15.3 Detecting sound by the ear (Book 2, p.

15-26)

A Structures of the ear (Book 2, p. 15-26)

Ÿ outer
The human ear consists of three main parts: the (1) _______________ ear ( ), the

(2) _______________
middle ear ( ) and the (3) _______________
inner ear ( ).

Ÿ Structures of the ear:

D E F G H

A B C I

outer ear middle ear inner ear

Label Structure Description

A (4) _______________
pinna ( ) Ÿ Collects sound waves in the air

(5) _______________
auditory

B canal Ÿ Directs sound waves to the eardrum

_______________ ( )

C eardrum
(6) _______________ ( ) Ÿ Converts sound waves to sound (7) ______________
vibrations

(8) _______________
ear bone Ÿ (9) _______________
Amplify and transmit vibrations from

D
_______________ ( ) the eardrum to the oval window

(10) _______________
oval window Ÿ (11) _______________
Transmits vibrations from the ear bones

_______________ ( ) to the inner ear

(12) _______________
semicircular canal
cont.

F Ÿ Detect the (13) _______________

directions of head movement

_______________ ( )

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Ÿ Contains (15) _______________

sensory _______________
hair

G (14) _______________
cochlea ( ) _______________
cells ( ) which detect

vibrations and send nerve impulses to the brain

(16) auditory
_______________
nerve Ÿ Transmits nerve impulses from the cochlea to the

H
_______________ ( ) brain for (17) _______________
interpretation

(18) _______________
round window Ÿ Releases fluid pressure to the air in the

_______________ ( ) (19) _______________

middle ear

(20) Eustachain
_______________
tube Ÿ (21) _______________
Equalize pressure between the middle
J

_______________ ( ) ear and the atmosphere

Ÿ Structure of the cochlea:

central canal filled with

(23) _______________
endolymph ( )

sensory hair cell

upper and lower canals filled with hair of sensory

(22) _______________
perilymph ( )
hair cell

sensory hair cell

nerve fibres of sensory hair cells

form auditory nerve

Ÿ When the (24) _______________

endolymph vibrates, the hairs of the sensory hair cells are

(25) _______________.
bent The sensory hair cells are (26) _______________.
stimulated They send nerve

impulses along the (27) _______________

auditory_______________
nerve to the auditory centre in the

brain for interpretation.

Ä Go to

Practical 15.3 Examination of a human ear model

(Book 2, p. 15-26; Practical Workbook for SBA 2, p. 15-9)

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B How do we hear? (Book 2, p. 15-29)

Ÿ The process of how we hear:

I II III IV V VI

auditory centre

perilymph

endolymph sensory hair cells

VIII VII

Key: transmission of vibration transmission of nerve impulse

Step Description

I a The ear bones amplify and transmit vibrations from the eardrum to the oval

window.

II b Nerve impulses travel along the auditory nerve to the auditory centre to produce

the sensation of hearing.

III c Sensory hair cells in the central canal are stimulated and they send out nerve

impulses.

IV d Vibrations in the perilymph are transmitted to the endolymph of the central

canal.

V e The pinna collects and directs sound waves along the auditory canal to the

eardrum.

VI f Vibrations in the perilymph are transmitted to the round window, which bulges

outwards into the middle ear to release fluid pressure.

VII g The oval window vibrates, making the perilymph in the upper canal of the

cochlea vibrate.

VIII h Sound waves cause the eardrum to vibrate.

I: (28) ________
e II: (29) ________
h III: (30) ________
a IV: (31) ________
g

V: (32) _______
d VI: (33) _______
c VII: (34) _______
b VIII: (35) _______
f

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15.4 Detecting light by plants (Book 2, p. 15-31)

Ÿ The responses of plants usually involve (1) _______________

growth of certain parts of the body

towards or away from the stimulus.

Ÿ unilateral
The directional growth movement of a part of a plant in response to a (2) _______________

stimulus ( ) is called (3) _______________

tropism ( ).

A How do plants respond to light? (Book 2, p. 15-31)

Ÿ The directional growth movement of a part of a plant in response to unilateral light is called

(4) _______________
phototropism ( ).

Shoots respond to light by growing (5) _______________

Ÿ towards

(towards / away from) it. They are (6) _______________

positively

(positively / negatively) phototropic. This response enables

the leaves to obtain the maximum amount of light for

(7) _______________.
photosynthesis

Roots respond to light by growing (8) _______________

Ÿ away from

(towards / away from) it. They are (9) _______________

negatively

(positively / negatively) phototropic. This response enables

the roots to grow deep into the soil to get better

(10) _______________.
anchorage
▲ Growth response of the shoots

and roots to unilateral light

Ä Go to

Practical 15.4 Investigation of the phototropic responses of shoots and roots

(Book 2, p. 15-31; Practical Workbook for SBA 2, p. 15-11)

B What substance controls phototropic response in plants?

(Book 2, p. 15-32)

(11) _______________ ( ) are commonly used in the study of

Ÿ Coleoptiles

tropism because:

- their response to light is easy to observe

- they grow (12) _______________

rapidly

- they are small and easy to handle, making them easy to be

grown in (13) _______________ numbers.

large

▲ An oat coleoptile

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Ÿ Some investigations of phototropism:

Charles Darwin (1880)

Investigation Result

ΠUnilateral light

intact tip removed light-proof light-proof

coleoptile (decapitated) cap collar

A B C D A B C D

Ÿ Conclusion / Explanation:

- tip
The results of coleoptiles A and B show that the (14) _______________ is necessary for

growth.

- The results of coleoptiles A, C and D show that the tip is (15) _______________
sensitive to

unilateral light.

Boysen-Jenson (1913)

Investigation Result

 Unilateral light

agar block tip placed on mica plate

agar block

A B C A B C

decapitated coleoptiles

Ÿ Conclusion / Explanation:

- The tip produces a substance that is (16) _______________

chemical in nature, because it can

pass through the (17) _______________

agar _______________
block but not the

(18) _______________ _______________.

mica plate

- This chemical moves down from the tip and causes growth (19) _______________
below the

tip.

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Investigation Result

Ž Unilateral light

mica plate inserted on mica plate inserted

illuminated side on shaded side

A B A B

Ÿ Conclusion / Explanation:

- The chemical produced by the tip passes down the (20) _______________
shaded side of the

coleoptile.

Paal (1919)

Investigation Result

 In darkness

tip put on left side tip put on right side

of cut end of cut end

A B A B

Ÿ Conclusion / Explanation:

- The side with the displaced tip receives a (21) _______________ (higher / lower)
higher

concentration of the chemical.

- This side grows more (22) _______________

rapidly (rapidly / slowly), causing bending.

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Went (1926)

Investigation Result

 In darkness

tip tip placed on agar block placed

removed agar block for on cut end

some time

A A

Unilateral light In darkness

tip removed from Y

coleoptile X
X Y

X Y

mica plate

agar blocks

B B

Ÿ Conclusion / Explanation:

- While the chemical produced by the tip diffuses into the agar block, light causes an

(23) _______________
uneven distribution of the chemical.

- The shaded side has a (24) _____________

higher (higher / lower) concentration of the chemical.

- The (25) _____________

shaded side grows more rapidly, causing the shoot to bend towards light.

auxin

Ÿ The chemicals that cause bending are called (26) ______________ ( ). They are a group

tips
of plant hormones produced in small amounts at the (27) _____________ of shoots and roots.

Ÿ The most common naturally occurring auxin is (28) ______________

indoleacetic ______________
acid (IAA).

It is produced mainly in the (29) _______________

apical meristems. It is transported to the region

of (30) _______________,
elongation where it promotes (31) _______________ (primary / secondary)

growth by increasing the rate of cell elongation.

C How does light affect the distribution of auxins? (Book 2, p. 15-35)

Ÿ Two hypotheses:

i Light destroys auxins.

ii Light causes auxins to move away from the illuminated side to the shaded side of the

coleoptile.

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Ÿ Investigations for testing the above hypotheses:

Investigation Results

ΠUniform light In darkness

agar block A

24°

coleoptiole decapitated

tip coleoptile

agar block A

A A

In darkness In darkness

agar block B
24°

agar block B

B B

Ÿ Conclusion / Explanation:

- Since both coleoptiles A and B bend to the same degree, the agar blocks have collected

(32) _____________________
the same (the same / different) amount(s) of auxins regardless of

light or dark condition.

- This shows that light (33) _____________________

does not destroy (destroys / does not destroy) auxins.

Investigation Results

 Unilateral light In darkness

L R

mica plate 24° 24°

coleoptiole
tip

L R

C D C D

Unilateral light In darkness

L R
12° 31°

mica plate

L R

E F E F

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Ÿ Conclusion / Explanation:

- (34) _______________ _______________ stop the lateral transport of auxins. As light

Mica plates

does not destroy auxins, both coleoptiles C and D receive (35) _____________________
the same

(the same / different) amount(s) of auxins and they bend to the same degree.

- Coleoptile (36) __________

F bends the most. This shows that light causes auxins to move

illuminated
from the (37) _______________ shaded
side to the (38) _______________ side.

D How does the concentration of auxins affect the growth of

shoots and roots? (Book 2, p. 15-36)

Ÿ Different parts of a plant respond differently to the same concentration of auxins:

200
percentage
stimulation

150
growth response

100

50

0
percentage

roots shoots
inhibition

50

100

10–6 10–4 10–2 1 102 104

concentration of auxins (ppm, parts per million)

▲ Effects of auxin concentrations on the growth of roots and shoots of oat seedlings

Ÿ Lower auxin concentrations (10–6 to 10–2 ppm) (39) _______________

promote (promote / inhibit) root

growth.

Ÿ root
Most auxin concentrations which promote (40) _______________ (root / shoot) growth

shoot
(10–6 to 10–3 ppm) are too low to promote (41) _______________ (root / shoot) growth

Ÿ The concentration which produces the greatest (42) _______________

root (root / shoot) growth

(10–4 ppm) is lower than that which produces the greatest (43) _______________
shoot (root / shoot)

growth (1 ppm).

Ÿ Higher auxin concentrations (above 10–2 ppm) (44) _______________

promote (promote / inhibit)

shoot growth but (45) _______________

inhibit (promote / inhibit) root growth.

Ÿ inhibit
Very high auxin concentrations (above 102 ppm) (46) _______________ (promote / inhibit)

both root and shoot growth.

E The mechanism of phototropic response in shoots and roots

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(Book 2, p. 15-37)

Ÿ The growth of the shoot and the root under light coming from all directions:

Auxins are produced at light from all directions

shoot tip and root tip.

The shoot

auxins grows straight

shoot

(47) upwards.

______________
even
The root

distribution of grows straight

root auxins downwards.

auxins

Ÿ The growth of the shoot and the root under unilateral light:

Higher auxin concentration

(50) ______________
promotes shoot growth.

Thus, the (51) ______________

shaded

Auxins move from the side grows faster and the shoot bends

(48) ______________
illuminated side to the towards the light.

Auxins are produced at

shoot tip and root tip. shaded

(49) ______________ side.

auxins unilateral

shoot light

root

auxins

Higher auxin concentration

(52) ______________
inhibits root growth.

Thus, the (53) ______________

illuminated

side grows faster and the root bends

away from the light.

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