Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Class 12 Practical Manual
Class 12 Practical Manual
Preparation
Handbook
Building and
Architecture
Engineering
Surendra Maharjan
Table of Contents
1 water power engineering................................................................................................................3
1.1 General Layout Plan of Hydropower Project...........................................................................3
1.2 Intakes.................................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Type of Hydropower Projects..................................................................................................4
1.3.1 Run of River (ROR).........................................................................................................4
1.3.2 Peaking Run of River (PROR).........................................................................................4
1.4 Pressure - Void Ratio Curves.................................................................................................5
2 foundation engineering.................................................................................................................. 6
2.1 Site Investigation and Soil Exploration of Bridge Sites............................................................6
2.2 Soil Exploration of Bridge Site.................................................................................................6
2.3 Earth Pressure and Retaining Structures................................................................................6
2.3.1 Plastic equilibrium in soils: Active and Passive States*....................................................6
2.3.2 lateral earth pressure theory............................................................................................6
2.3.3 Rankine's earth pressure theory......................................................................................9
1 EXPERIMENT NO: 01
The model consists of a 4 panel of a Pratt Truss, each panel being 40 cm in horizontal direction and
30 cm in vertical direction. The truss is hanging and supported by joints A and E with firm supports.
Laod can be applied on each panel point. All tension members are provided with detachable springs
so at to obtain apprecialbel deformation of the member. Direction of the diagonal members may be
changed.
Apparatus can be used to illustrate visually the nature of forces set up in various members of the
truss.
Theory
Each member with a spring is isolated and its stiffness is determined by suspending a load from it and
noting the extension
The truss is loaded with 0.25 Kg load at each node and this is assumed to be the initial posiotn
Divide wall
The divide wall is built between the barrage section and the undersluices. In most cases this wall
extends upstream to a point just beond the beginning of the head regulator and downstream to a point
beyond the end to the hearth slab and downstream stone aprons.
The divide wall separates the depressed undersluices from thre raised crest of the weir or barrage
bays. This distributes the flood discharge at its nose and thereby shields the undersluices and barrage
fro m the turbulent flow action of the river. Another function of the divide wall is to isolate the
undersluice pocket so that still pond conditions would prevail in the pocket. The silt then settles down
in the pocket and can easilty flushed out by closing the head regulator gates and opening the
undersluices gates.
Divide wall should xtend beyond upstream nd of the head regulator fro m the barrage. A length of 0.67
to 1 times this distance gives the best results
Guide bunds
Guide bunds are embankments built upstream from barrages to guide the approach flow through the
barrage opening. Guide bunds are generally tied into the abutments and are protected by riprap or
other devices at their nose arn along thehigh velocity slope.
Length of guide bund
Small rivers (flood flow less than 20 000 cum/sec
L=1.25 barrage opeing
Large rivers flood flow over 40000 m3/s
L= 1.5 barrage opening
The length of the guide bund d/s from the barrage axis should be about 0.25 barrage opening.
2 WATER REQUIREMENT
4 METHODS OF IRRIGATION
Methods of Irrigation
Method of Irrigation
Surface Irrigation Sub-Surface Irrigation Sub-Surface Irrigation
Flooding Method
In the beginning empirical approach was used for the design of concrete elements. Later elastic
theory was followed to limit stress in concrete and reinforcement within the elastic range. But limit
state method, semi empirical approach, is proved as the best method of design.
5.2 Intakes
It is a structure situated at the entrance of the canals or tunnels or pipes to draw the required quantity
of water from the river or reservoir and conveyed to the power house. They fulfill the following
functions
It controls the flow of water in to the conveyance system. This is achieved by a gate or a valve.
It allows smooth, easy and turbulence free entry into the conveyance passages by flaring the inlet
mouth as a bell mouth entry.
It strops entering coarse river borne trash matter such as boulders, ice and logs of wood into the
conveyance passage.
throughThe main purpose of the test is to obtain the compressibility properties of a saturated soil for
use in determining the magnitude and rate of settlement of structures.
Loads are applied such that successive load intensity, p, is twice the preceding one. The load
intensities commonly used being 1/4, 1/2, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 tonnes/ft2. Each load is allowed to stand
until compression has practically ceased (no longer than 24 hours). Sandy samples are compressed
relatively short time.
After the application of the greatest load for the test, the soil sample is allowed for expansion to have
the information about swelling nature of the soil, elastic properties and magnitudes of plastic or
permanent deformations.
a. Since the flow would vary throughout the year, ROR without storage schemes would run during
the monsoon flows and would otherwise remain shut during low flows.
b. Low to Medium head operation.
c. The clay layer is laterally confined.
d. Darcy's Law is valid.
e. The compression of the soil layer is due to the change in volume which, in turn, is due to the
expulsion of water from the void spaces.
f. Deformation of soil layer is in the direction of load application.
g. The coefficient of consolidation is constant during the consolidation.
Equilibrium void ratio at the end of any load increment may be determined by the change in volume
void ration method.
Change of Void Ratio Method
6 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
t= C+stanF ………….1.0