouni Translated
Teacher
CCR-EHD
Mr kaboré
Promotion [2012/2013]
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
Dedication:
• I dedicate this modest work to my two parents, who never stopped supporting me and
accompany me throughout my studies, and which never cease to support me in my life.
• I do not forget my brothers and my sister, my maternal uncle and his beautiful family
• I also dedicate it to my friends and comrades for their invaluable support and help
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
Thanks
▪ I would like to thank above all, ALLAH the very Generous for having granted me the grace and the
health to have completed this internship and today to report on it;
▪ I would first like to thank my parents who helped, supported and
to the following people for the enriching and interesting experience they have given me
makes live during these 12 weeks within the company:
▪ Mr Sabeur Guirat, Civil Engineer, Project Head of Mission and internship supervisor; for
the consistency of assistance he gave me during my internship;
▪ Mr Souleymane Mahamane Salissou, Civil Engineer, Works manager; for
▪ I would like to thank the whole dynamic team of the GERMS Consulting design office and
the execution company who warmly welcomed and accompanied me during my
traineeship ;
▪ I would like to thank everyone who directly or indirectly helped me in the exercise of my internship.
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
Abbreviations
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
summary
The project area is located in the city of Niamey (in Niger) between longitude 2 ° 06'28 '' East, and the
latitude 13 ° 32'06 ''. The geological map of Niger locates the city of Niamey and more precisely the
area affected by the project in silty sandy allusions with a shale base. On the plan
topographic, the site is almost flat.
The project consists of the construction of a slab bridge in an urban environment. The study will focus on the choice and
the design of bridge foundations. The study methodology consists of reviewing the
types of existing foundations and choose the most technically reliable and which also offers
The satisfaction of this double objective is based on the consideration of the standards and rules in force.
We will thus rely, throughout the study, on the texts which deal with the technical rules of
design and calculation of the foundations of civil engineering works commonly called
PAPER N ° 65 - Title V.
We first studied the surveys carried out, there were core surveys and surveys
Pressuremeter. The results of core drilling show a soil composed of silty sand,
up to a depth of around 15m, below this layer we have a shale formation
up to the limit core drilling depth (45m). Pressuremeter tests give us
limit pressure values lower than 1Mpa up to the depth 6m. They then vary for
reach maximum values of 5Mpa. After studying the polls, we had to offer a choice
foundations.
The first choice was, of course, to consider the superficial foundations. We have
chosen, after studies, shooting soles. The computation of the settlements shows us differences
notables of 60mm between the settlements of the different soles. The study of the settlement of these
soles therefore shows us that they are not stable from this point of view. The case to write off was
The rest of the studies led to consider deep foundations. The type of foundations on
piles is the most advantageous in this area for two technical and economic reasons. In the
range of piles, mud drilled piles, are those which have best satisfied these conditions. The
piles chosen will be non-floating piles, embedded 12m into the substratum. These stakes,
circular, will be drilled with mud, and will have a length of 28m for a diameter of 1000mm. At
a total of 108 piles will be founded to support the structure. The calculation of pile settlements we
give maximum values of 13mm. These values are largely admissible and do not pose
M Moumouni IBRAHIM MOUMOUNI M2GC / POA Promotion [2012/2013] Page iv
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
notable annoyances. The piles will be scrapped over their entire length with steels
longitudinal type HA25, spaced 20cm from each other, 9 in number for a
quantity of 42kg per cubic meter of concrete. The transverse steels will be in HA20 for the steels of
fixtures and T12 cerces. The type of cement will be type CP I 42.5HRS for a quantity of
1100Tonnes. The execution of the piles will be spread over an estimated period of 184 days.
.
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
Abstract
The project area is located in the city of Niamey (in Niger) between longitude 2 ° 06'28 '' East and
latitude 13 ° 32'06 ''. The geological map of Niger is Niamey and more precisely the area affected by
the project in the sandy loam with allusions shale base. On the topographic map, the site is almost
flat.
The project involves the construction of a slab bridge in urban areas. The study will focus on the
selection and design of the bridge foundations. The study methodology is to review the types of
existing foundations and choose the most technically sound and also propose an interesting
economic competitiveness.
The satisfaction of this dual objective is based on the consideration of standards and rules. We will
build and throughout the study, the texts that deal with technical design rules and design of
foundations for civil engineering works commonly called BOOKLET No. 65 - Title V.
We first studied the polls, it there's been cored and pressure meter polls polls. The results of core
drilling show a soil composed of silty sand to a depth of around 15m, below this layer there is a
limit to the shale coring depth (45m). The pressure meter tests give us the values of pressure limits
below 1Mpa until 6m depth. They then vary to reach maximum values of 5Mpa. The study surveys,
we had to offer a choice of foundations.
The first choice was, of course, consider the shallow foundations. We chose after studies, strip
jogging. The calculation of settlement we show significant differences between 60mm settlements
different soles. The study of the settlement of these soles shows us that they are not stable from this
point of view. If the strike was ruled out for economic conditions deemed not beneficial.
Following studies led to consider deep foundations. The type of pile foundation is the most
advantageous material for the double technical and economic reasons. In the range of piles, bored
piles mud are those who best satisfied these conditions. The piles will be chosen non-floating batteries
embedded in the bedrock at 12m. These piles, circular, will be drilled mud, and have a length of
28m and a diameter of 1000mm. A total of 108 piles will be based to support the structure. Tea
calculation of settlement of piles gives us maximum of 13mm values. These values are well
qualified and do not pose significant inconvenience. The piles will be scrapped over their entire
length with longitudinal steels HA25 type spaced 20cm apart, number 9 for a quantity of 42kg per
cubic meter of concrete. The transverse reinforcement will be HA20 for steels T12 fixtures and
hoops. The type of cement will I 42.5HRS type CP for a quantity of 1100Tonnes. The execution of
Battery will last year Estimated 184 days period.
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Summary
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................... .................................................. ..................... vii
LIST OF TABLES ............................................... .................................................. ............. viii
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CHOICE AND DIMENSIONING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange
Niamey
LIST OF TABLES
CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
Introduction
th
The government of the 7 Republic of Niger, anxious to give back to the capital, Niamey, a
radiant and attractive image launched a vast project called "Niamey Nyala". This initiative has
The main objective is to provide the capital with several major infrastructures.
One of these infrastructures, the first of its kind in Niamey, is an interchange which will also
aim to make traffic more fluid on boulevard Mali-Béro de Niamey. The establishment of such
work requires serious studies in order to optimize the cost and make it the most
technically reliable. The success of this double initiative depends closely on the attention paid
to the deck and to the foundations, whose cost increase rapidly increases that of the structure.
Particular attention will thus be paid to these two elements and in particular the foundations which
ensure the transmission of loads to the ground.
The methodology will be to consider what the normative texts say and to adapt them to our
context for the choice and sizing of our foundations. At each stage of the study, it will be
question of recalling what standards impose and of obtaining the information necessary for them
The adaptation of the standards under study led to the choice of foundations on circular concrete piles of
1m in diameter, 28m deep. These piles which are 108 in number will be drilled
with mud, under the supports of the bridge. The reinforcement of the piles consists of 9HA25 in longitudinal steels
and to T12 rows in transverse circles.
After defining the project, we will study the types of tests carried out in order to draw information
necessary to choose the type of foundation, then we will propose a suitable type of foundation after a
technical-economic study and finally we will proceed to its design.
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
Drilling is a technique for exploring the physical properties of the subsoil. It exists
several survey methods, we distinguish among others:
• Pressuremeter method: the Ménard pressuremeter test is an in-situ test which allows
to study a simple relation between the stresses and the strains. It is therefore very
powerful in the study of soil behavior under various loads.
• Penetrometric method: it is also an on-site test. The principle of the test consists
to measure the reaction that the soil opposes to the penetration of a cone.
• SPT: the corer penetration test is a test which consists in beating a corer under
Depending on the type of foundation considered, certain types of surveys are recommended or not. It is
what Maurice CASSAN confirms in his research which led him to summarize the
Table 1: Choice of the type of test according to the nature of the ground for the calculation of foundations
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
Our foundation project consists of taking over the loads of a bridge, the types of soundings
recommended are in-situ tests which are favorable to studies for any type of foundation. We have
then opted for pressuremeter and core drilling. The different studies to be carried out are
conform to standard NFP 94-500 of December 2006. They will be of type G0 and G3; As a reminder
G0 type geotechnical missions cover the execution of surveys, tests and measurements
geotechnical while those of type G3 define the geotechnical execution studies.
According to the demands and requirements of the project, the following tests were carried out:
• Two core drill holes (SC1 and SC2) down to 45.5m deep;
• Seven boreholes with pressuremeter tests (SP1 to SP7) every meter up to 43m
depth;
• When carrying out core drilling, SPT tests were carried out in the
sandy soils up to 15m deep (Penetric soundings consist of
measure resistance to soil penetration from a point equipped with sensors that
one comes to sink into the ground);
Pressuremetering will allow us to determine the bearing capacity of the soil according to the type of
foundation and SPT tests we will give information such as water content, density
volume of the different layers crossed.
1. Core drilling
The corer penetration test is a geotechnical test which tests the ground in place and provides
a conventional feature and a reworked soil sample. The test consists of determining
the resistance to dynamic penetration of a standardized core barrel beaten at the bottom of a borehole
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
to study its precise nature and structure. It establishes a relationship between resistance to
penetration on the one hand and characteristics and variable on the other.
This test consists of driving a core barrel into the ground from the bottom of a borehole at
walls stabilized after penetration of the corer under the effect of gravity and depression
15cm boot. Next, note the number of strokes marked "N" necessary for
penetrate the core barrel into the ground of another 30cm.
b. Test results
On the materials thus extracted, laboratory tests can be carried out later. These
drilling we will give a detailed description of the terrain as well as the depth of the water table. They
roughly indicate a lateritic layer of small thickness (50cm) lying above
a 15 m layer of sand followed by a succession of layers made up of shale. We
Let us summarize in the table below the results of the two core drillings SC1 and SC2.
The core drilling SC1 reveals the presence of the water table at 9.10m while the SC2 the
benchmark at 9.20m.
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
During core drilling, tests of reworked samples were taken for testing in
laboratory. The tables below give the results of the identification tests and the tests
chemicals carried out on these samples:
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
As indicated in the tables above, the analyzes inform us about the nature of the layers of
soils crossed and densities which will be used in several calculations (constraints,
settlements, etc.).
2. Pressuremeter surveys
The Ménard pressuremeter test is an in-situ test which consists in radially dilating a probe
cylindrical sorting cell placed in the ground, to measure and record the pressures applied
by the probe and its volume variations to determine the relationship between the
applied pressure and expansion of the probe.
b. Test results
Seven tests (SP1 to SP7) were carried out in accordance with the customer's requests. These tests we
will allow to:
The holes were drilled every meter up to the depth of 43m. Attempts
pressuremeters give us limit pressure values lower than 1Mpa up to the
depth 6m. They then vary to reach maximum values of 5 MPa. Soles
surface (shooting soles) have lengths 17m and bases of 5m, 6m and 6.5m. The
E M pressuremodules vary significantly from 5Mpa to around 30Mpa up to 6m
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
1. Definitions
The shallow foundations are those that are weakly embedded in the ground. From the standpoint
of the critical depth D c , a foundation will be called superficial if its base is above
D c . Considering the embedding depth, we will say that a foundation is superficial if D e / B
≤ 1.5 (B being the base of the foundation). The most common definition, however, is
consider a surface foundation like the one whose relationship between the embedding D and the base
• the strip footings , usually of modest width B (at most a few meters) and
meters; this category includes square soles (B / L = 1) and circular soles (of
diameter B);
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
• the rafts or slabs , dimensions B and L important; this category includes rafts
General.
2. Choice of foundation
The choice of the type of foundation depends on the heterogeneity of the soil, the groundwater movements
phreatic, the diversity of modes of execution, the influence of already existing buildings on the ground
underlying and the economic factor. Therefore, the choice of a foundation must imperatively
meet the following requirements:
• the calculation load applied to the base of the foundation V d remains below the capacity
bearing load
• Settlements must remain admissible for the type of structure.
The first hypothesis is to consider an insulated sole. The supports (battery type) being very
closely spaced, there is a risk of overlapping the insoles, the shooting soles will therefore
more suitable. For the study of shooting soles, we will check beforehand whether
With Ss sum of the surfaces of the soles and St total surface of the structure. In other words
the total surface of the soles is less than half of the total surface occupied by
the work. If this condition is not satisfied (i.e. ) then the recommended solution
3. Pre-sizing of soles
The soles will be inked at 3m, and will have dimensions to be determined according to the method below.
One of the dimensions is fixed (length L or width B of the soles) and then the other is determined.
For the determination of the width, we will rely on the following condition
With ;
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
The table below summarizes the loads to be included under each type
On the support.
stress σ sol .
q0 = represents the vertical pressure of the land calculated at the geometric center of the
sole.
*
Ple = the "equivalent net limit pressure"
3 2
q0 = γ xz = 2.7KN / m x 3m = 8.1 KN / m
M. Moumouni IBRAHIM MOUMOUNI M2GC / POA Promotion [2012/2013] Page 10
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
If the ground is constituted under the foundation, to a depth of at least 1.5B of the same soil,
or soils of the same type and with comparable characteristics, then we establish a linear profile
schematic, representative of the slice of soil [D; D + 1.5B] of the form:
*
Pl (z) = az + b, The equivalent limit pressure is taken equal to:
* *
Ple = pl (z e ) with z e = D + 2 / 3B
*
So we have lots = 0.446 MPa (See Annex 2)
( ) ()
De = installation distance
From = 2.7m
( ) ()
*
=
ql = 0.63Mpa = 63T / m²
q cal = ½ ql = 31.5 T / m²
• Verification
Σ
⇒
There are 8 rows of single batteries, i.e. a total surface area of soles equal to:
St = 8 x (4 x 17) = 544 m²
CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
stress σ sol .
There are 3 rows of simple batteries, i.e. a total surface area of soles equal to:
St = 3 x (6 x 17) = 306 m²
• Verification
Σ
⇒
There are 2 abutments, i.e. a total surface area of soles equal to:
the book
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
( )( )
4. Calculation of settlements
In this part we will determine the settlements (vertical, along z) to know if:
To assess the settlement, we will rely on the calculation method from the pressuremeter
deviatoric settlement
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
• α: rheological coefficient
The soil is assumed to be overconsolidated, the ratio E / pl = 7.3 / 0.32 = 22.81> 12, according to the table below.
below, α = ½
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
• B = 4m and Bo = 0.60m
• Calculation of Ec and Ed
The calculation of the equivalent modules Ec and Ed is carried out, on the one hand by using the distribution of the
vertical stress under a flexible foundation (uniform stress), on the other hand by considering that
the volume deformations are predominant under the foundation, up to the depth B / 2, for
the calculation of Ec, and that the distortions have an influence up to the depth of 8B.
The Ec and Ed modules are calculated as follows: Ec is taken equal to the E1 module
measured in the thickness section B / 2 located under the foundation: Ec = E1
Ed is obtained by the expression:
where Ei, j is the harmonic mean of the modules measured in the layers located at depth i
B / 2 at depth j B / 2
S = Sc + Sd = 77.89mm
The total settlement for the soles under single batteries is estimated at 77.89mm
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
The soil is assumed to be overconsolidated, the ratio E / pl = 7.3 / 0.32 = 22.81> 12 ⇒ α = 1/2
Rheological coefficient α
• B = 6m and Bo = 0.60m
• Calculation of Ec and Ed
The calculation of the equivalent modules Ec and Ed is carried out, on the one hand by using the distribution of the
vertical stress under a flexible foundation (uniform stress), on the other hand by considering that
the volume deformations are predominant under the foundation, up to the depth B / 2, for
the calculation of Ec, and that the distortions have an influence up to the depth of 8B.
The Ec and Ed modules are calculated as follows: Ec is taken equal to the E1 module
measured in the thickness section B / 2 located under the foundation: Ec = E1
Ed is obtained by the expression:
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
where Ei, j is the harmonic mean of the modules measured in the layers located at depth i
B / 2 at depth j B / 2.
S = Sc + Sd = 23.5mm
The total settlement for the soles under double batteries is estimated at 23.5mm
•
• λc; λd: shape coefficients, we refer to the table below
• α: rheological coefficient
The soil is assumed to be overconsolidated, the ratio E / pl = 7.3 / 0.32 = 22.81> 12, according to the table below.
below, α = 1/2
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
• Calculation of Ec and Ed
The calculation of the equivalent modules Ec and Ed is carried out, on the one hand by using the distribution of the
vertical stress under a flexible foundation (uniform stress), on the other hand by considering that
the volume deformations are predominant under the foundation, up to the depth B / 2, for
the calculation of Ec, and that the distortions have an influence up to the depth of 8B.
The Ec and Ed modules are calculated as follows: Ec is taken equal to the E1 module
measured in the thickness section B / 2 located under the foundation: Ec = E1
Ed is obtained by the expression:
where Ei, j is the harmonic mean of the modules measured in the layers located at depth i
B / 2 at depth j B / 2.
S = Sc + Sd = 17.53mm
The total settlement for the soles under single batteries is estimated at 17.53m
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
➢ Settlement analysis
Once the settlement at one or more points of a foundation has been determined, or
determined an average settlement, the next question is, of course, whether these settlements
are admissible for the structure carried. Any soil or structural engineer knows that
this is an extremely complex problem for a variety of reasons affecting
both on the ground and at the foundation and structure, and for which there is no general solution, nor
of theoretical origin, nor of empirical origin.
The settlement observations (S) for the bridges suggest the following limits:
• If s <50 mm, then allowable or acceptable settlement;
• If 50 ≤ s ≤ 100mm, then damaging but admissible settlement;
The soles under double piles and under abutments compact in a admissible way, those under piles
simple tamp down in a damaging manner but remains admissible. What is however
fear are the differential settlement. Indeed the table above indicates settlements
Differentials are only admissible in certain cases, which makes stability unsatisfied. The
solution on continuous footings is therefore not possible.
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
We therefore draw a partial conclusion: the solution to base the supports of the bridge on footings
is therefore discarded because the settlements thereof are mostly at least
damaging.
Regarding the foundation on raft, it is excluded because of the total surface of our
work. Indeed the projected surface is estimated at 3400m² would lead to an overly massive foundation
and therefore too high a use of concrete.
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
sufficient to support these loads through shallow foundations. For the calculation,
the two types of foundations (deep and superficial) are essentially differentiated by the
taking into account friction on the side walls of the foundation.
For deep foundations, the way of working and the interaction with the surrounding soil lead
to introduce the notion of critical depth which can be defined as the level below which,
in homogeneous soil, the resistance under the base no longer increases. Deep foundations have their basis
The most usual definition is to consider a deep foundation the one whose relationship between
the embedding D and the base B is greater than 10.
• wells: for a foundation soil of between 3 and 8 m, wells are the technique of
recommended foundation. The wells are dug using a mechanical shovel or a
used.
The bars do not allow to reach great depths and the execution of the wells is not
master the region well. Piles have large diameters (up to 2.50 m, or even
plus), a possibility of executing elements of various forms resistant to bending, a
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
possibility of crossing hard benches, quality control of the terrain crossed and adaptation
easy length. We therefore use the solution of the piles to found our work. It's about
now determine the type of stake we are going to use.
There are several types of piles. Traditionally, we classify piles:
• either according to the nature of the constituent material: wood, metal, concrete;
metallic.
For the evaluation of the bearing capacity, in particular, it is more important to consider the type of
stress imposed on the ground by the installation of the pile. This is how we distinguish:
• piles whose placement causes the soil to be driven back;
• piles, the execution of which is carried out after extraction of the soil from the borehole and which, therefore,
• Site environment
The structure will be built in an urban site therefore the driven piles are not suitable because they
would cause too much discomfort for the surrounding dwellings. The hype will also
as a result, the foundations of neighboring buildings are weakened. Core drilling shows
shale formation from 16m deep threshing would therefore become delicate
from this depth. The technicality of the company is also to be taken into account and it
In conclusion we decide to base our work on piles drilled in mud . It’s now
to determine the diameter φ of the pile and its length L necessary to take up the transmitted forces
by structure.
CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
The study of an isolated pile will allow us to determine its geometric characteristics, its
lift and settlement under the effect of the loads brought by the bridge.
The diameter and length of the pile are the geometric elements that characterize it. For
determine these parameters, we consider the forces at the head of piles which are given by the table
next :
combinations V (T)
Quasi-permanent combination 226
besides that the negative friction is neglected (this will be taken into account in the verification
limit states)
➢ The procedure consists in checking if the hypothesis allows to have liftings which satisfy
under the conditions imposed by the above pile efforts.
We will successively determine the peak load limit and the limit load by friction
lateral. These two values will be combined to obtain the different possibilities of occurrence
(combinations of fundamental, rare and almost permanent action). All calculations will be made in
The peak load limit is the maximum load that can be mobilized at the base of the pile. In the case of a
Menard pressuremeter test, this load is given by:
*
AK p p le
• A: tip section, 2 2
= 3.14x0.4 = 0.5024m
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
For elements implemented without soil backflow (pile drilled with mud) in weathered rock
next way
P le
* ∫
With: { ⇒ a = 0.5m
b = min (a; h) where h is the height of the foundation element in the bearing layer.
h ≥ 3φ = 3 x 0.8 = 2.4m we will take h = 3m
*
P le = 0.5 (2.28 + 3.26) = 2.77MPa
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
Q p = 153.08 Tons
The total limit force that can be mobilized by lateral friction over the entire height h concerned of the barrel of the
Qs=P∫
• h: height over which the lateral friction is exerted minus the height over which
negative friction is exerted (9≤h≤19)
• q s limit unit lateral friction. The determination of q s depends on the nature of the soil, the
*
pile type and net limit pressure p l . The pile type being of type drilled with mud on
will use the curve Q 1 for loose sand, Q 2 for medium compact sand and the
shale (weathered rock). The graphs below give us the unit lateral friction
limit according to the curve used.
Figure 2: Unit friction
In addition, the fascicle 62 title 5 gives us the analytical expressions making it possible to determine
*
the values of q s as a function of p l . Thus we have for the curves Q 1 and Q 2 :
• q s = q sn ( )
• q s = q sn
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
*
So we have the following values of q s as a function of p l :
Curve
z (m) P * l (MPa) Soil type Pn (MPa) qsn (MPa) qs (MPa)
used
sand moderately
sand moderately
sand moderately
sand moderately
sand moderately
Qs =∫ ∫ Σ
Q s = 206 Tons
The calculation of q s and q p being made, it remains only to combine them to obtain the bearing capacity
depending on the combination case.
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
• fundamental ELU: Q =
• Rare ELS: Q =
• quasi-permanent ELS: Q = =
We now compare the load-bearing capacities with the pile head forces:
Partial conclusion: the efforts at the head of the piles are not taken up. The dimensions of the piles will be
then adjusted to have sufficient bearing capacity.
In this section we will play on the dimensions of the pile (φ and L) which give the liftings
sufficient. In the table below we summarize for different diameters and embedments
load-bearing capacities for different load combinations:
Q (ELECTED
Q (ELS Q (ELS almost-
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
The table above shows that for the pile of diameter φ = 1m and embedded at D = 25m satisfies the
conditions imposed by pile head efforts.
A small check will be carried out to conclude that the dimensions will be adopted. It’s actually
to take into account the negative friction that was overlooked in the first place.
i. Definitions
Negative friction occurs when the ground crossed by the pile is the site of a settlement
or when a layer of soil rests on the pile and loads it. This happens in three cases
main:
• when a groundwater table is lowered,
• due to the overload of highly compressible layers by embankments,
• during soil consolidation.
The charge thus added can be large. The ground sinks relative to the stake and not the reverse
as is the case under current conditions of pile stresses. If there is displacement, it
friction then occurs on soil-pile contact (see figure below). So it develops a
lateral friction directed downwards which causes a compressive force in the pile. The
vertical displacements of the soil (settlements) are maximum at the top and decrease with
depth (Settlement T-T '> A-A'). Then comes a point where the soil compaction is
less than or equal to the driving of the pile under the effect of the load it supports . The point at
this depth is called neutral point N (figure below).
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
Figure 3: Phenomenon illustrating negative friction
Determining the intensity of negative friction is extremely difficult, even for a pile
isolated . For their evaluation, there are certain basic principles to follow:
• Except in special cases (liquefaction of soils), negative friction is a slow phenomenon,
• if the pile crosses an embankment overloading the ground, negative friction is exerted on all
'
•σv (z) being the effective vertical stress at any depth z and close
immediately from the stake,
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
• δ the soil / pile friction angle which depends on the type of pile and the nature of the soil.
'
According to the simplest hypothesis, we will admit that the vertical stress σ v (z) corresponds to
weight of land and overload at the depth considered. The total negative friction Fn on the
stake is then obtained by integrating the previous formula of fn from the top of the stake
to the depth of the neutral point. This method generally leads to an overestimation of the
negative friction because the catching effect is not taken into account. The estimate of
negative friction thus obtained therefore corresponds to a maximum value.
Fn = ∫
(h: possible height of the embankment, H: height of the compressible layer above the neutral point
NOT).
At a distance ρ from the pile axis (see figure below ) , the hooking effect is no longer felt
'
and the vertical stress at the depth z designated by σ 1 (z) corresponds to the weight of land and
overloads. At a distance r between the radius of the pile R and ρ, the hooking effect reduces the
'
value of the vertical stress; let σ v (z, r) this constraint. At the distance R corresponding to the barrel
'
of the pile, the reduced stress is always designated by σ v ( z ) . This mechanism has been studied by O.
Combarieu, considering a circular pile of radius R, the balance of forces requires that:
F n (z) + 2π∫
'
The value of σ v (z, r) is given by:
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
Figure 4: Hanging effect
'
The calculation therefore consists in determining the value of
(z).σ Itv is done by cutting the ground into slices
'
horizontal and performing the calculation successively for each section from top to bottom. Let σ v
(z i ) the vertical stress in contact with the barrel of the pile at the top of the section i of thickness Δz i ; the
'
value of σ v (z i + 1 ) is given by the following formulas:
µ (λ) =
' '
If µ (λ) = 0 σ v (z i + 1 ) = σ v(z i ) + Δz i .
v. Calculation of Fn
To have a value as precise as possible, the calculation of the negative friction will be done by taking
account of the hanging phenomenon. To do this, we cut the layer in 1m slices
' '
to evaluate the values of σ v (z i ). The “stop function” will correspond to: i such that σ v (z i )>
'
σ v0 (Z).
For loose and loamy sands, the value of K.tanδ is taken at 0.45, it is 0.5 for sand
moderately compact . This data from K.tanδ leads us to a zero value of λ (λ = 0 for
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
sand moderately
2.47
5 compact 0.5 12.35 2.47 1 12.35
sand moderately
2.47
6 compact 0.5 14.82 2.47 1 14.82
sand moderately
2.47
7 compact 0.5 17.29 2.47 1 17.29
sand moderately
2.47
8 compact 0.5 19.76 2.47 1 19.76
sand moderately
2.47
9 compact 0.5 22,23 0.97 1 20.73
' '
Note that at depth z = 9m, the value of σ v (z i ) = 20.73 <22.23 = σ 1 (z). So the
neutral point is 9m deep after which there is no longer any negative friction effect or
the less its effects will be very negligible compared to the bearing capacity of the pile.
) =
168.3T
Fn = Gsf = 168.3Tons
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
Verification of combinations of actions
• fundamental ELU: Q =
• Rare ELS: Q =
• quasi-permanent ELS: Q = =
permed
We can see that taking into account the negative friction, the pile of diameter 1m embedded at 25m does not
not meet the above conditions. We will therefore increase the installation by 3m and
check if the conditions are checked.
For a pile of φ = 1m and of embedding D = 28m the calculations (see Annex1) give us
All conditions are checked taking into account the effects of negative friction.
In conclusion we adopt a circular section pile with a diameter B = 1000mm and which will be
recessed at D = 28m
CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
It now remains to check if the pile settlements are admissible then we will study the
behavior of the pile groups on which the structure will be based.
The settlement of an isolated pile under the usual loads (almost permanent combinations, or even
rare) is generally weak and does not constitute a determining parameter for most
civil engineering structures.
Interpretation of the results of all full-scale loading tests carried out
by the Laboratoires des Ponts et Chaussées shows that the settlement at the top of the piles only exceeds
very rarely the centimeter, under a reference load equal to 0.7 Qc and this, for a range of
piles whose plug length varies from 6 to 45 m and whose diameter B is between 0.30 and
1.50 m. These results make it possible to propose the following simple rules for estimating, in the cases
currents, settlement under the reference load 0.7 Qc
For bored piles: Sref = 0.006 B (with extreme values of 0.003 and 0.010 B );
We have : ⇒
on a homogeneous soil with a pressuremeter module E M estimates the settlement of an isolated pile at:
S1= ;
With
B pile diameter (= 100cm)
E b is the modulus of elasticity of the concrete: E b = 14000MPa = 140,000 bars
λ = 4.5xE M (in bars): λ = 4.5x468 = 2106bars;
S1= ;
M. Moumouni IBRAHIM MOUMOUNI M2GC / POA Promotion [2012/2013] Page 34
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
The behavior of an isolated pile serves as a reference for studies of pile groups. Indeed
behavior of groups of piles subject to the actions of the structure. In a group, the stake has a
different behavior than when isolated. The bearing force under axial stresses, the
compaction, lateral reactions, lateral thrusts of the soil and negative friction are all
parameters to be recalculated when the pile is in a group. Two different causes are at the origin
of these group effects:
• the installation of a set of piles creates a reorganization of the soil which is different from
the one produced by the installation of an isolated stake. The reaction of the soil, under and around
stake, is changed;
• the load applied to a pile has an influence, in terms of forces and displacements, on
Piles are, in practice, almost always beaten or drilled in groups. It is therefore appropriate
to study the influence of this neighborhood on the bearing capacity of each pile in the group and the settlement
from the whole. When the piles are close together, it is not enough to check the resistance of a pile
considered isolated. Indeed, it happens that the overall limit load Q g of the group of n piles is
lower than the sum of the limit loads of piles in group Q l, considered to be isolated . As soon as
the center distance of two piles is less than one tenth of their length, the bearing capacity of each
pile is decreased. This reduction in capacity depends on the size of each pile, the
form of the grouping as well as the nature of the land. This loss of resistance can be assessed at
using several methods.
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
The efficiency coefficient C e is a correction coefficient which applies to the load-bearing capacity of the pile
isolated and used to assess the load-bearing capacity of one of the piles in the group. It is defined as follows:
Ce=Σ
This coefficient is however given by several formulas including that of Converse Labarre which
stipulate that :
()
C e = 1- ( )
For the values of n and m, depending on whether the piles will support double or single piles we
will have two possible configurations:
• For piles under abutments and under rows of double flanges, twelve piles are provided
according to configuration 1 below (see figure below). In this case we have am = 6 and n = 2
(See Annex 4 for the determination of the number of rows and columns)
Figure 5: Pile group under double piles (configuration 1)
For configuration 2, in the case of piles under a single pile of piles, the configuration is provided
below which was justified in Annex 4, where m = 6 and n = 1 .
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
• Configuration 1: C e = 1- () =
= () = 0.727
C e = 72.7%
• Configuration 2 : C e = 1- ()
= 1- () = 1 - 0.17 = 0.83
C e = 83%
Note: These values are average values. Indeed the "Feld rule" for example says
that the bearing capacity of an isolated pile is reduced as many times (1/16) of its value as it has
pious neighbors. So in configuration 2 for example, The pile ends work at 1-1 / 16 that is
say 93.75% while those in the middle work at 1-2 / 16 or 87.5%. However we will consider
the 83% value of Converse which is safer.
We can deduce from C e the bearing capacity of the pile group. As a reminder, we have: C e
=Σ . Thus according to the loading cases we have:
• fundamental ELU: (1) Q g = 3801.6 Tons
(2) Q g = 0.83x440x6 = 2191.2 Tons
• Rare ELS: (1) Q g = 2,911.68 Tons
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
The settlement of a pile group can be determined by the "classical method". This method
is based on the assumption of an elastic behavior of the ground and on the fact that the connection sole does not
Kp=
Ks =
K = K p / K s = 20.6
• The B / S ratio between the diameter and the spacing of the piles
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
+ 0.05) = 26.6mm
S g = 54.11mm
(2) Configuration 2:
S g = s isolated (1 + ∑ ) = 13.4mm (1 + 0.42 + 0.12 + 0.1 + 0.07 + 0.05) = 17.6mm
S g = 23.58mm
These settlements are admissible for the loads considered.
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
The bored piles intended for the foundations of engineering structures are generally armed over their entire
height. The reinforcement must therefore be prefabricated in the factory or on the site and then lowered
in drilling. All the reinforcements constituting the reinforcement thus prefabricated bear the name of
frame cage.
In the running part, the pile reinforcement cage consists of longitudinal bars, arranged
along the generatrices of a cylinder, around which are wound and rigidly fixed
transverse reinforcement (hoops or helices, also called turns).
1. Longitudinal reinforcement
The role of longitudinal reinforcement is to resist, in each section of the pile, the moments
calculated or parasitic bending. Their diameter, which must be at least 12 mm (leaflet 68,
article 36.1), can reach 32 mm and quite exceptionally 40 mm. The lengths
current commercial supply are 12 and 14 m. The reinforcement cages of the piles of
great length (more than 15 m) must therefore be broken down into elementary sections which
are assembled on site when the reinforcement is lowered into the borehole. The frames
longitudinal are usually distributed uniformly around the periphery of the pile. Their number
must be at least equal to 6. The reinforcement section must be at least equal to 0.5% of the section
pile concrete (section 36.1 of booklet 68, title one). The minimum reinforcement corresponds to
a quantity of longitudinal reinforcement varying between 39 and 46 kg per cubic meter of concrete. The
reinforcement distribution density may vary over the periphery of the pile in the event that the forces
principals have a preferential direction, but in general, we prefer to avoid such a provision
not very compatible with the conditions of implementation (cladding, positioning in the borehole).
In the table below, we have shown the minimum reinforcement to be placed in a pile in
according to the diameter thereof and taking into account the prescriptions recalled above.
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
2. Transversal reinforcement
From the point of view of reinforced concrete, transverse reinforcements play three roles. Their main role is
to maintain the longitudinal reinforcement by opposing the buckling thereof. Their second
role is to resist the shearing effort. Their third role is to oppose the opening of cracks
longitudinal which could appear in concrete; they improve the resistance of concrete by
compared to that of the same unreinforced concrete, regardless of the effect of the longitudinal reinforcement.
In fact, the transverse reinforcements constitute a compression seam whose possible action
increases security. From the point of view of execution, the transverse reinforcement plays, in
association with other reinforcements (mounting template hoops for example) a role of
stiffening of the cage during handling, and maintaining the longitudinal reinforcement during
lowering the cage in the borehole and during concreting.
The recommended quantity of transverse reinforcement is at least 20 kg per cubic meter of concrete. The
fittings 12 14 16 20 25 32
longitudinal
φ (mm)
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
The transverse reinforcements are in the form of hoops or turns wound around the reinforcements
longitudinal. The diameter of these turns is taken equal:
• to the nominal diameter of the finished pile, reduced by 10 cm (2 x 5 cm of coating) in the case
In addition to the longitudinal and transverse reinforcement, there are other types of reinforcement and devices
which have important roles in the proper implementation of the piles.
• Assembly holes : their role is to facilitate the prefabrication of the cage, respect the
finished diameter of the latter and distribute the longitudinal reinforcement properly, these
hoops must be rigid for this their diameter is important for example for our piles
(φ = 1000mm) we recommend diameters of φ = 20 mm or 25 mm. Their spacing varies
centering of it, we use shims, of circular shape, which can be made of cement or
made of plastic.
• Basket : At the bottom of the cage, it was usual to turn the frames over
prevents the dip tube from touching the bottom of the borehole. It now seems preferable to
admit only a slight curvature of the reinforcement towards the inside of the cage.
• Lifting frames : these frames have the role of facilitating the lifting of the cage
of reinforcements to put it possibly in the borehole. It is often necessary to
reinforce the reinforcement at the level where these reinforcements will be placed.
A reinforcement diagram showing the different components of the reinforcement cage has been
presented in appendix (APPENDIX 7).
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
1 meter
The implementation of the piles requires a quantity of materials (concrete, steel, etc.) and a number of
materials well determined. The purpose of this step will be to give the quantity of materials needed
for the execution of all piles. We also present the materials used for the works of
In the table below the different materials will be listed with their different
quantities:
Sand (granulate
3 way) T 1017.36
HA25 T 89.882784
HA16 T 32.6685766
HA12 T 50.2800696
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
Table 22: Hardware table
4 Bétonnier U 2
5 Dump truck U 1
6 Crane 25T U 1
7 Compressor U 1
8 Excavator 250 U 1
9 Charger 3m3 U 1
10 Total station U 2
11 Electric welder U 3
12 Generator U 1 200KW
13 Level U 1
2. Planning
The implementation schedule presents the tasks to be carried out and the duration of each task. The execution
piles goes through the following stages:
After implantation and staking of the pile locations according to the approved plans and brought
drilling equipment, it should be noted that of all the operations which preside over the execution of a
stake by excavating the ground, drilling, because it is the first and because it is the one whose
conditions depend on the largest number of often imprecise parameters, must be the subject of a
special attention. In the case of this structure, these are piles drilled with mud using
of a drill bit. Drilled in mud because this method allows to reach great depth, adaptable to
all types of site, and the stability of the drilling walls is ensured by mud; however this
stability can also be ensured by the cohesion of the soil. The drill bit used is a jaw
metal which destroys the soil by its weight. It is dropped in free fall in the drilling and
then reassembled by a cable. It is generally used to destroy rocky passages in the ground.
CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
It should be noted that a sludge recycling system is observed during this step in order to reuse
this heavy water from which the mud was extracted. After drilling, the cage is lowered
reinforcement and concreting using a dip tube. The cleaning of the bottom of the drilling consists finally in
correctly dispose of all the spoil located not only at the bottom, but also in
suspension in the drilling fluid so that it can be concreted under satisfactory conditions
and above all to obtain good concrete-soil contact, especially at the peak. This cleaning also allows
regularize the shape of the bottom of the borehole and extract the reworked soils by tools of the auger type
particular. Finally, the cleaning up after installation of the reinforcements and sheaths allows
to remove collapsed or sedimented materials during the time necessary for the installation of
this equipment, delays which, for long piles, can be very significant. Density to reach:
≤ 1.1
After drilling, the reinforcement cage is lowered and concreting using a dip tube.
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
Conclusion
The study of the choice and sizing of foundations is a very important job in the context of
the implementation of the works. At the end of this modest work, we were able to browse the different types
of geotechnical soundings necessary to predict the behavior of the soil in the process of
choice of foundations. Core drilling shows formation of silty sand up to a
depth of 15m. Beneath these layers are shale formations to a depth
foundations the one that was most technically stable and which also offered competitiveness
interesting financial. This choice, which first turned to superficial foundations, was
found modified because these did not exhibit stability with respect to settlement especially
differentials. Indeed to base on shooting soles consists of foundations of 17m of
length for a width varying between 5 and 6.5m. These dimensions have led us to
differential settlements of more than 5 cm in some cases, which was not admissible. The choice
reinforcement plan based on the specific rigor provisions. Of these reinforcement plans we
proposed a quantity and a provisional schedule for implementing the piles.
The importance of the foundation study is indisputable because on this study will depend the stability of
structure and at the same time its sustainability. The objective set was thus achieved after the determination and
The study of foundations, although very important, remains however a phase of the study
complex imposed by reinforced concrete slab bridges.
M. Moumouni IBRAHIM MOUMOUNI M2GC / POA Promotion [2012/2013] Page 46
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
Bibliography
[1] GUEYE I., 2012: course on deep foundations , International Institute for Water and
the environment 2IE, (37 pages)
[2] GUEYE I. 2012: course of Superficial Foundations international institute of water and
the environment 2IE, (70 pages)
[3] FRANK R. year Deep foundations Assistant Professor of Soil Mechanics at the School
National of Bridges and Roads (46 pages)
[4] SETRA (1993), Fascicle N ° 62 - Title V, Technical rules for the design and calculation of
foundations of civil engineering works, (189 pages)
[5] MONTCHO DGS PFE year : “Deep Foundations Dimensioning and design
of a calculation program ” (90 pages)
[7] DIRECTION OF ROADS AND ROAD TRAFFIC, 1978, Les pieux forés,
code of practice , DIRECTION OF ROADS AND ROAD TRAFFIC
(194 pages)
M. Moumouni IBRAHIM MOUMOUNI M2GC / POA Promotion [2012/2013] Page 47
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
NOTES
ANNEX 1 ……………………………………………………………………………………… 47
APPENDIX 3 ……………………………………………………………………………………… 57
APPENDIX 4 ……………………………………………………………………………………… 73
ANNEX 5 ……………………………………………………………………………………… 74
APPENDIX 6 ……………………………………………………………………………………… 76
M. Moumouni IBRAHIM MOUMOUNI M2GC / POA Promotion [2012/2013] Page 48
Page 59
CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
1 15.1 1.51
2 4.7 0.31
3 3.3 0.4
4 4.7 0.42
5 9.2 0.62
6 10.4 0.66
7 18.1 0.98
8 25.3 2.26
9 38.3 1.23
10 42.1 1.32
11 54.7 1.13
12 38.4 1.26
13 16.2 1.31
14 123.7 4.82
15 32.8 2.58
16 38.9 3.05
17 51.6 2.92
18 42.9 3.44
19 26.7 3.09
20 90.8 3.88
21 44.8 3.36
22 60.7 2.91
23 119.2 2.84
24 64.8 3.48
25 51 3.28
26 75.5 3.28
27 35.7 3.49
28 46.8 3.53
Page 60
CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
29 59.7 3.4
30 56.2 5.37
31 222.4 4.77
32 94 5.85
33 156.1 4.79
34 171.6 4.78
35 179.9 4.77
36 219.4 4.76
37 166.9 5.07
38 179.8 5.06
39 178.8 4.78
40 184.5 5.06
41 155 4.75
42 154.8 5.02
43 185.4 5.01
PR1 test
z Em P*I
1 32 2.37
2 4.1 0.3
3 7.6 0.32
4 12.3 0.4
5 13.2 0.54
6 18 0.52
7 11.7 0.52
8 20.8 0.75
9 91.9 4
10 93.9 5.23
11 18.2 0.96
12 28 1.3
13,160.6 2.68
14 26.9 1.94
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
15,107.6 3.03
16 155 4.81
17 61.6 2.21
18 86.6 3.68
19 35.7 2.28
20 68.3 3.26
21,167.4 4.81
22,150.1 4.94
23,121.8 4.93
24 78 5.05
25 73.6 4.99
26 86.6 4.92
27 97.8 4.89
28,119.2 4.79
29 75.4 4.98
30 83.9 5.15
31,179.2 4.76
32,117.8 4.75
33 59.8 4.74
34 63.7 4.96
35,326.6 4.71
36,166.8 4.73
37,160.9 4.82
38,174.9 4.65
39,213.2 4.72
40 65.7 5.25
41,147.8 4.71
42,139.5 4.87
43 120.2 4.97
PR2 TEST
z Em P*I
Page 62
CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
1 5.5 0.49
2 2.6 0.39
3 2.8 0.47
4 5.1 0.67
5 6.7 0.83
6 8.9 0.86
7 14.5 1.02
8 14.7 1.05
9 28.6 1.2
10 42.4 1.44
11 27 0.77
12 19.3 0.92
13 13.9 0.89
14 8.5 1.17
15 40.8 2.3
16 88.1 4.76
17,104.4 5.02
18 65.2 5.05
19,248.2 4.72
20,165.1 4.77
21,210.8 4.73
22,129.2 4.74
23,245.8 4.75
24 97.4 4.73
25,196.1 4.74
26 92.3 5.12
27 91 5.18
28 95.1 4.74
29,174.1 4.76
30 106 5.2
31,204.3 4.74
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
32 120.7 5.36
33 135 4.76
34 96 4.65
35 104.3 4.56
36,114.2 4.68
37,216.1 4.68
38,160.2 4.67
39 112.4 4.88
40 99 5.45
41 87.6 4.77
42 80.1 4.75
43 102.8 4.68
PR3 TEST
z Em P*I
1 55.5 4.57
2 6.1 0.69
3 4.6 0.74
4 7 0.65
5 10.2 0.86
6 12.5 0.97
7 62.5 3.33
8 90.6 3.45
9 19.4 1.75
10 24.9 2.81
11 30.3 3.63
12 14.3 1.26
13 38.5 3.61
14 15.7 2.18
15 138.2 4.83
16 154.8 4.83
17 79.9 4.95
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
18 64.4 4.94
19 75.9 4.63
20 72.7 5.22
21 103.2 4.35
22 111.8 4.95
23 104.5 4.25
24 97.1 4.9
25 74.6 4.69
26 99.8 4.84
27 76.4 3.99
28 123.7 4.83
29 122.1 4.24
30 123.7 4.83
31 122.1 4.24
32 111 4.25
33 117.1 4.72
34 183.5 4.75
35 115.8 4.75
36 202.1 4.74
37 226 4.74
38 152 4.68
39 109.2 4.98
40 112.4 5.75
41 86 4.84
42 85.6 4.83
43 100.8 4.74
PR4 TEST
z Em P*I
1 22.1 1.32
2 6.9 0.6
3 12.3 0.32
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
4 14.4 0.52
5 8.8 0.71
6 15.9 0.82
7 27 1.02
8 25.3 1.43
9 16.9 1.56
10 13 2.16
11 14.4 1.02
12 7.7 0.81
13 9.6 0.52
14 85.9 2.53
15 33.1 3.86
16 88.7 3.82
17 26.7 4.56
18 38.1 4.1
19 46 4.34
20 136.6 4.85
21 124.3 4.84
22 95.2 4.82
23 99.9 4.83
24 106.9 4.83
25 83.4 4.82
26 77.2 4.82
27 75.4 5.09
28 124.3 4.82
29 124.3 4.81
30 106 5.01
31 108.8 4.82
32 152.9 4.8
33 105.5 5.02
34 108.3 4.81
CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
35 105.3 4.8
36 104.5 4.82
37 258.1 4.82
38 82.4 4.82
39 85.7 5.03
40 71.1 5.06
41 69.2 5.03
42 64.5 5.08
43 64.5 5.12
PR5 TEST
z Em P*I
1 32.5 2.54
2 7.8 0.61
3 8.4 0.59
4 9.1 0.84
5 15.78 1
6 15.1 1.31
7 21.6 1.56
8 17.9 1.59
9 25.8 1.59
10 44.5 1.82
11 29.4 1.77
12 34.3 1.3
13 29.7 1.24
14 23.3 1.06
15 32.8 1.27
16 19.8 0.98
17 14.6 1.17
18 48.7 2.21
19 30.2 2.66
20 261.6 3.85
M. Moumouni IBRAHIM MOUMOUNI M2GC / POA Promotion [2012/2013] Page 56
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
21 64.8 4.04
22 54.1 4.18
23 102.4 3.97
24 113.5 4.28
25 59.4 5.02
26 78.2 5.12
27 91.6 5.13
28 78.9 5.19
29 78.7 5.06
30 83.2 5.18
31 130.8 5.03
32 155 5.26
33 184.2 4.81
34 209.3 4.81
35 219.8 4.8
36 202.6 4.78
37 181 4.78
38 256.1 4.78
39 225 4.78
40 222.1 4.81
41 230 4.77
42 246.1 4.76
43 230.4 4.77
PR6 TEST
z Em P*I
1 150.2 4.84
2 13.2 0.7
3 8 0.71
4 8.8 0.73
5 15.4 1
6 26.9 1.15
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
7 27.2 1.45
8 25 1.14
9 17.5 1.57
10 30.2 1.8
11 154 4.81
12 267.6 4.8
13 220.1 4.79
14 251.5 4.77
15 148.5 4.77
16 103.2 4.76
17 45.5 3.96
18 211.6 4.76
19 179.6 4.99
20 155.2 4.84
21 159.2 4.23
22 224.5 4.72
23 222.7 4.73
24 214.1 4.74
25 196.6 4.74
26 114.8 4.73
27 114.8 4.73
28 227.6 4.71
29 226.9 4.72
30 210.7 4.72
31 220.3 4.71
32 242.9 4.71
33 191.2 4.72
34 239.2 4.73
35 197.1 4.77
36 182.4 7.72
37 185.4 5.13
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
38 208 4.74
39 193.1 4.79
40 205.7 4.7
41 178.4 4.88
42 172.6 4.91
43 181.5 5.06
PR7 TEST
M. Moumouni IBRAHIM MOUMOUNI M2GC / POA Promotion [2012/2013] Page 59
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
E 3.5 = ⇒
E 6.8 = ⇒
E 9.16 = ⇒
Finally
⇒ Ed = 21.50Mpa
And Ec = E1 = 11.125Mpa
q0 = represents the vertical pressure of the land calculated at the geometric center of the
sole.
*
Ple = the "equivalent net limit pressure"
3 2
q0 = γ xz = 2.7KN / m x 3m = 8.1 KN / m
If the ground is constituted under the foundation, to a depth of at least 1.5B of the same soil,
or soils of the same type and with comparable characteristics, then we establish a linear profile
schematic, representative of the slice of soil [D; D + 1.5B] of the form:
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
*
Pl (z) = az + b, The equivalent limit pressure is taken equal to:
* *
Ple = pl (z e ) with z e = D + 2 / 3B
*
So we have lots = 0.52 MPa (See Annex 2)
( ) ()
De = installation distance
From = 2.31m
( )( )
*
=
ql = 0.653Mpa = 65.3T / m²
q cal = ½ ql = 32.65 T / m²
So we have:
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
E 3.5 = ⇒ 53.68
E 6.8 = ⇒ 98.87
E 9.16 = ⇒ 90.77
Finally
⇒ Ed = 17.86Mpa
And Ec = E1 = 7.6Mpa
. So we have:
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
E 3.5 = ⇒
E 6.8 = ⇒
E 9.16 = ⇒
Finally
⇒ Ed = 10.15Mpa
And Ec = E1 = 4.1Mpa
q0 = represents the vertical pressure of the land calculated at the geometric center of the
sole.
*
Ple = the "equivalent net limit pressure"
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
3 2
q0 = γ xz = 2.7KN / m x 3m = 8.1 KN / m
If the ground is constituted under the foundation, to a depth of at least 1.5B of the same soil,
or soils of the same type and with comparable characteristics, then we establish a linear profile
schematic, representative of the slice of soil [D; D + 1.5B] of the form:
*
Pl (z) = az + b, The equivalent limit pressure is taken equal to:
* *
Ple = pl (z e ) with z e = D + 2 / 3B
*
So we have lots = 0.520 MPa (See Annex 2)
( ) ()
De = installation distance
From = 2.31m
( )( )
*
=
ql = 0.6894Mpa = 68.94T / m²
q cal = ½ ql = 34.47 T / m²
The peak load limit is the maximum load that can be mobilized at the base of the pile. In the case of a
*
AK p p le
• A: tip section, 2
= 3.14x0.4 = 0.5024m
2
• K p : lift factor.
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
For elements implemented without soil backflow (pile drilled with mud) in weathered rock
next way
*
P le ∫
With: { ⇒ a = 0.5m
b = min (a; h) where h is the height of the foundation element in the bearing layer.
h = 25m - 16m = 9m
*
P le ∫ ∫ Σ
*
P le = 0.5 (3.28 + 3.28) = 3.28MPa
Q p = 181.27 Tons
The total limit force that can be mobilized by lateral friction over the entire height h concerned of the barrel of the
Qs=P∫
• h: height over which the lateral friction is exerted minus the height over which
negative friction is exerted (9≤h≤25)
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
• q s limit unit lateral friction. The determination of q s depends on the nature of the soil, the
*
pile type and net limit pressure p l . The pile type being of type drilled with mud on
will use the curve Q 1 for loose sand, Q 2 for medium compact sand and the
shale (weathered rock). The graphs below give us the unit lateral friction
limit according to the curve used.
In addition, the fascicle 62 title 5 gives us the analytical expressions making it possible to determine
*
the values of q s as a function of p l . Thus we have for the curves Q 1 and Q 2 :
• q s = q sn ( )
• q s = q sn
*
So we have the following values of q s as a function of p l :
Curve
z (m) P * L (MPa) Type of soil Pn (MPa) qsn (Mpa) qs (MPa)
used
sand moderately
sand moderately
10 1.32 compact Q2 2 0.08 0.07
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
compact
sand moderately
sand moderately
Qs =∫ ∫ Σ
Q s = 326 Tons
vs. Calculation of bearing capacity
The calculation of q s and q p being made, it remains only to combine them to obtain the bearing capacity
depending on the combination case.
• fundamental ELU: Q =
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
• Rare ELS: Q =
• quasi-permanent ELS: Q = =
We now compare the load-bearing capacities with the pile head forces:
The peak load limit is the maximum load that can be mobilized at the base of the pile. In the case of a
Menard pressuremeter test, this load is given by:
*
AK p p le
• A: tip section, 2
= 3.14x0.5 = 0.785m
2
• K p : lift factor.
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
For elements implemented without soil backflow (pile drilled with mud) in weathered rock
we have: 1.1 ≤ Kp ≤ 1.8. Take Kp = 1.1
• P le * : It is an average pressure around the base of the pile. It is determined by the
next way
*
P le ∫
With: { ⇒ a = 0.5m
b = min (a; h) where h is the height of the foundation element in the bearing layer.
h = 25m - 16m = 9m
*
P le ∫ ∫ Σ
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
*
P le = 0.5 (2.28 + 3.26) = 2.77MPa
Q p = 239.2 Tons
The total limit force that can be mobilized by lateral friction over the entire height h concerned of the barrel of the
Qs=P∫
• h: height over which the lateral friction is exerted minus the height over which
negative friction is exerted (9≤h≤19)
• q s limit unit lateral friction. The determination of q s depends on the nature of the soil, the
*
pile type and net limit pressure p l . The pile type being of type drilled with mud on
will use the curve Q 1 for loose sand, Q 2 for medium compact sand and the
shale (weathered rock). The graphs below give us the unit lateral friction
limit according to the curve used.
Page 84
CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
In addition, the fascicle 62 title 5 gives us the analytical expressions making it possible to determine
*
the values of q s as a function of p l . Thus we have for the curves Q 1 and Q 2 :
• q s = q sn ( )
• q s = q sn
*
So we have the following values of q s as a function of p l :
Curve
z (m) P * L (MPa) Type of soil Pn (MPa) qsn (MPa) qs (MPa)
used
sand moderately
9 1.23 compact Q2 2 0.08 0.07
sand moderately
sand moderately
11 1.13 compact Q2 2 0.08 0.06
sand moderately
sand moderately
Qs =∫ ∫ Σ
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
Q s = 257.48 Tons
The calculation of q s and q p being made, it remains only to combine them to obtain the bearing capacity
depending on the combination case.
• fundamental ELU: Q =
• Rare ELS: Q =
• quasi-permanent ELS: Q = =
We now compare the load-bearing capacities with the pile head forces:
The peak load limit is the maximum load that can be mobilized at the base of the pile. In the case of a
Page 86
CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
*
AK p p le
• A: tip section, 2
= 3.14x0.5 = 0.785m
2
• K p : lift factor.
It is a coefficient which is given by the following table:
For elements implemented without soil backflow (pile drilled with mud) in weathered rock
next way
*
P le ∫
With: { ⇒ a = 0.5m
b = min (a; h) where h is the height of the foundation element in the bearing layer.
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
h = 25m - 16m = 9m
b = min (a; h) = (0.5; 9) = 0.5m
*
P le ∫ ∫ Σ
*
P le = 0.5 (3.28 + 3.28) = 3.28MPa
Q p = 283.23 Tons
The total limit force that can be mobilized by lateral friction over the entire height h concerned of the barrel of the
Qs=P∫
• h: height over which the lateral friction is exerted minus the height over which
negative friction is exerted (9≤h≤25)
• q s limit unit lateral friction. The determination of q s depends on the nature of the soil, the
*
pile type and net limit pressure p l . The pile type being of type drilled with mud on
will use the curve Q 1 for loose sand, Q 2 for medium compact sand and the
shale (weathered rock). The graphs below give us the unit lateral friction
Page 88
CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
In addition, the fascicle 62 title 5 gives us the analytical expressions making it possible to determine
*
the values of q s as a function of p l . Thus we have for the curves Q 1 and Q 2 :
• q s = q sn ( )
• q s = q sn
*
So we have the following values of q s as a function of p l :
Curve
z (m) P * L (MPa) Type of soil Pn (MPa) qsn (Mpa) qs (MPa)
used
sand moderately
sand moderately
sand moderately
sand moderately
sand moderately
CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
Qs =∫ ∫ Σ
Q s = 408.2Tons
The calculation of q s and q p being made, it remains only to combine them to obtain the bearing capacity
depending on the combination case.
• fundamental ELU: Q =
• Rare ELS: Q =
• quasi-permanent ELS: Q = =
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
We now compare the load-bearing capacities with the pile head forces:
The peak load limit is the maximum load that can be mobilized at the base of the pile. In the case of a
Menard pressuremeter test, this load is given by:
*
AK p p le
• A: tip section, 2
= 3.14x0.5 = 0.785m
2
• K p : lift factor.
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
For elements implemented without soil backflow (pile drilled with mud) in weathered rock
next way
*
P le ∫
With: { ⇒ a = 0.5m
b = min (a; h) where h is the height of the foundation element in the bearing layer.
h = 25m - 16m = 9m
*
P le ∫ ∫ Σ
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
*
P le = 0.5 (3.53 + 3.4) = 3.465MPa
Q p = 299.2 Tons
The total limit force that can be mobilized by lateral friction over the entire height h concerned of the barrel of the
Qs=P∫
• q s limit unit lateral friction. The determination of q s depends on the nature of the soil, the
*
pile type and net limit pressure p l . The pile type being of type drilled with mud on
will use the curve Q 1 for loose sand, Q 2 for medium compact sand and the
shale (weathered rock). The graphs below give us the unit lateral friction
limit according to the curve used.
M. Moumouni IBRAHIM MOUMOUNI M2GC / POA Promotion [2012/2013] Page 82
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
In addition, the fascicle 62 title 5 gives us the analytical expressions making it possible to determine
*
the values of q s as a function of p l . Thus we have for the curves Q 1 and Q 2 :
• q s = q sn ( )
• q s = q sn
*
So we have the following values of q s as a function of p l :
Curve
z (m) P * L (MPa) Type of soil Pn (MPa) qsn (Mpa) qs (MPa)
used
sand moderately
sand moderately
sand moderately
sand moderately
12 1.26 compact Q2 2 0.08 0.07
sand moderately
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
Qs=∫ ∫ Σ
Q s = 483.56Tons
The calculation of q s and q p being made, it remains only to combine them to obtain the bearing capacity
depending on the combination case.
• fundamental ELU: Q =
• Rare ELS: Q =
• quasi-permanent ELS: Q = =
We now compare the load-bearing capacities with the pile head forces:
Page 95
CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
M. Moumouni IBRAHIM MOUMOUNI M2GC / POA Promotion [2012/2013] Page 85
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
will be used to determine the number of piles to put under the rows of piles or under the abutments. The
table below summarizes the total loads to be taken up by the pile group.
ELS almost
Fundamental ELU (T) rare ELS (T) permanent (T)
The number of piles is obtained by a formula of the efficiency coefficient. This coefficient is given
group than if it were isolated. Therefore we have Ce = 1 and therefore . As a reminder, in mode
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
n ≥ 4.52 we will take n = 6. Or 6 piles under the line of single piles. The verification will be done in
calculating the efficiency coefficient and ensuring that it does not exceed "1" which would be non
meaning.
It remains to determine the spacing between the piles. The pile queue is 17m long.
The spacing S = (17m - 6m) / 4 = 2.2m we will take S = 3m.
In summary under the line of single piles we will have 6 piles spaced 3m apart
The number of piles under double piles and abutments will be determined at the same time by considering the
charges on double batteries. This is because these two charges Qg are close.
n ≥ 11.17 we will take n = 12. Or 12 piles under the line of double piles and abutments. The cheking process
will be done by calculating the efficiency coefficient and ensuring that it does not exceed “1” which
would be nonsense.
There are 12 piles, so consider two rows of piles with the same configurations as in
In summary under the line of double piles and under the abutments there will be 12 piles in two rages
spaced 3m apart and the piles in each row will be spaced 3m apart.
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
1. Organization on site
Pile layout plans, pile formwork plans and pile reinforcement plans, studies
of geotechnical reconnaissance, good practice, execution tables and reception tables.
3. Engineers must be organized to familiarize themselves with the execution plans, situations
geotechnical and plans must be reviewed and confirmed. Engineers must
learn about hydro geographic situations, standards, design ideas as well as
the various control panels.
4. Water, electricity and circulation for vehicles, diversions and traffic maintenance
for transporting vehicles to the work site are critical points
for the normal course of work
5. The materials must be subject to acceptance tests
6. The axes of the piles, dimensions must be confirmed and accepted to pass them on the
start of work visa procedure
7. Implementation of the necessary safety and health measures
8. Establish internal regulations to which employees must refer
Method of execution
implantation
of stakes
Implantation of
lost sheath
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
DRILLING AT
Measure of
depth
• The project director chairs the organization and coordinates the safety and health team.
• Traffic signs
CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
• The materials must be put in order and the abandoned materials must be
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
Concrete dosed with 400kg of CP I 42.5HRS cement. it is reserved exclusively for piles
Steel
Nominal diameter (in mm) 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20, 25.32
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
• Sealing coefficient:
coatings
Others: a = 0.03m
Cracking conditions
Harmful cracking
Cracking is considered detrimental for all elements of the works other than the piles
drilled
The tensile stress of the reinforcements is: σa = Min (2 / 3fe, Max (1 / 2fe, 110 (ηftj) 1/2))
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey
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CHOICE AND SIZING OF FOUNDATIONS: Case of the Mali Béro interchange of Niamey