Lecture Transformer

Transformer and Its Theory

Part 2

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Ideal Transformer: Ratings
I1 I2
Apparent Power
+ +
V1 N1 N2 V2
100 MVA, 13.8/138 KV - -

Primary Voltage Secondary Voltage

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Ideal Transformer: Ratings
I1 I2
100 MVA, 138/13.8 KV
S = V1 I1 = V2 I 2 = 100 MVA + +
V1 N1 N2 V2
V1 N1 138 kV
= = = 10 - -
V2 N 2 13.8 kV

S 100 MVA
I1 = = = 725 A
S100 MVA V1 138 kV
I2 = = = 7250 A
V2 13.8 kV

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Ideal Transformer: Relationships

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 Example

VL=454-0.9
Ploss=1484W

VL=479.7-0.01
Ploss=16.7W

(a) Without transformers, (b) with transformers

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Actual Transformer

⚫ Windings:
⚫ Resistance i1 i2
⚫ Inductance +
e1 _+ N1 N2 e2
⚫ Core: _
⚫ Eddy Current
⚫ Hysteresis

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Flux relationships

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Excitation Current

The excitation current is composed of:

𝑖𝑒𝑥 = 𝑖𝑚 + 𝑖ℎ+𝑒

Iex flows even if the secondary side is open-circuited.

Im lags the voltage by 90 deg. ->inductor action
While Ih+e in phase with the voltage. -> resistor action

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Windings Impedance

R1 X1 R2 X2

Source N1 N2 Load

Ideal Transformer

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Core Hysteresis

i B
+
e N
_

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Exact Equivalent Circuit
R1 X1 I 2' R2 X2
N1 N2
Io
I1 I2
V1 E1 E2 V2
Rm Xm

E1 N1 V1 I '2 N2 I1
=  = 
E2 N 2 V2 I2 N1 I 2

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Equivalent Circuit

⚫ The previous figure shows an equivalent circuit of a

transformer.
⚫ R1 and R2 represent the resistances of the primary and
secondary windings and
⚫ X1 and X2 represent the reactances of the primary and
secondary windings, due to leakage flux.
⚫ The core losses due to hysteresis and eddy currents are
allowed for by resistance Rm.
⚫ Reactance Xm takes the magnetizing component of Io.

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Simplified Equivalent Circuit
⚫ In a simplified equivalent circuit as shown, Rm and Xm are
omitted since the no-load current Io is normally only about
2–3% of the full load primary current.

R1 X1 I 2' R2 X2
N 1 N2

I1 I2
V1 E1 E2 V2

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Referred Equivalent Circuit
⚫ It is often convenient to assume that all of the resistance
and reactance as being on one side of the transformer as
shown.
Xe
Re I 2' N1 N2

I1 I2
V1 E1 E2 V2

Re = R1 + R2(N1/N2)2 Xe = X1 + X2(N1/N2)2

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Referred Equivalent Circuit

Transf. model referred to its primary

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Referred Equivalent Circuit

Transf. model referred to its secondary

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Transformer Tests
It is possible to determine the model parameters experimentally through:
1- Open circuit test

Vin=Vrated at LV side

Readings: Voc, Ioc, Poc

Calculations:
𝑃𝑜𝑐 𝑽𝒐𝒄 1 1
𝑃𝐹 = cos 𝜃 = 𝒁𝒎 = ∠ 𝑌𝑚 = −𝑗
𝑉𝑜𝑐 𝐼𝑜𝑐 𝑰𝒐𝒄 𝑅𝑚 𝑋𝑚

In this case, Rp and Xp are too small compared to Rm and Xm,

thus, their voltage drop is neglected.

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Transformer Tests
2- Short circuit test

LV is short circuited (small Isc)

HV is variable
Adjust Vin until Isc=Irated

Readings: Vsc, Isc, Psc

Vin is low, Iex=0.0

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 Example

Find the equivalent circuit referred to the high voltage side.

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 Example

Transformer equivalent circuit referred to the high voltage side.

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Example

From O.C. test:

Note that these values are

referred to the LV
(secondary) side. They
should referred to HV side.

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Example

From S.C. test:

Note that these

values are
referred to the
HV (primary)
side.

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Example

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Voltage Regulation

Voltage regulations compares the output voltage at no-

load with the output voltage at full load.

For ideal transformer, VR = 0%

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Phasor Diagram

𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠 ∠
KVL on the secondary loop:

Lagging PF:
VR is positive

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Phasor Diagram

Unity PF:
VR is positive

Leading PF:
VR is negative

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Transformer Efficiency

Losses of transformer:
1- copper losses, I2R, represented in series resistances.
2- Hysteresis losses, included in Rm
3- Eddy current losses, included in Rm
4- Dielectric loss (very small and neglected)

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Example

Poc

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 From the open-circuit test data

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 From the short-circuit test data

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Transformer Taps
⚫ Transformer taps are provided to correct the problem
of voltage drops on the transmission lines. Taps
enable us to change the turns ratio so as to raise the
secondary voltage by ±2.5% and ±5%.
⚫ Taps are divided to automatic and manual. The latter
is divided to on-line and off-line types. Taps are
located on the HV side.

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Transformer Losses
⚫ Iron losses in a transformer: eddy currents are
induced into the transformer core. These unwanted
eddy currents, cause heating of the core.
⚫ They represent a loss in the transformer and are
referred to as iron losses.
⚫ The iron core is made up of steel laminations, to
reduce eddy currents to a minimum.

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 where Ph, Pe and Pc are hysteresis, eddy current and core losses
respectively,
Kh and Ke are constants which depend on the magnetic material,
Bmax is the maximum flux density in the core.

These losses will remain almost constant if the supply voltage

and frequency are held constant.

2/11/2021 Dr Mohamed M. Aly 33

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Transformer Losses
⚫ Copper losses in a transformer: copper losses are
due to, current flowing through the resistance of the
windings, and are often referred to as the I2R losses (
P = I2 x R ).
⚫ The greater the current flow through the windings, the
greater the copper losses.

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Per Unit-Single Phase

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Example

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Base Change

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