FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY APPLIED

DESIGN AND FINE ART.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING.

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT FOR THE TRAINING CONDUCTED WITH

MULTIPLEX - DITACO JOINT VENTURE.
REHABILITATION OF ROADS IN MBARARA CITY COUNCIL UNDER CLUSTER6:
MAJOR VICTOR BWANA ROAD(0.95KM), GALT ROAD(0.68KM), AND STANLY
ROAD(0.78KM) UNDER USMID-AF INFRASTRUCTURE PROGRAM
By

AINEMBABAZI JOAN
2021/A/KCE/1808/F

INDUSTRIAL SUPERVISIOR ACADEMIC SUPERVISOR

MRS. NASSANGA LEILA MR. TURYAMUREEBA ESAU
Signature…………….................... Signature………………………...

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for Completion of First Year of Bachelors of

Civil Engineering at Kabale University

PERIOD
July - August,2022

1
 DECLARATION

I AINEMBABAZI JOAN hereby declare that this work has never been submitted and therefore
affirm that it’s my original work based on my knowledge and practical experience attained during
industrial training under supervision on a project of Rehabilitation of Roads in Mbarara City
Council Under Cluster 6: Major Victor Bwana Road(0.95km), Galt Road(0.63km), And
Stanly Road(0.78km) with Multiplex - Ditaco JV.

Name: AINEMBABAZI JOAN Registration Number: 2021/A/KCE/1808/F

Signature………………………………… Date…………………………………

i
 APPROVAL

This to certify that AINEMBABAZI JOAN a student of KABALE UNIVERSITY pursuing a

Bachelors in Civil Engineering conducted her Industrial training with Multiplex - Ditaco JV on
Rehabilitation of roads in Mbarara City Council under cluster 6: Major Victor Bwana
Road(0.95km), Galt Road (0.63km) and Stanly Road (0.78km) under USMID – AF Infrastructure
program. This industrial training report has been approved by;

FIELD SUPERVISOR

MRS. NASSANGA LEILA

ASSISTANT MATERIALS ENGINEER

Signature…………………………………

Date………………………………………

ACADEMIC SUPERVISOR
MR. TURYAMUREEBA ESAU
Signature…………………………………
Date………………………………………

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With all the due respect, sincerity, and gratitude, am very thankful to the management of Multiplex
Ditaco Joint Venture for accepting and considering my application and offered me a place for
internship.
I would like to thank the almighty God above everyone else for the good health and protection that
he has continuously granted us right from the start up to now.
With pleasure, am really in debt to thank the following people for their tireless commitment,
courage, guidance and teaching that they offered to me during the whole period of training; A word
of appreciation goes to the Assistant Materials Engineer Nassanga Leila, the Lab technicians;
Mucurezi Emma, Bukenya John, Kagame Dickson and many others. Finally, I would like to thank
my fellow trainees; Precious, Patrick, and Promise who I continuously worked with during my
training and learning process on this construction process. I am grateful to my lecturer
Mrs.Pheonah for the and professional advice. To my parents, thank you for being supportive
towards my studies and the development of my future career.
MAY GOD BLESS YOU ALL.

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 ABSTRACT

This report covers the content of skills, knowledge and experience acquired during my industrial
training with Multiplex - Ditaco Joint Venture which took place from 4th July 2022 to 12th August
2022 on the project of Rehabilitation of roads in Mbarara City Council under cluster 6: Major
Bwana road(0.95km), Galt road(0.63km) and Stanly road(0.78km).
The report contains different topics as enumerated below:
Chapter one: covers Introduction like the overview of industrial training, objectives of industrial
training, and description of the project.
Chapter two: covers the practical activities carried out. This includes tests done on soils, gravels
like Maximum Dry Density, California Bearing Ratio, Grading, and Plasticity Index, tests done on
aggregates like slump test and compressive test of concrete and other tests in the field like Field
Density test, and surveying where a dumpy level, and a total station were used.
Chapter three: covers the Challenges faced during training, Conclusion and Recommendations.

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

USMID Uganda Support to Municipal Infrastructure

Development program
PPE Personal Protective Equipment

BM Bench Mark

BS Back Sight

FS Fore Sight

IS Inter Sight

LHS Left Hand Side

RHS Right Hand Side

BS British Standards

CBR California Bearing Ratio

G Gram

Kg Kilo gram

MDD Maximum Dry Density

OMC Optimum Moisture Content

PI Plasticity Index
FDT Field Density Test

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents
DECLARATION.......................................................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL ................................................................................................................................................ ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................................... iii
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................ iv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................... v
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................. vii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Overview of Industrial Training.......................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Objectives of Industrial Training ........................................................................................................ 1
1.3 Project Background and Description. ................................................................................................. 1
1.4 Health and Safety at the Site ................................................................................................................ 3
CHAPTER TWO: PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT. ....................................................... 7
2.1 Tests on soils and gravels ..................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.1 Grading ........................................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.2 Atterberg Limits........................................................................................................................... 10
2.1.3 Compaction tests .......................................................................................................................... 14
2.1.4 California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test (Three Point Method) ................................................... 16
2.1.5 Determination of Field Density using Sand Replacement Method .......................................... 19
2.2 Tests on concrete and aggregates. ..................................................................................................... 21
2.2.1 Slump test ..................................................................................................................................... 21
2.2.2 Compressive strength of concrete ............................................................................................... 23
2.3 SURVEYING....................................................................................................................................... 26
2.3.1 Levelling ........................................................................................................................................ 26
2.3.2 Determination of culvert locations ............................................................................................. 29
CHAPTER THREE: CHALLENGES, RECCOMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION .................. 30
3.1 Challenges ............................................................................................................................................ 30
3.2 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................... 30
3.3 Recommendations ............................................................................................................................... 30
APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................................... 32
REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 37

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 showing the organization chart .................................................................................... 2

Figure 2 showing dry sieving and wet sieving ............................................................................ 9
Figure 3 showing Atterberg limits test ...................................................................................... 11
Figure 4 showing sample for Linear Shrinkage test ................................................................ 13
Figure 5 showing MDD Equipment and moulding .................................................................. 15
Figure 6 showing penetration and soaking of CBR samples .................................................. 18
Figure 7 showing FDT test ......................................................................................................... 20
Figure 8 showing slump test ....................................................................................................... 22
Figure 9 showing moulding and curing of concrete cubes ...................................................... 25
Figure 10 showing taking of levels ............................................................................................. 29
Figure 11 showing project sign post and designed reduced levels on Major Victor Bwana
road............................................................................................................................................... 32
Figure 12 showing processing of fill layers section and sampling .......................................... 32
Figure 13 showing test results of grading ................................................................................. 33
Figure 14 showing test results of Atterberg limits test ............................................................ 34
Figure 15 showing test results of MDD ..................................................................................... 35
Figure 16 showing test results of CBR ...................................................................................... 36

vii
 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview of Industrial Training.

Industrial training program provides pre-professional work experience with specific assignments
and responsibilities. It should be relevant to a student’s personal career interests and academic
courses of study, serving as a bridge between University and the world of work.
A good industrial training helps us students make informed decisions and improve our market
upon completion of the course.
This industrial training provided me with the exposure to practical knowledge of construction of
a flexible road pavement and gave me an opportunity to have an idea on how to manage such kind
of projects.
This report presents civil works (Road) carried out with Multiplex Ditaco Joint Venture on a
project of Rehabilitation of roads in Mbarara City Council under cluster 6: Major Bwana
road(0.95km), Galt road(0.63km), and Stanly road(0.78km)

1.2 Objectives of Industrial Training

To produce practically oriented graduates that meet the required job related competence of their
future employer.
To apply the academic knowledge in managing industrial challenges
To develop an understanding of work, employment demand, responsibilities and opportunities.
To build the students confidence as the career course is being persuade.
To build effective interaction and communication capabilities at all levels
To expose the students to different equipment and tools in their field of study.

1.3 Project Background and Description.

Project Name: Rehabilitation of roads in Mbarara city council under cluster6: Major Victor
Bwana road(0.95km), Galt road(0.63km) and Stanly road(0,78km) under USMID-AF
Infrastructure program.

Location: Mbarara city council

Client: Ministry of lands, housing and urban development.

Consultant: MBJ Technologies LTD in association with Hersun Consults ltd

Contractor: Multiplex and Ditaco International Trade and Contracting Joint Ventures

1
Organization Chart

Figure 1 showing the organization chart

2
1.4 Health and Safety at the Site

The following were the rules and regulations set up by contactor to ensure health and safety of the
workers and visitors

1. All employees & Subcontractor workers must comply with all health & safety rules and anyone
who breaches them will be apprehended and/or expelled

2. Keep your mind on your work at all times. No horseplay on the job. Injury or termination or
both can be the result.

3. All personal protective equipment is mandatory and must be effectively used for the rightful
purposes especially the overalls, helmets, boots and safety gloves.

4. Hygiene and sanitation of equipment and general surroundings is a must in terms of refuse
collection and disposal using the sanitary arrangements provided.

5. All machinery must be cleaned, maintained and kept in the right position.

6. All equipment must be handled with care and by the specifically trained personnel so as to
reduce the risk of injury.

7. All equipment must be used for the specified purpose, stored and cleaned correctly.

8. The first aid kit must be placed in a well-known location for easy access whenever required.

9. Only persons specifically trained for administering first aid should do so as preparations for
transporting the injured person to a hospital are underway.

10. All equipment, tools, vehicles, fuel, chemicals explosives and abrasives must be handled
carefully, always using appropriate PPE.

11. Clean drinking water must be put in clean containers/ jerry cans provided to avoid
contamination and reduce risk of waterborne diseases like typhoid, dysentery and cholera
among others.

12. When working with new machinery, tools and chemicals, the rightful procedures must he
followed.
13. Observation of the established safety signs on site is mandatory and no one is allowed to
remove any or enter into any safety chain, barrier, and tag marking or sign unless directed by
the rightful authority.

3
14. Smoking is strongly prohibited on the site, so matches and lighters will not be allowed on site;
and cessation of smoking will be encouraged.

15. All employees must be in good physical and psychological health, commensurate to the tasks
to be undertaken, and in line with national laws in relation to age and disability status.

16. All equipment, machinery and tools for use on site must be subjected to initial and periodic
inspection.

17. The engines of all vehicles and machinery must be stopped during fueling and after parking.

18. Use of drugs, narcotics and consumption of alcohol or other intoxicants is prohibited at work.
Anyone found in breach will be suspended immediately from the site and denied future access.

19. If any part of your body should come in contact with an acid or caustic substance, rush to the
nearest water available and flush the affected part. Secure medical aid immediately.

20. Watch where you are walking. Don't run.

21. Do not distract the attention of fellow workers. Do not engage in any act which would endanger
another employee.

22 Sanitation facilities have been or will be provided for your use. Defacing or damaging these
facilities is forbidden.

23. A good job is a clean job, and a clean job is the start of a safe job. So, keep your working area
free from rubbish and debris.

24. Never work when sick, dizzy or aloft or undertake any assignment you have no expertise or
experience in. If you are afraid, nervous or notice an assignment is high risk without adequate
training, instruction, information and mitigation, don't execute the assignment

25. Never move an injured person unless it is absolutely necessary. Further injury may result. Keep
the injured as comfortable as possible and utilize job site first-aid equipment until an
ambulance arrives.

26. Know where firefighting equipment is located and be trained on how to use it.

27. Lift correctly - with legs, not the back. If the load is too heavy Get Extra Support/Help.

28. Nobody but operator shall be allowed to ride on equipment unless proper seating is provided.

4
29. Do not use power tools and equipment until you have been properly instructed in the safe work
methods and become authorized to use them.

30. Be sure that all guards are in place. Do not remove, displace, damage, or destroy any safety
device or safeguard furnished or provided for use on the job, nor interfere with the use thereof.

31. If you must work around power shovels, trucks, and dozers, make sure operators can always
see you. Barricades are required for cranes.

32. Never service, oil, lubricate, or fuel any equipment or machinery while it is running or in
motion.

33. Before servicing, repairing, or adjusting any powered tool or piece of equipment, disconnect
it, lock out the source of power, and tag it out.

34. Barricade all danger areas and high-risk hazards. Guard rails or perimeter cables may be
required.

35. Trenches over five feet deep shall be shored as required. Keep out of trenches or cuts that have
not been properly shored. Excavated or other material shall not be stored nearer than two feet
from the edge of the excavation. Excavations less than 5 ft. will be protected by appropriate
sloping in some instances.

36. Use the "four and one" rule when using a ladder. One foot of base for every four feet of height.

37. Portable ladders in use shall be equipped with safety feet unless ladder is tied, blocked
otherwise secured. Step ladders shall not be used as a straight ladder.

38. Ladders must extend three feet above landing on roof for proper use.

39. Defective ladders must be properly tagged and removed from service.

40. Keep ladder bases free of debris, hoses, wires, materials, etc.

41. Build scaffolds according to manufacturers' recommendations

42. Scaffold planks shall be properly lapped, cleated or otherwise secured to prevent shifting.

43. The use of harnesses with safety lines when working from unprotected high places is
mandatory. Always keep your line as tight as possible.

44. Never throw anything "overboard." Someone passing below may be seriously injured.

5
45. Open fires are prohibited.

46.Know what emergency procedures have been established for your job safety emergency phone,
first aid kit, stretcher location, fire extinguisher locations. Etc.

47. Never enter a manhole, well, shaft, tunnel or other confined space which coupe e non-
reparable atmosphere because of lack of oxygen, or presence of toxic or harmful: or has a
possibility of engulfment by solids or liquids.

6
 CHAPTER TWO: PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT.

2.1 Tests on soils and gravels

One of the primary and vital aspects of a road is soil tests to ensure the soils are to the required
specifications. This is achieved by doing several soil tests on the material available on site to
ascertain if the material put on the road suits the requirements.

Sample preparation
This involves spreading and air drying the sample.
On this project we used two methods that is;
• Quartering
• Riffling

Quartering
This is the process of obtaining a small representative sample by dividing a large sample into four
parts; the two opposite parts are mixed together and then divided again into four parts until the
required size is obtained.

Riffling
This is the process of obtaining a small representative sample by dividing the sample in a rifle
box. This was done after the sample had been passed through the 37.5 mm sieve. This was done
to obtain representative samples for proctor and CBR.

2.1.1 Grading
Grading is sometimes known as particle size distribution or particle size analysis. The test is
carried out to determine the proportion of the different particle sizes present in the materials.
Particles passing specific sieves and are retain on specific sieves are categorized as below;
Boulders – particles passing 600mm and retained on 200mm sieve
Cobbles – particles passing 200mm and retained on 63mm sieve
Sand – particles passing 2.0mm and retained on 0.600mm sieve
Clay – particles passing 0.002mm sieve

Equipment used;
Sieves
Pan

7
 Balance
Containers
Oven
Rubber mallet

Procedure
Material in a given area was sampled and taken to the laboratory.
The material was air dried and the lumps in it were broken using a rubber mallet
The material was then mixed thoroughly and then riffled to obtain a representative sample.

The required sample was obtained and weighed to get the initial weight before washing. The
initial weight was recorded.

The material was washed a little at a time on a 2mm sieve nested on top of a 0.075mm sieve so
to eliminate impurities and silt. The washed material was put on a container and oven dried for 12
hours at a temperature of 105o – 110o C.

The weight of the dried sample was measured and recorded. The whole dried sample was sieved
through sieves (37.5, 28, 20, 14, 10, 6.3, 5, 1.18, 0.600, 0.425, 0.300, 0.212, 0.150, 0.075) mm.
The weight of material retained on each sieve was measured and recorded.
A graph of % passing against particle size was plotted to show the particle distribution.
Calculations

Grading factor for corrected masses, GF = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑑𝑤𝑡 ……..Equation 1

Corrected masses = actual masses × GF………….. Equation 2

% retained = 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑤𝑡×100%.......... Equation 3

% passing = 100% - cumulative % retained ……Equation 4

Grading modulus, GM = 3 – (% passing sieve 2.0 + % passing sieve 0.425 + % passing sieve
0.075) ……………..Equation 5
GM range: 1< GM < 2.

8
Figure 2 showing dry sieving and wet sieving

9
2.1.2 Atterberg Limits
It can be defined as the sticking property of soil material. It is generally linked with the amount of
clay in the soil. It can be done using a cone penetrometer or the cassagrande apparatus

Determination of liquid limit

Liquid limit, LL – this the moisture content at which the soil changes from a plastic to a liquid
state. In the laboratory, it is the moisture content at which 25 blows of the cassagrande apparatus
close the groove cut in the soil or the moisture content that gives a penetration of 20mm of the
penetrometer cone after 5 seconds.
Reference: BS1377part 2 1990

Equipment used;
Cone Penetrometer
Containers
Flat glass
Distilled water
Sieves
Pallet knives

Test procedure
The air dried soil was sieved on a 0.425mm sieve and 200g of the material passing the sieve
were taken.
The sample was placed on a flat glass and mixed thoroughly with distilled water using the pallet
knives.
A portion of the mixed soil was placed in the penetrometer cup using palette knife, taking care
not to trap air, gently tapping the cup against a firm surface if necessary. The excess sample was
striked off with a straight edge to give a smooth level surface.
The penetrometer cone was lowered until it just touched the surface of the soil and the dial
gauge reading was recorded.
The cone was released for 5 seconds.
The dial gauge was lowered to the new position of the cone shaft and the reading was recorded.
The penetration was the difference between the fast reading and the last reading.
The cone was lifted and some soil was removed from the cup. A little more wet soil was added
and the process repeated. Where the difference between the fast and second penetrations was less
than 0.5mm, the average of the two penetrations was recorded. Where the second penetration was
more than 0.5mm but less than 1.0mm different from the first, a third penetration was taken. Where
the overall range was not more than 1mm, the average of the three penetrations was recorded.
Where the overall range was more than 1mm, the soil was removed from the cup, re-mixed and
the test repeated until consistent results were obtained.
A sample of about 20g from the penetrated area was taken for moisture content determination.

10
 The soil was removed from the cup, more water added and the test was repeated three more
times using the same soil sample to which further increments of water have been added. The
amount of water added was such that the range of penetration values was 14-25mm.
A graph of cone penetration against moisture content was plotted and the line of best fit was
plotted.
The moisture content corresponding to a penetration of 20mm was the liquid limit.

Figure 3 showing Atterberg limits test

NB: Tests for Linear shrinkage and Plastic limit are commonly performed as a continuance of the
liquid limit and material for the test could therefore conveniently be prepared as part of liquid limit
test.

Determination of plastic limit

Plastic limit, PL– this is the lowest moisture content at which the soil remains plastic. In a
laboratory, it is the moisture content at which the soil rolled with fingers starts to crack when it
forms a thread of about 3mm diameter.
Plasticity index, PI – this is the range of plastic state. The value is given by the difference
between liquid limit and plastic limit.

11
Test Reference: BS 1377 part 2 1990

Equipment used;
0.425mm sieve
Flat glass
Distilled water
Pallet knives
Apparatus for moisture content determination
Vernier caliper

Test procedures
From the sample at 20mm penetration, a small portion was picked to carry out the test of Plastic
Limit and the displayed on a glass plate and air dried until it’s plastic enough.
A ball was molded between the fingers then rolled between the palms of the hands until slight
cracks appeared on the surface.
A thread of about 6mm was formed by rolling the sample between palms of hands. It is then
further reduced to a diameter of 3mm by exerting reasonable pressure while rolling it between the
fingers, from finger-tip to the second joint, of one hand and the surface of the glass plate.
The first crumbing point was the plastic limit.
The crumbled soil threads were collected onto two containers for determination of moisture
content.
The average of the determined moisture contents was the plastic limit of the soil.

Calculations
Plasticity Index= Liquid Limit-Plastic Limit
PI = LL – PL

Determination of linear shrinkage

Linear shrinkage, LS – this is the change in length of a wet specimen after drying.

Equipment used
A flat glass plate
Two palette knives
A drying oven
Clean water
A brass mould for linear shrinkage test
Silicone, grease or petroleum jelly
Vernier caliper rule
Reference: BS 1377 part 2 1990

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Test procedure
From the sample at 20mm penetration, a small portion was picked to carry out the test of linear
shrinkage.
Brass moulds were cleaned thoroughly and a thin film of grease was applied to prevent the soil
from adhering the mould.
The sample was placed into the brass mould and the mould carefully tapped against a firm
surface to remove any air pockets from the mixture.
The sample was leveled along the top of the mould and all the sample adhering to the rim of the
mould was wiped with a damp cloth.
The mould was placed where the paste could air dry until the soil has shrunk away from the
walls of the mould. The moulds with the samples are then placed into the oven set at 1100C for
24 hours.
The mould is removed, cooled and mean length of the sample bar measured by pressing it
against the end of the mould where there is a better fit, while measuring the distance between the
opposite side of the mould and the sample bar.

Calculation
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒= [1- L1/L0]100
Where,
L1 is length of oven dried sample (in mm)
L0 is original length of the specimen

Figure 4 showing sample for Linear Shrinkage test

13
2.1.3 Compaction tests
Compaction of a material is the process by which the solid particles are brought much closer
together by mechanical means, thereby increasing the dry density of the material by reduction of
its pore spaces due to the expulsion of air. Compaction is simply the application of mechanical
energy to a soil to rearrange the particles and reduce the void ratio. This method covers the
determination of dry density when a material is compacted in a specified manner over a range of
moisture contents (OMC) at which the Maximum Dry Density (MDD) for this degree of
compaction is obtained.

Purpose of compaction
The principal reason for compacting soil is to reduce subsequent settlement under working loads.
Compaction increases the shear strength of the soil.
Compaction reduces the void ratio making it more difficult for water to flow through soil.
Compaction can prevent the build-up of large water pressures that cause soil to liquify during
earthquakes.

Factors affecting compaction

Water content of the soil.
The type of soil being compacted.
The amount of compactive energy used.

Determining MDD and OMC

Moisture content –the mass of water in the soil expressed as a percentage of the dry mass of
soil.
Optimum moisture content (OMC) – the amount of water required to lubricate the soil particles
and enable maximum tight packing under compaction.
Maximum dry density– the maximum mass of material that can be packed tight in a unit volume
by compaction (normally plotted at the pick of the curve).
Test Reference: BS 1377 Part 4 1990

Equipment used
Cylindrical compaction mould (152mm diameter*127mm height)
4.5 kg rammer
Moisture Tins
Trays
20 mm sieve
A balance
Weighing balance
Measuring cylinders
Oven

14
 Scoop
Drying oven
Straight edge

Procedure
5 representative samples each of about 6 Kg of the air dried sample passing 20mm test sieve
were obtained.
The mould was weighed together with its base plate and weight was recorded
Each sample was put on a tray and mixed thoroughly with different amounts of water, one after
the other to give a suitable range of moisture contents. The range of moisture contents was such
that atleast two values lie either side of the optimum moisture content.
The mould + base plate were put on a solid base, the collar fixed and the soil was filled and
compacted in the mould in 5equal layers giving 62 blows for each layer. The blows were
distributed uniformly over the surface and of each layer and the last layer was at most 6mm over
the mould.
The collar was removed, the excess soil over the edge trimmed and the weight of the
mould+base+soil measured and recorded.
The mould was placed in a tray, the soil removed and a small portion was removed and
measured for moisture content. The small portion was oven dried for 24 hours and then weighed.
The difference between the two weights was the Natural Moisture Content (water).

Calculations
Wt. Wet soil = Wt. of mould + sample – Wt. of mould
Bulk density, 𝜌 =(m1-m2)/volume of mould………………………………………… Equation 1
Dry density, 𝜌𝑑 = 𝜌/ (100 +𝑤) ×100…………………………………… Equation 2
Where w is moisture content.
w = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟/𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙×100%..............................................Equation 3
MDD is read from the peak of the curve and the corresponding value on the horizontal scale is the
OMC.

Figure 5 showing MDD Equipment and moulding

15
2.1.4 California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test (Three Point Method)
This the basic test used to measure the strength (bearing capacity) of soil for pavement
construction. It involves the penetration of a molded soil sample with a cylindrical plunger at a
constant rate of 1mm/min. the force corresponding to a penetration of 2.5mm and 5.0mm are
computed and then compared with the standard force (normally reported as a percentage).
Test References: AASHTO T193-93

Equipment used;
Moulds of vol. 2305cm3
4.5 kg rammer
Containers
Trays
Steel straight edge
Filter paper
20mm sieve
Balance
Oven

Procedure
18Kgs of material which passed through the 20mm sieve were obtained for 3 specimens.
The natural moisture content (NMC) of the material was determined before mixing with water
and
the Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) of the material was obtained from the proctor.
The amount of water, m to be added to the soil so as to reach the OMC was calculated as
follows;
m = (𝑂𝑀𝐶-𝑁𝑀𝐶)/(𝑁𝑀𝐶+100) ×18000……………………………Equation 6

The weight of the mould + base plate was measured and recorded.
The soil was put in a tray and thoroughly mixed with water.
With the filter paper already in the mould, the mould was filled with the sample mixed, and
compacted using the following compactive efforts;
4.5kg rammer, five layers and 65 blows per layer. (Heavy)
4.5kg rammer, five layers and 30 blows per layer. (Intrim)
4.5kg rammer, five layers and 10 blows per layer. (Light)
After compaction the collar was removed, excess material trimmed and the weight of each
specimen was determined, bulk density as well as the dry density are determined as discussed
before.
The surcharge weights were put over the specimens and they were immersed in water.

16
 A dial gauge was immediately put on the swell stem and the initial Dial Gauge Reading (DGR)
was measured, recorded and samples were soaked for 4 days with the stems, dial gauges placed
on top.
On the fourth day, the final DGR after soaking was measured and recorded.
The moulds were removed from water and allowed to drain for 15 minutes.
Annular surcharge discs weighing 5.5kg were carefully placed on top of the sample.
The cylindrical plunger was fitted in place on the surface of the sample.
A seating force of 250N was applied to the plunger (for CBR value expected above 30%).
The loading ring was reset to read zero.
The penetration dial gauge was secured in position and reset to read zero.
The machine was switched on to start the test so that the plunger penetrates the sample at a
uniform rate 1mm/min.
The reading of the force gauge was recorded at intervals of penetration of
(0.0,0.5,1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5,4.0,5.0,5.5,6.0,6.5,7.0 and 7.5) mm.
The penetration test was performed for all the test samples.
A graph of Equivalent load against penetration was plotted.

Calculations
Equivalent load = Individual load (Penetration) x Ring factor

Penetration at 2.5
CBR at 2.5mm = ×100%.................................................................Equation 7
13.2

Penetration at 5.0
CBR at 5.0mm = ×100%..................................................................Equation 8
20

Dry Density
% relative compaction = ×100%.............................................................Equation 9
MDD

𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔−𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

% Swell = ×100%.........................................Equation10
Height of the mould(127mm)

CBR-density relationship.
The highest CBR between 2.5mm and 5.0mm penetration was plotted on a logarithmic scale
against the Dry Density on a natural scale for the three compactive efforts to obtain the relationship
between CBR and Dry Density.
The points were connected to each other to indicate the CBR-Density relationship. The design
CBR was thus obtained at the maximum Dry Density-the specified minimum percentage
compaction.

17
Figure 6 showing penetration and soaking of CBR samples

18
2.1.5 Determination of Field Density using Sand Replacement Method
This is carried out to determine the relative compaction in the field
Reference: BS1337 Part 1990

Apparatus
A cylindrical cone
Chisel
A scoop
A tray with a 150mm diameter hole(300x300) and (4-5) mm thick
Moisture tins
Weighing scale
Brushes
Nails
Hammer

Calibration of sand
The sand to be used was calibrated so that the density of the sand was obtained. The procedure for
calibrating the sand is as follows:
The sand was collected from the source (it is advised to use lake sand)
It was washed to remove the silt and impurities by pouring water while mixing it to remove the
silt
After washing it was sun dried. Sieving was done using the 600𝜇𝑚 and the 300 𝜇𝑚 sieves. Only
what was retained on the 300𝜇𝑚 sieve was considered because what passes through this sieve is
so fine.
The sand was then worked on, to determine its density using a calibrating can with a known
volume and a weighing scale
Procedure
After a section/ pavement layer/s has been approved for testing compaction, the laboratory was
then allowed to carry out field density test.
Test spots were identified by the laboratory technician in the field where trays were placed and
supported with nails to resist tilting.
Chiseling was done on the ground inside the hole made into a tray until the depth equaling to
diameter of the hole was achieved.
All the material from the hole was put in tins and covered to avoid escape of the moisture. The
hole was cleaned of the loose material before a cylindrical cone was placed.
The material from the hole was measured and the weight recorded. A sample from this material
was taken to determine the field moisture content
A cylindrical cone was put on top of the hole inside the tray and sand of known mass poured in
the cylinder and allowed to drop freely in the hole. When there is no further run out the cylinder

19
shutter was closed and the final mass of sand was recorded. The mass of sand in the hole was got
by subtracting final mass and sand in cone from the initial measured sand.
A cylindrical cone was put on top of the hole inside the tray and sand of known mass poured in
the cylinder and allowed to drop freely in the hole. When there is no further run out the cylinder
shutter was closed and the final mass of sand was recorded. The mass of sand in the hole was got
by subtracting final mass and sand in cone from the initial measured sand.
The sand in the hole was removed and the hole covered with the remaining material and
compacted well and cleaned of any loose material that remained.
The field moisture content was determined after oven drying the sample for 24hours. When the
MDD of the material was not known, a sample was taken for MDD to aid in calculation of the
relative compaction.

Calculation
Mass of water
Moisture content= Mass of dry sample 𝑥 100

Mass of sand from the hole

Bulk density= Volume of mould

Mass of sand in the hole

Volume of the hole= Volume of sand

Wet Density
Insitu dry density = 𝑥100
(100+Moisture Content)

Insuti dry desity

Relative compaction = 𝑥 100
MDD

Figure 7 showing FDT test

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2.2 Tests on concrete and aggregates.

2.2.1 Slump test

Objective
To test the consistency of concrete
Main principle
The slump test is carried out by filling the specified slump cone with freshly mixed concrete and
measuring the slump after removal of the cone
This method applies to cohesive concrete of medium to high workability and with maximum
aggregate size of 40mm

Apparatus
Slump cone of galvanized iron or steel with the following specifications; (Diameter of base;200,
Diameter of the top;100, and Height of the mould;300)
Scoop
Sampling tray
Shovel
Tamping rod, made out of steel, 16mm diameter and 600mm long
Graduated rule from 0mm to 300mm, the zero point being at one end of the rule

Procedure
It was ensured that the inner surface of the slump cone was cleaned and moist. The bottom of
the cone was placed on a clean, smooth, horizontal, firm and non-absorbent surface (e.g. steel
surface).
The cone was filled with freshly mixed concrete in three layers.
Each layer was tamped with 25 strokes using tamping rod while distributing the strokes
uniformly over the cross section of each layer.
The concrete was heaped above the slump cone before the top layer was tamped. The concrete
was striked off level with the top of the slump cone. The excess concrete was cleaned off outside
the slump cone.
The slump cone was removed from the firm base by raising it vertically, slowly and carefully
in 5 to 10 seconds. The entire operation from the start of filling to the removing of the mould was
carried out without interruption and was completed within 2 ½ minutes.
Immediately after the slump cone was removed, the slump was measured to the nearest 60mm
by using the tape measure to determine the difference between the height of the mould and the
highest point of the specimen being tested.

21
Figure 8 showing slump test

22
2.2.2 Compressive strength of concrete
Objective
Compressive strength refers to the maximum stress a material can sustain under a crushing load.
The test can be done any time after hardening but is generally done at 7 days and 28 days after
curing.

Main principles
Test specimens were concrete cubes made, cured, and stored in accordance with BS 1881 Part
116:1983
Cubes which would been made in poorly assembled moulds were not tested.

Apparatus
Compression testing machine
Cubes of dimensions 150mm by 150mm by 150mm
Tamping rod
Balance with minimum10kg capacity, readable and accurate to 1g
Auxiliary platens. when they are used the top auxiliary platen will rest on and be aligned with
cube

Procedure
A thin layer of oil was applied on the inner surfaces of the moulds using a hand brush. This was
to ensure that concrete doesn’t adhere to the walls of the mould hence facilitating easy removal of
the cubes from the moulds.
From the concrete mix that was used for the slump test, a portion was used to fill six moulds of
dimensions 150mm by 150mm by 150mm. Three of the moulds were tested after 7 days and the
rest after 28 days.
The concrete was compacted in three layers, each of about 50mm using a tamping rod of circular
cross sectional area, made of steel and having a diameter of approximately 16mm, height 600mm
and rounded corners.
Each layer was compacted using 35 strokes distributed equally throughout the whole surface to
ensure uniform compaction of the concrete in the cube to be made.
After compaction of the third layer, a trowel was used to fill the unfilled portions and a tamping
rod was used to level the surface by sawing and rolling so that the exact dimensions of the cube
as specified by the moulds were obtained.
The cubes were later labeled for easy identification and kept under a shade at room temperature
for about 28 hours, so that the concrete could set, to protect them against shock, vibrations and
dehydration at high temperatures. Then de-molding of the cubes followed after which the cubes
were placed in the curing tank.
NB: Six cubes of dimension 150mm by 150mm by 150mm were also used to test for compressive
strength of mortar.

23
Seven days’ test
After seven days of curing, three cubes were picked from the curing tank and tested for
compressive strength.
The cubes’ dimension i.e. length, height and width were measured using a tape measure to
confirm the dimensions. Density of each specimen was determined.
The cube specimens were brought out of the curing tank and weighed as received or saturated.

Specimen preparation and positioning

All testing machine bearing surfaces were cleaned to remove any loose grit or other extraneous
material from the surfaces of the specimen that will be in contact with the platens.
The excess moisture from the surface of the specimen was wiped before placing into the testing
machine.
The cube specimens were positioned so that the load is applied perpendicularly to the direction
of casting. The specimen was centered with respect to the lower platen.
The cube is carefully centered on the lower platen and the load is applied to two opposite cast
faces of the cube.
Without shock, the load was carefully applied and increased continuously at a nominal rate
within the range 12mpa/min to 24mpa/min, until no greater load can be sustained. The maximum
load applied to the cube was recorded.

Calculations
Dimensions of cubes= 150mm x 150mm x150mm
Cross-sectional area of cube specimen, Ac = 22500mm2
Volume of cube specimen = 3375000mm3

Mass of the cube

Density of concrete cube= Volume of the cube

The cross sectional area of the cube face from the checked nominal dimensions or from
measured dimensions is calculated. The compressive strength of each cube is calculated by
dividing the maximum load by the cross sectional area. The result is expressed to the nearest
0.5MPa (N/mm2)
Next is to calculate the average of the test results for the 3 specimens of the same size and
dimension, made from the same sample of fresh concrete. This is reported as the compressive
strength of the test sample.
That is;
Compressive strength, fc= (maximum load at failure in Newton /cross sectional area of cube in
mm)
28 days’ test.
The other three concrete cubes were removed from the curing tank after a period of 28 days and
the same tests as at seven days were carried out.

24
Figure 9 showing moulding and curing of concrete cubes

25
 2.3 SURVEYING
Surveying is a technique, profession and science of accurately determining the relative positions
of natural and manmade features on the earth surface.

Objectives surveying

 To determine the relative positions of different points on the earth surface.

 To demonstrate an understanding of units of measurement and scaling of plans by
producing drawing of a surveyed site to scale.
 To come up with the topography of the site by plotting the data and producing the contour
of the site. This helps in planning the drainage system and to know the area for cut or fill
during project execution.
 An accurately surveyed plan is required for the location of the facilities, existing features
and associated services

2.3.1 Levelling
Levelling is an operation in surveying performed to determine the difference in levels of two
points. By this operation the height of a point from a datum, known as elevation, is determined.

Importance of leveling
It is used to layout construction projects according to planned elevations.
It is used to investigate drainage characteristics of the area
It is used to calculate volume of earthwork and other materials
It is used to develop maps showing ground configuration
It is used to design highways, railroads, canals, sewers
Instruments used;

 Dumpy level
 Leveling stave
 Tape measure
 Ranging rods
 Tripod
 Change plate
 Radios
Terms used in leveling included:
1) Reduced level: The reduced level of a point is its height relative to a chosen datum.
2) Benchmark (BM): Is any permanent reference point whose reduced level has been
accurately determined by leveling. It was a stainless steel pin embedded in a substantial
concrete block cast into the ground.

26
 3) Fore sight (FS): This was the final reading taken before the level is moved to the
next instrument position.
4) Back sight (BS): Is the first reading taken after setting up the instrument at a point.

5) Intermediate sights (IS): These were readings that are taken between the FS and
BS from the same instrument position.

6) A set-up refers the position of a level or other instrument at the time in which a
number of observations were made without moving the instrument.

7) A run is the levelling between two or more points measured in one direction only.
The outward run is from known to unknown points and the return run is the check
levelling in the opposite direction.
8) A close is the difference between the starting level of the initial point for the
outward run and that determined at the end of the return run. If the levels have been reduced
correctly this value should be the same as the difference between the sum of the rises and
falls and also the difference between the sum of the back-sights and foresights.

9) Height of Collimation is the elevation of the optical axis of the telescope at the
time of the setup.
10) The line of collimation is the imaginary line at the elevation.

11) Change points are points of measurement which are used to carry the
measurements forward in a run. Each one will be read first as a foresight, the instrument
position was changed, and then it would be read as a back-sight.

Checking levels for a compacted layer

Setting the dumpy level.
The tripod was cautiously set up in the following order.
- Placing the tripod on a flat clear ground near the spot to be measured

- Adjusting the tripod legs by undoing the latches on each tripod leg and extending each leg out
until a required and favorable height for the booker to take was obtained

- Placing and fixing the instrument by screwing it onto the tripod head, dl-502 dumpy level onto
the tripod
- Centering the bubble using the screws as follows;
i. Making the telescope parallel to two screw

27
 ii. Moving the two screws that are parallel to the telescope and carefully watching the bubble
movements. The leveling of the instrument involved turning of the two foot screws in
opposite direction but at the same rate. This turning could be done either inwards or
outwards. On turning these screws, the telescope wound be positioned parallel to these
screws.
iii. Using the third screw to adjust the bubble to the center.
iv. Thereafter, the telescope would be turned 90 .in that case, the telescope would be parallel
to the third foot screw. The initial turning of the two first screws would bring the bubble
to the center of its axis but on turning the telescope through 90 the bubble would go off
the center but on turning the third screw, the bubble would be brought back to the center.
v. Moving the level in a clockwise direction, parallel to other two screws to check whether
the bubble is still in the center and adjusting if necessary.
vi. Moving the level in an anticlockwise direction and focusing to the desired station.
Procedure
• A peg was fixed at the starting point and the finishing point.
• The level was then focused on a staff which was being held vertical on a finished
compacted level of a section and the reading was taken.
• The chain man held the staff at 0.0 m and at different intervals from the center to both the
left- and right-hand side and readings foe each point booked.
• The procedures above were repeated for different chainages at an interval of 20m.
• When the distance between the target and the level increased, a change point was created
on the ground by means a temporally mark (a nail fixed in the ground) and a fore sight was
taken.
• Without moving the staff, a level was set up at another convenient place and a back sight
was taken.
• The work was proceeded as described above and was closed on a bench mark with a fore
site.
• The results were then recorded noting the back sights, fore sights, inter sights, Height Of
Collimation, Offsets, Reduced Levels and the remarks
• The calculated reduced levels were compared with the Reduced Levels in the design book
of the Victor Bwana Road(0.98km) to check whether the required level had been achieved
after compaction before adding another layer.

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 Figure 10 showing taking of levels
2.3.2 Determination of culvert locations
• This was carried out basing on a topographic survey was earlier carried out to determine
the direction of flow and the lowest point of the crest.
• A tripod was placed on bench mark and pushed firmly into the ground.
• The total station was then clumped onto the tripod.
• The total station was leveled and cantered
• The XYZ co-ordinates of the occupied BM, the true bearing to the BS station and the height
of the instrument were entered into the machine.
• The prism held at the BS station was targeted and the XYZ co-ordinates of this station were
measured and saved. This was done to check if the given co- ordinates were right.
• With the total station still at the BM, the prism was held over various points along a cross
section of the area.
• The points included Ground level (GL), drainage and existing pipes, Bottom of pond and
Top of Pond.
• When more data was required but inaccessible due to obstruction, CP was taken and there
after the total station was set up at this point so as to capture the required data.
• All the remarks and prism heights were recorded in an excel document together with the
data imported from the total station.

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 CHAPTER THREE: CHALLENGES, RECCOMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION

3.1 Challenges
During my time on the project a couple of challenges cropped up in various sectors. Some of the
challenges that were faced are;
Being a dry season, it was too hot in field which required me to take a lot of water
which I was not able to afford sometimes and this presented a non-conducive working
and learning environment.
The period of one month for the practical work was not sufficient to enable me participate in
many activities that were on going for example CAD and structural.
The activities were very diverse and the timing for the activities coincided consequently
therefore, it was not possible to participate in ongoing activities happening concurrently and in
obtaining the data.

3.2 Conclusion
Industrial training is a vital tool in acquiring practical skills. Therefore, for one to be a complete
engineer, it is necessary for him or her to do industrial training.

As an aspiring engineer, all the skills I acquired during this industrial training are paramount to
the development of my career.
With the completion of this report, I conclude that the industrial training was a successful recess
session and it has added a lot to my knowledge as a civil engineering student. The finding,
achievements, challenges/short comings during this training and their recommendations are the
practical encounters made.

3.3 Recommendations
To the company
From the period I have trained with Multipex-Ditaco I have found out that it’s a very nice
company that provides a very conducive atmosphere for a trainee to learn almost everything.
Appreciations go to its workers for their effort, time energy they always put in to make sure that
us trainees get the best out of them.
I will be so thankful if it allows more students to also come and learn what I have learnt or even
more since I have found it so vital in our engineering field.

To my fellow students
Judging from the vast ways I have benefited from this industrial training, I recommend other
students to take it upon themselves to involve themselves in all activities involved in industrial
training. Active participation should be paramount since it is through active participation that skills
are gained and more is learnt.

30
To the university
The university should continue to focus on industrial training as an important aspect for students
in regard to acquiring practical skills and preparing them for life after in, their working places.
At least more months should be added for the industrial training so as to ensure that a student
works on field and lab tests to maximum

31
APPENDICES

Figure 11 showing project sign post and designed reduced levels on Major Victor Bwana road

Figure 12 showing processing of fill layers section and sampling

32
Figure 13 showing test results of grading

33
Figure 14 showing test results of Atterberg limits test

34
Figure 15 showing test results of MDD

35
Figure 16 showing test results of CBR

36
REFERENCES
Ministry of works, General specifications for Road and bridge Works January 2005
The united republic of Tanzania Ministry of Works, Central Materials Laboratory training
manual, 2000 (CML)
British Institute of Standards
AASHTO
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

37