Rectangular Wave Guides

Case III: Ez ≠ 0, Hz = 0.
This corresponds to TM (Transverse Magnetic) mode of propagation. In this case
Magnetic field is always normal to the direction of propagation. No magnetic field component
exists along the direction of propagation i.e. z-direction. However electric field component Ez
exists in the direction of propagation. All field components like Ex , Ey , Hx , Hz exist and these
can be expressed in terms of Ez alone as follows
 
EZ  A5  A1 Cos k x x  A2 Sin k x x A3 Cos k y y  A4 Sin k y y  e   z  j  t (41A)
HZ 0 (41B)
   
E x   2  Ez (41C)
     x
2

   
E y   2  Ez (41D)
      y
2

 j   
H x   2  Ez (41E)
      y
2

 j   
H y   2  Ez (41F)
     x
2

Applying boundary conditions, which state that at the walls of the waveguide the tangential
components of electric field are continuous i.e.
Ex = 0 at y = 0 and y = b and
Ey= 0 at x = 0 and x = a
Thus from eq. (22C) and (22D) we have

Ez  0 at y 0 and yb
y

Also Ez  0 at x0 and x a
x

This implies that E z  0 at x 0 y 0 and E z  0 at xa and y b

Hence at x = 0, y = 0 from (23A) we have

 
A1 A3 e   z  j  t  0
This is true if either A1 = 0 or A2 = 0 or both are zero.

Therefore

EZ  A5  A2 Sin k x x  A4 Sin k y y  e   z  j  t 
EZ  E0 Sin k x x Sin k y y e  z  j  t

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 Rectangular Wave Guides

At x = a and y = b we have
 
EZ  E0 Sin k x a Sin k y b e   z  j  t  0

This implies that either Sin kxa = 0 or Sin kyb =0

Or kx a= mπ ; m = 0, 1, 2, 3 ….
ky b = nπ; n = 0, 1, 2, 3…
m n
kx  ky 
Hence a b
m m
And
E Z  E0 Sin
a
x Sin
b

y e z  j  t  0 
Accordingly for TM modes of propagation the various field components are given by
m n
E Z  E0 Sin
a
x Sin
b

y e z  j  t  0  (42A)

HZ  0 (42B)

    m  m n
E x   2    E0 Cos x Sin y e z  j t (42C)
      
2
a a b

    n  m n
E y   2    E0 Sin x Cos y e z  j t (42D)
      
2
b a b

 j   n  m n
H x   2    E0 Sin x Cos y e z  j t (42E)
      b 
2
a b

  j   m  m n
H y   2    E0 Cos x Sin y e z  j t (42F)
      a 
2
a b

Where m = 0, 1, 2, 3 … and n = 0, 1, 2, 3 …
 m   n  
2 2

     kx  k y 
2 2 2 2
  
 a   b 
TM modes supported by rectangular waveguide
The various TM modes of propagation are designated as TMmn modes. Where m and n are
integers as defined above. Accordingly the different TM modes are described below
(i) TM00 mode
For this mode m = n =0. In this case from eq. (24A) Ez =0. Hence all the other field
components vanish. This implies that TM00 mode is not supported by a rectangular
waveguide like TE00 mode.

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 Rectangular Wave Guides

(ii) For all those pairs of values of m and n where either m=0 and n≠ 0 and m≠ 0 and n=0 , the
Ez =0. Hence Tm0 and T0n modes are not supported by a rectangular waveguides.
(iii) Only those TM modes are supported by rectangular waveguides for which m ≠ 0 and n ≠ 0.
Accordingly the different TM modes supported by rectangular waveguides are TM11, TM21,
TM12, TM22, …….. etc.
TM11 is the lowest mode supported in this case and this forms the dominant TM mode for
rectangular waveguides.
Cutoff frequency for TM modes
The propagation constant γ is given by
 m   n 
2 2

  j        
2

 a   b 
Accordingly γ can be real, zero or imaginary; depending on the value of frequency.
For lower frequencies γ > 0 i.e. γ = α, hence only attenuation results and no wave
propagation takes place. For higher frequencies γ < 0 i.e. γ = β, hence wave propagation
takes place.
For γ = 0 gives the cutoff frequency. Here we have
 m   n 
2 2

C       
 a   b 
2 2
1 m  n 
fC      (43)
2   a  b
2 2
u m  n 
fC  P     (44)
2  a  b
Where uP is the phase velocity of the wave in unbounded lossless medium with permittivity ,
permeability 𝜇 and conductivity σ=0.
The cutoff wavelength of the wave is given by
2
C  (45)
2 2
m  n 
   
 a  b
For dominant TM mode (TM11) eq. (26) and (27) reduce to

2 2
uP 1  1 
fC      and
2 a b

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 Rectangular Wave Guides

2
C 
2 2
m  n 
   
 a  b
Propagation Constant βg
For frequency (f > fC) we have

 m  2  n  2 
 g      
2
   
 a   b  

 m  2  n  2 
1 c2
g    1 2        1 2
    a   b   

2
 f 
g   1   c  (46)
 f 

Where β is the phase constant in a lossless unbounded dielectric medium.

The phase velocity of wave inside the waveguide is given by
  uP
ug    (47)
g  fC 
2
 fC 
2

   1    1   
 f   f 
The Wavelength of the wave inside the waveguide is given by
2 2 1
g   
  fC 
2
  f 2  f C2
   1   
 f 
uP
g  (48)
f 2  f C2

If the waveguide is air filled then uP = c; the velocity of light. In this case the velocity inside
the guide is given by
c
ug  (49)
2
 fC 
1   
 f 
This is greater than the velocity of light c.
Intrinsic impedance of waveguide to TM modes
The intrinsic impedance for TM modes is given by
E E
TM  x   y
Hy Hx

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 Rectangular Wave Guides

  f c      fc  2 
2
 1 
TM      1     1    
    f      f  
 
  fc  2 
TM  1     (50)
  f  

Where ηis the intrinsic impedance of unbounded lossless dielectric medium.

From eqs. (33) and (50) we have

TE . TM    2 

Evanescent Condition
For frequencies less than fc, the propagation constant γ is positive. In this case attenuation
takes place and wave dies down fast inside the guide and no propagation occurs. This
situation is called “Evanescent Condition”. Under this condition we have
2
f 
      C   1 (51)
 f 

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