Instructor: Prof. Ho Thanh Phong.

Name: Tran Quang Ngan

Student’s ID: BAIU08057

ASSIGNMENT CHAPTER 3

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Critical Thinking

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DEDUCTION AND INDUCTION
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Exercises 3.3: I – Determine whether the following arguments are deductive

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or inductive. For each argument, state which test(s) you used in reaching
your decision (i.e. the indicator word test, the strict necessity test, the
common pattern test, and/or the principle of charity test). If the common
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pattern test is used, indicate which specific pattern the argument exemplifies
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(e.g., causal argument, argument from authority, and so on)

2. According to New York Public Library Desk Reference, the pop-up toaster was
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invented by Charles Strite in 1927(1). The New York Public Library Desk Reference is a
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highly reliable reference work(2). Therefore, it’s reasonable to believe that Charles
Strite did invent the pop-up toaster in 1927(3).

We obtained the 3 arguments which I denoted 1,2 and 3. From (1) and (2) we conclude the
(3) for:

• New York Public Library Desk Reference (NYPLDR) is a highly reliable

• NYPLDR confirmed the pop-up toaster was invented by Charles Strite in 1927

 Charles Strite did invent the pop-up toaster in 1927

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 So, the 3 arguments above are inductive. The pattern test is the strict pattern test.

5. The burglar is tall and thin (1). Duncan is short and fat(2). Obviously, therefore,
Duncan isn’t the burglar(3)

We obtained the 3 arguments which is:

o The burglar and Duncan was being compared

o Tall and thin ≠ short and fat.

o The burglar is tall and thin but Duncan is short and fat

 Duncan is not the burglar

So, the arguments of 5 are inductive. The pattern test is the strict pattern test.

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9. All inductive generalizations are inductive. Some inductive generalizations are

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unreliable. Therefore some inductive arguments are unreliable.

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This is an deductive pattern. And the pattern is Categorical Syllogism
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The pattern is defined by the three-line argument and the words: all, some

11. if the batter bunts in this situation, he’ll move the runner to second base. But the
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batter won’t bunt in this situation. Therefore, the runner will never be moved over to
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second base.
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This is the common pattern test. And the pattern is the Hypothetical Syllogism

if the batter bunts in this situation (If A), then (B) he’ll move the runner to second base
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(not A) But the batter won’t bunt in this situation

Then (not B) the runner will never be moved over to second base
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So, the 3 argument are deductive arguments

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15. All previous observed polar bears have weighed less than 1500 pounds. Therefore,
all polar bears probably weigh less than 1500 pounds.

The 33 arguments are inductive arguments. The pattern is the indicator word test

The indicator word in the second argument is “Probably”, so the second argument will be the
premise and the first is the conclusion.

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 18. Yale is an Ivy League school, and it has a good library. Harvard is an Ivy League
school, and it has a good library. Therefore, because Brown is an Ivy League School, it
must have a good library, too.

The arguments is inductive arguments

The pattern is common pattern, of the argument from analogy

Yale is Ivy League school => Yale has a good library

Harvard is Ivy League school => Harvard has a good library

=> Brown is Ivy League school, Brown has a good library

21. Whatever the Church teaches as infallible doctrine is true. The Church teaches as
infallible doctrine that God is eternal. Therefore, God is eternal.

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The arguments is inductive arguments.

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The patterns is common pattern of Argument from analogy

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24. Tiger Woods is one of the best Golfers in the World. Melvin Rumsley has never
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played golf in his life. It is certain, therefore, that Melvin Rumsley could never beat
Tiger Woods in a round of golf
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The argument are deductive arguments. The pattern is the indicator word test
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The indicator words are: “it is certain”

26. Some college students love pizza. Some college students love ice cream. It stands to
reason, therefore, that some college students who love pizza are college students who
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love ice cream.

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The arguments are deductive arguments. And the pattern is the indicator word test
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The indicator words are: “it stands to reason”

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29. Studies show that between 35 and 45 percent of marriages end in divorce. Therefore,
one should not enter into marriage lightly.

The arguments are inductive arguments.

The pattern is common patterns and that patterns is statistical argument

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