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Alkali aggregate reactions (AAR) occur when aggregates in concrete react with the
alkali hydroxides in concrete producing a hygroscopic gel which, in the presence of
moisture, absorbs water and causes expansion and cracking over a period of many
years. This alkali-aggregate reaction has two forms, namely: Alkali-silica reaction
(ASR) and Alkali-carbonate reaction (ACR).
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The former is of higher concern since aggregates containing various forms of silica
materials are very common whereas the latter occurs rarely because of the
unsuitability of carbonates for use in concrete.
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4/9/2021 Alkali Aggregate Reaction in Concrete - Types, Causes, and Effects
Most of the structures severely cracked by AAR are exposed to the weather or are in
contact with damp soil. This is because- for a signi cant amount of expansion to
occur, su cient presence of moisture is essential. Apart from moisture, high
content of alkali in the concrete is also essential.
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4/9/2021 Alkali Aggregate Reaction in Concrete - Types, Causes, and Effects
that known highly alkali-reactive minerals, such as opal and glass, are not present
in the concrete.
2. Aggregate
Aggregate containing feldspars, some micas, glassy rock and glass may release
alkali in concrete. Sea dredged sand, if not properly washed, may contain sodium
chloride which can contribute signi cant alkali to concrete.
3. Admixtures
Admixture in the context of AAR in concrete means chemical agents added to
concrete at the mixing stage. These include accelerators, water reducers
(plasticizers), retarders, superplasticizers, air-entraining, etc. Some of the chemicals
contain sodium and potassium compounds which may contribute to the alkali
content of concrete.
4. Water
Water may contain a certain amount of alkali.
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4/9/2021 Alkali Aggregate Reaction in Concrete - Types, Causes, and Effects
3. Reduce the access of moisture and maintain the concrete in a su ciently dry state
4. Avoid utilization of reactive aggregate otherwise necessary precautions shall be employed
to prevent in uences of alkali-aggregate reactions.
5. Modify the properties of any gel such that it becomes non-expansive, for instance, using
lithium salts.
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