Name: Nadia Nur Fadzila

Class: A – Linguistics / 5

NIM: 932219818

Internal and External Validity

RESEARCH DESIGN VALIDITY

The validity of the research design is whether the conclusions drawn by the researcher
are valid or not in the relationship between variables in the study. There are two general
categories of research designs, namely internal validity and external validity.

INTERNAL VALIDITY

According to Campbell and Stanley (1963), the definition of internal validity is an

experiment that has correct conclusions or refers to the causes of changes in independent
variables in research studies rather than by foreign factors and is a basic requirement when
the researcher will make conclusions.

Threats to Internal Validity

1. History.
Historical effects are changes in the dependent variable that occur between the start of
treatment and posttest measurements. The history in question is a history that has no
connection in research, even though it has the same time.
2. Maturation
Biological and psychological changes that occur in subjects that have a time travel
function and can give different results. The change in maturity is usually as the
subject is more tired, more patient, and wiser than when he first took the
measurement.
3. Testing.
The effect of the test is when you take the first test result; it can be different if you
take the second test or the next time.
4. Instrumentation.
 Measurement of the instrument changes the internal validity from the first to the
second time of the culprit and gets observable results. Changes can involve the level
of difficulty, the type of measuring instrument, how the test is performed and so on.
5. Statistical regression.
Subjects who get the highest or lowest score at pretest to get the mean on the posttest.
It was said to be threatening because the sub-group that had the highest score, when
the second test was done, they had less results.
6. Selection bias.
Selection bias has an influence on subject selection resulting in unequal groups of
subjects.
7. Experimental death (friction).
The results obtained differ when there is a difference between the participants and the
group due to the differential loss.
8. Selection - ripening interactions.
The interactions that occur between selection and maturation can produce erroneous
dependent variables.
9. Experimental effect.
The unintentional effects that researchers have on research, such as race, age, gender,
position.
10. Subject effect.
The subject's response to the research situation is called the subject effect.
11. Diffusion.
Sharing information from one group participant to another about an experiment that
resulted in the other participants not acting naturally.

FACING THREATS TO INTERNAL VALIDITY

There are procedures that can control differences between subjects and increase equality
between groups:

1) random assignment
2) random matching
3) homogeneous selection
4) building variables into the design
5) statistical control (covariance analysis)
 6) Use of the subject as their own control.

EXTERNAL VALIDITY OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

External validity has reference to research findings that can be generalized to other
subjects, settings, and treatments.

THREATS TO EXTERNAL VALIDITY

1. Selection-treatment interactions (no representativeness).

This is a major threat because it is possible that the findings of a particular subject do
not apply to different subjects.
2. The setting-treatment (artificiality) interaction.
Result limitations contained in the ratification rules.
3. Pretest-treatment interactions.
Decrease and increase in subject sensitivity to experimental variables from pretest
use.
4. Subject effect.
Changes in participants' attitudes and feelings during the study may influence the
generalizability of the findings to other settings.
5. Experimental effect.
The influence of the experiment consciously or not on the subject on their
performance.

FACING THREATS TO EXTERNAL VALIDITY

Some suggestions that can help control threats to external validity:

1. Take a random sample.

2. Identify and determine the impact of relevant subject characteristics in the target
population.
3. Control the problems that arise.
4. You can control the reactive effect.
5. Duplicate research studies in new settings.
References

Louis Cohen, L. M. (2007 ). Research Methods in Education. New York: Routledge.

Wallen, J. R. (2009). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education. 7th Edition. New
York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.